Exclude undesired files from git archive

[gllfsc.git] / gllfsc-loongson3a-1.0.texi

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@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename gllfsc-loongson3a-1.0.info
@settitle GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 3A
@c Comment the following if you want Letter format instead of A4 for
@c PDF output
@afourpaper
@c %**end of header
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@copying
This is edition 1.0 (last updated 31 July 2013) of
@cite{GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 3A}.

Copyright @copyright{} 2013 Christophe Jarry.

This document is based on the Chinese page
@url{http://zdbr.net.cn/download/Loongson64-@/2.0.htm}, which is
copyright @copyright{} 2009
@c Because TeX does not handle Chinese fonts automatically, we need to
@c do the following:
@ifnottex
Haiyong Sun (孙海勇).
@end ifnottex
@iftex
Haiyong Sun.
@end iftex
His blog is on @url{http://youbest.cublog.cn}.

Various formats of this manual as well as its texinfo source are
available on
@uref{http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/}.

@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
@end quotation

@quotation
Computer instructions in this manual are free software: you can
redistribute them and/or modify them under the terms of the GNU
General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
version.

Those instructions are distributed in the hope that they will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this manual.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
@end quotation

@end copying

@c   @setchapternewpage odd

@titlepage
@title GNU/Linux-libre from source code
@subtitle for Loongson 3A
@c @subtitle SUBTITLE-IF-ANY
@c @subtitle SECOND-SUBTITLE
@author Christophe Jarry

@c  The following two commands
@c  start the copyright page.
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying

@c Published by ...
@end titlepage

@c Short table of contents
@shortcontents

@c So the toc is printed at the start.
@contents

@ifnottex
@node Top
@top GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 3A

This manual describes how to build a GNU/Linux-libre system from
source for Loongson 3A processor.

@insertcopying
@end ifnottex

@menu
* Introduction::     What this document is all about.
* Prerequisites::    Useful knowledge before proceeding.
* Preliminary Work:: Preparing the build.
* Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain:: Building the cross-
                                             compilation Toolchain.
* Building Cross-Compilation Tools:: Building the cross-compilation
                                     Tools.
* Building the Target System::       How to build the target system.
* Configuration Files::              Creating configuration files
                                     needed by the new system.
* End::                              Final things to do.
* Further Readings::                 Websites useful to know more.
* Thanks::                           Thanks.
* GNU Free Documentation License::   Your rights and freedoms with the
                                     text.
* GNU General Public License::       Your rights and freedoms with the
                                     commands.
@end menu


@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction

@menu
* GNU/Linux History::           A brief history of GNU/Linux.
* Purpose of this Document::    What this document is all about.
@end menu


@node GNU/Linux History
@section GNU/Linux History

@menu
* GNU::          Presentation of the GNU project
* HURD::         Presentation of the HURD
* Linux::        Presentation of the kernel Linux
* Linux-libre::  Presentation of the kernel Linux-libre
* References::   Where to get more information
@end menu

@node GNU
@subsection GNU

@acronym{GNU} (GNU's Not Unix) is a project launched by Richard
Stallman in 1984 with the goal of building an entirely free operating
system compatible with Unix@footnote{See
@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix}}. ``Free'' here means ``free
as in freedom''. In this context, a free operating system is an
operating system you can use and share in freedom. A core part of his
motivation is given in the GNU
Manifesto@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html}}:

@quotation
I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
institution where such things are done for me against my will.

So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
me from giving GNU away.
@end quotation

A program is free software if the program's user has the four
essential freedoms:

@itemize
@item
The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).

@item
The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does
her computing as she wishes (freedom 1). Access to the source code is
a precondition for this.

@item
The freedom to redistribute copies so she can help her neighbor
(freedom 2).

@item
The freedom to distribute copies of her modified versions to others
(freedom 3). By doing this she can give the whole community a chance
to benefit from her changes. Access to the source code is a
precondition for this.
@end itemize

One of the most popular free software license is the GNU General
Public License (GNU
GPL@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html}}).

The free software movement is supported by the Free Software
Foundation (FSF@footnote{@uref{http://www.fsf.org}}).


@node HURD
@subsection HURD

The @acronym{HURD} is an acronym for @acronym{HIRD} (HURD of
interfaces representing depth) of Unix-replacing daemons. It is the
GNU project's replacement for the Unix kernel. It is a collection of
servers that run on the Mach microkernel to implement file systems,
network protocols, file access control, and other features that are
implemented by the Unix kernel or similar kernels (such as Linux).

The purpose of the GNU HURD is to improve the user's freedom on her
operating system by allowing her to either add or remove a feature of
the kernel on the fly.

From early on, the HURD was developed to use GNU Mach as the
microkernel. This was a technical decision made by Richard Stallman,
who thought it would speed up the work by saving a large part of
it. He has admitted that he was wrong about that.

Nevertheless, development of the HURD is increasingly attracting
developers and GNU/HURD systems exist and are usable.


@node Linux
@subsection Linux

Linux is a monolithic kernel created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linus
Torvalds initially wrote a terminal emulator, which he used to access
the large UNIX servers of his university. He wrote the program
specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an
operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC
with an 80386 processor. This later became the kernel Linux.

Initially, Torvalds first published the kernel Linux under its own
licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.

In the notes for the first release of the kernel Linux, Torvalds lists
the GNU software that is required to run Linux:

@quotation
Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system
you need a shell, compilers, a library etc. [...] Most of the tools
used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft.
@end quotation

In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General
Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes
of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version
0.99 using the GNU GPL.

The kernel Linux is now a contribution of many professionals and
volonteers around the world.


@node Linux-libre
@subsection Linux-libre

Linux, the kernel developed and distributed by Linus Torvalds et al,
contains non-Free Software@footnote{For more information about the
presence of proprietary firmware in the kernel Linux, read
@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre.en}
and
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/@/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html#nonfree-firmware}.},
i.e., software that does not respect your essential freedoms, and it
induces you to install additional non-Free Software that it doesn't
contain.

GNU
Linux-libre@footnote{@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html}}
is a project to maintain and publish 100% Free distributions of Linux,
suitable for use in Free System Distributions@footnote{For a full list
of free as in freedom GNU/Linux distributions, see
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/distros}.}, removing software that is
included without source code, with obfuscated or obscured source code,
under non-Free Software licenses, that do not permit you to change the
software so that it does what you wish, and that induces or requires
you to install additional pieces of non-Free Software.


@node References
@subsection References

For more information on the GNU project and its relation with the
kernel Linux, you can read @uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html}
and @uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html}.

For more information on the history of the HURD, I recommend you to
read @uref{http://www.h-online.com/open/features/GNU-HURD-Altered-visions-and-lost-promise@/-1030942.html}.

For more information on the HURD, read @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd}.


@node Purpose of this Document
@section Purpose of this Document

Lemote offered me a Yeeloong 8133 in late 2012. I wanted to adapt some
parts of gNewSense@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnewsense.org}} for MIPS
to this particular laptop. I also wanted to port the document I wrote
for Loongson 2F to Loongson 3A: GNU/Linux@footnote{Note: in this
document, we use the term ``GNU/Linux'' to name the entire system and
``Linux'' to name the kernel. For more information, read
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html}.} Libre from Source
Code for Loongson 3A was born.


@node Prerequisites
@chapter Prerequisites

@menu
* Definitions::  Definitions of important notions used to build the
                 system
* Commands::     Help on commands
@end menu


@node Definitions
@section Definitions

@menu
* sysroot::              @option{sysroot}
* Toolchain::            What a Toolchain is.
* build host target::    Understanding the meaning of the
                         @option{build}-@option{host}-@option{target}
                         triplet.
* FHS::                  The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
@end menu


@node sysroot
@subsection @option{sysroot}

The traditional way of building a GNU/Linux operating system consists
on building a (cross-) compilation toolchain to build a temporary
operating system which in turn will be used to build the target
system@footnote{@pxref{Further Readings} section for more
details}. This requires almost as much time to complete the temporary
system as to build the target one. Using sysroot resolves this
problem.

From GCC installation manual, under Cross-Compiler-Specific Options:

@table @code
@item --with-sysroot
@itemx --with-sysroot=@var{dir}
Tells GCC to consider @var{dir} as the root of a tree that contains (a
subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system.  Target
system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched
in there.  More specifically, this acts as if
@option{--sysroot=@var{dir}} was added to the default options of the
built compiler.  The specified directory is not copied into the
install tree, unlike the options @option{--with-headers} and
@option{--with-libs} that this option obsoletes.  The default value,
in case @option{--with-sysroot} is not given an argument, is
@option{$@{gcc_tooldir@}/sys-root}.  If the specified directory is a
subdirectory of @option{$@{exec_prefix@}}, then it will be found
relative to the GCC binaries if the installation tree is moved.

This option affects the system root for the compiler used to build
target libraries (which runs on the build system) and the compiler
newly installed with @code{make install}; it does not affect the
compiler which is used to build GCC itself.
@end table


@node Toolchain
@subsection Toolchain

According to
Wikipedia@footnote{@uref{http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolchain}}:

@quotation
In software, a toolchain is the set of programming tools that are used
to create a product (typically another computer program or system of
programs). The tools may be used in a chain, so that the output of
each tool becomes the input for the next, but the term is used widely
to refer to any set of linked development tools.

A simple software development toolchain consists of a text editor for
editing source code, a compiler and linker to transform the source
code into an executable program, libraries to provide interfaces to
the operating system, and a debugger.
@end quotation


@node build host target
@subsection @option{build}, @option{host} and @option{target}

During a cross-compilation, @option{build} @option{host} and
@option{target} are among the most used options: understanding the
precise meaning of those parameters is very important. We could define
them thus:

@itemize
@item @option{--build=@var{platform on which the program is
compiled}},
@item @option{--host=@var{platform on which the program will run}},
@item @option{--target=@var{platform for which the program will create
output}}.
@end itemize

Let's use GCC as an example to explain the role of those three
parameters.

During GCC compilation, we use:

@samp{./configure --build=@var{build-platform}
--host=@var{host-platform} --target=@var{target-platform} [various
compilation parameters]}

So in those configuration parameters:

@itemize
@item
@option{--build} provides the name of the platform currently running.
If we were using an Intel Pentium processor to compile the system, our
@var{build-platform} would be something like @samp{i686-pc-linux-gnu}.

If this parameter is not specified, it will be guessed automatically.

@item
@option{--host} represents the type of machine we are going to run GCC
on after the compilation succeeds. During a cross-compilation this has
to be specified, because the current machine can not know which
architecture we wish to target. We want to produce executables to run
on @emph{Loongson}, but there is currently no way we can specify
@samp{Loongson} directly; because of this we specify
@samp{mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu}.

@option{--host} can also be left unspecified, in that case,
@var{host-platform} would automatically define itself as
@var{build-platform}, but this is not cross-compilation anymore.

@quotation Note
when @option{--build} and @option{--host} are different, configuration
files will maintain the cross-compilation mode.
@end quotation

@item
@option{--target} defines the system for which compiler tools will
create output.

@var{target-platform} parameter is useful only for a limited number of
programs. Although this parameter is often present when issuing
@samp{./configure --help}, hardly any packages will need it.

This parameter is only useful for performing tasks with different
platforms; for instance, executable files compiled for different
platforms can have a totally different code.
@end itemize

If we summarize, we have:

@itemize
@item @var{build-platform}: automatically guessed from platform in
use; has to be specified if not guessed.

@item @var{host-platform}: if unspecified, automatically equals
@var{build-platform}. When @var{build-platform} and
@var{host-platform} values are identical, it is a local compilation;
otherwise it is a cross-compilation.

@item @var{target-platform}: defines the system for which compiler
tools will create output; it equals @var{host-platform} if
unspecified. GCC, binutils, and programs related to the platform's
instructions have this parameter; most programs do not use this
parameter.
@end itemize


@node FHS
@subsection FHS

The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) has been created to specify
the location and use of main directories on a GNU/Linux operating
system. Common commands, user data, libraries have to be put inside a
specific directory given in the standard. During the build process,
some commands are used to comply with FHS.


@node Commands
@section Commands

Because most commands are common for a regular Unix user, only
uncommon commands are explained in this document. If you do not
understand a command that is not explained, you can use the
documentation available on your computer; in a terminal, typing
@samp{man @var{command}} should give you enough information. For GNU
software, @samp{info @var{package}} can also give additional
information.

To know more about command line, I suggest you read "Introduction to
the Command Line" which is available on
@uref{http://flossmanuals.net/command-line/}.


@node Preliminary Work
@chapter Preliminary Work

@quotation Important
In order to complete the first steps of this chapter, you will need to
have root permissions.
@end quotation

@menu
* Build Partition Creation::   Creating a partition for the build.
* Build User Creation::        Creating a user account dedicated to
                               the build.
* Work Directory Creation::    Creating the parent directory for the
                               build.
* Partition Mount::            Mounting the partition dedicated to the
                               build.
* Useful Directories Creation:: Creating the directories for downloads
                               and compilations.
* User Switch::                Switching to the user dedicated to the
                               build.
* Environment Variables Setup:: Setting up the environment variables
                               of the target system.
* Downloads::                  Downloading needed packages and
                               patches.
* Final Preparations::         Preparing the system for the build.
@end menu


@node Build Partition Creation
@section Build Partition Creation

To dedicate the partition @file{/dev/sda8} to the system build, and to
define the filesystem to be used for it as @samp{ext3}:

@verbatim
mke2fs -t ext3 /dev/sda8
@end verbatim

Option @option{-t} is followed by the type of filesystem to be
used. The filesystem @samp{ext3} is used as it is one of the most
common filesystem used with the kernel Linux.


@node Build User Creation
@section Build User Creation

To create the builder group, user and password:

@verbatim
groupadd gllfsc
useradd -s /bin/bash -g gllfsc -m -k /dev/null gllfsc
passwd gllfsc
@end verbatim

@itemize
@item
Option @option{-s} (or @option{--shell}) is used to define the created
user's default shell, here @file{/bin/bash}.

@item
Option @option{-g} (or @option{--gid}) is used to define the group
name or number of the created user's initial login group, here
@samp{gllfsc}.

@item
Option @option{-m} (or @option{--create-home}) does create the user's
home directory if it does not exist (@file{/home/@var{username}}).

@item
Option @option{-k} (or @option{--skel}) is used to define the skeleton
directory to be copied in the user's home directory, here
@file{/dev/null}. @file{/dev/null} is a special file which, in this
case, will give no skeleton at all to @command{useradd}.
@end itemize


@node Work Directory Creation
@section Work Directory Creation

To create the directory @file{/gllfsc} in which the system will be
built:

@verbatim
export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"
mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}
@end verbatim

@samp{export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"} sets the value of the variable
@env{TARGET_DIR} to @file{/gllfsc}, the directory in which the system
will be built.


@node Partition Mount
@section Mounting Partition

To mount the hard drive partition, for instance @file{/dev/sda8}, used
to build the system:

@verbatim
mount /dev/sda8 ${TARGET_DIR}
@end verbatim


@node Useful Directories Creation
@section Creating Compilation and Download Directories

@verbatim
mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}/{build,download}
chown -Rv gllfsc ${TARGET_DIR}
@end verbatim


@node User Switch
@section Switching to the Build User

To login as the user that will build the system:

@verbatim
su - gllfsc
@end verbatim

With the command @command{su}, it is possible to change the user
ID. The option @option{-} provides an environment similar to what the
user would expect had the user logged in directly.


@node Environment Variables Setup
@section Setting up Required Environment Variables

@file{~/.bash_profile} is a personal initialization file that is read
when Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell (@file{~} is the
location of the user's home directory). To write the content of the
file @file{~/.bash_profile}:

@verbatim
cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
exec env -i HOME=${HOME} TERM=${TERM} PS1=${PS1} /bin/bash
EOF
@end verbatim

The first line creates the file @file{~/.bash_profile} and opens it
for writing until @samp{@acronym{EOF}} (End Of File) is written in it.

The second line tells Bash to execute @file{/bin/bash} with the option
@option{-i} (or @option{--ignore-environment}) which will make Bash
start with an empty environment. Variables @env{HOME}, @env{TERM} and
@env{PS1} define respectively the home directory of the current user,
the terminal used and the primary prompt string displayed.

@file{~/.bashrc} is a personal initialization file that is read when
Bash is invoked as an interactive shell but not a login one. To write
the content of the file @file{~/.bashrc}:

@verbatim
cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
set +h
umask 022
alias make='make -j4'
export PS1='\[\e[35m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '
export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
export LC_ALL=POSIX
export BUILD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/build"
export DOWNLOAD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/download"
export CROSS_HOST="$(echo $MACHTYPE |\
    sed "s/$(echo $MACHTYPE | cut -d- -f2)/cross/")"
export CROSS_TARGET="mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu"
export MABI="n32"
#export MABI="64"
export MARCH="loongson3a"
export PATH=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
unset CFLAGS
unset CXXFLAGS
EOF
source ~/.bash_profile
@end verbatim

@samp{set +h} tells Bash to not locate nor remember commands (hash) as
they are looked up for execution.

@samp{umask 022} sets Bash process' file creation mask to
@samp{022}. This results in permissions of `755' for those files.

@samp{alias make='make -j4'} tells Bash to replace every call of
@samp{make} by @samp{make -j4}. This makes full use of the four cores
available in the Loongson 3A to build packages by parallelizing tasks.

@samp{export PS1='\[\e[35m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '} sets the primary
prompt strings. The primary prompt strings are the strings you see
before the commands you type in the terminal. The part @samp{\A-\W}
means that the time, in 24-hour HH:MM format and the basename of
@env{$PWD} will be displayed separated by a `-', as in
@samp{19:33-bin}. The part @samp{\$} adds a dollar sign at the end,
@samp{\[\e[35m\]} colors the strings in purple and @samp{\[\e[00m\]}
gets the original color back. For other colors, you can browse
@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code}.

@env{LC_ALL} is a macro used to define a single locale to overwrite
other @env{LC_*} and @env{LANG} environment variables so that
language, numeric values, time and other locale-dependant values have
all the same value. It is set to the standard POSIX locale.

@samp{export BUILD_DIR="$@{TARGET_DIR@}/build"} sets the environment
variable @env{BUILD_DIR} to the value of @samp{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/build}
which is @samp{/gllfsc/build} in this document.

The value of variable @env{CROSS_HOST} equals the value of variable
@env{MACHTYPE} of the current machine (for instance
@samp{i686-pc-linux-gnu}) modulo the second word, which is replaced by
@samp{cross} (i.e. @samp{i686-cross-linux-gnu}).

The value of variable @env{CROSS_TARGET} equals the value of variable
@env{MACHTYPE} of the machine for which the system is built (i.e.
@samp{mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu}).

The variable @env{MABI} defines the @acronym{ABI} (Application Binary
Interface) for which the system will be built. @option{-mabi} is an
option of GCC. n32/64 are for 64-bit CPUs only. 64 has 64-bit pointers
and long integers, whereas n32 has 32-bit pointers and long integers.

The variable @env{MARCH} defines the architecture for which the system
will be built. @option{-march} is an option of @acronym{GCC} (GNU
Compiler Collection).

The variable @env{PATH} contains a colon-separated list of directories
in which the shell looks for commands. The shell will first look for
commands in @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}, then, if the
command was not found, in @file{/bin} and finally in @file{/usr/bin}.

@command{unset} command removes the variable associated, here
@env{CFLAGS} and @env{CXXFLAGS}. Those variables are used by GCC as
extra flags given to the C compiler and the C++ compiler
respectively.

Finally @samp{source ~/.bash_profile} reads and executes the content
of the file @file{~/.bash_profile}.


@node Downloads
@section Downloads

@menu
* Packages Download::  List of packages to be downloaded.
* Patches Download::   List of patches to be downloaded.
@end menu


@node Packages Download
@subsection Downloading Packages

The packages listed below are those used in this document. You can try
other versions but you will need a recent version of Binutils, GCC and
the kernel Linux in order to build GLLFSC for Loongson 3A.

Download those files under @env{$@{DOWNLOAD_DIR@}} (which is
@file{/gllfsc/download} in this document).


@itemize
@item
Autoconf: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz}.

@item
Automake: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/automake/automake-1.14.tar.gz}.
@c  @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/automake/automake-1.13.1.tar.gz}.

@item
Bash: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz}.

@item
Binutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/binutils/binutils-2.23.2.tar.bz2}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/binutils/binutils-2.23.1.tar.bz2}.

@item
Bison: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bison/bison-2.7.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bison/bison-2.5.tar.bz2}.

@item
Bootscripts: @uref{http://ftp.cross-lfs.org/pub/clfs/conglomeration/bootscripts@/-cross-lfs/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0.0.tar.xz}.
@c @uref{http://ftp.cross-lfs.org/pub/clfs/conglomeration/bootscripts-@/cross-lfs/bootscripts-cross-lfs-1.2-pre11.tar.bz2}.

@item
Bzip2: @uref{http://www.bzip.org/1.0.6/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz}.

@item
Coreutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/coreutils/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/coreutils/coreutils-8.21.tar.xz} fails.

@item
DHCPCD: @uref{http://roy.marples.name/downloads/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-6.0.2.tar@/.bz2}.
@c @uref{http://roy.marples.name/downloads/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-5.99.3.tar@/.bz2}.

@item
Diffutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/diffutils/diffutils-3.2.tar.gz}.

@item
E2fsprogs: @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.42.8.tar@/.gz}.
@c @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.42.7.tar@/.gz}.

@item
File: @uref{ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.14.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.12.tar.gz}.

@item
Findutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/findutils/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz}.

@item
Flex: @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/flex/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2}.

@item
Gawk: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gawk/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gawk/gawk-4.0.2.tar.gz}.

@item
GCC: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gcc/gcc-4.7.3/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2}.
@c 4.8.1 gives the following error message at `make`:
@c /usr/include/bits/resource.h:137: error: declaration does not declare anything
@c ../../gcc-4.8.1/gcc/system.h:448: error: new declaration 'char* strstr(const char*, const char*)'
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gcc/gcc-4.7.2/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2}.

@item
Gettext: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gettext/gettext-0.18.3.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gettext/gettext-0.18.2.tar.gz}.

@item
Glibc: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-2.16.0.tar.bz2}.
@c fails to generate localedef, see
@c http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14624
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-2.13.tar.bz2}.

@item
Glibc-Ports: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-ports-2.16.0.tar.bz2}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-ports-2.13.tar.bz2}.

@item
Gmp: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gmp/gmp-5.1.2.tar.bz2}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gmp/gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2}.

@item
Grep: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/grep/grep-2.14.tar.xz}.

@item
Groff: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/groff/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/groff/groff-1.22.1.tar.gz}.

@item
Gzip: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gzip/gzip-1.6.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gzip/gzip-1.5.tar.gz}.

@item
Iana-Etc: @uref{http://sethwklein.net/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2}.

@item
Inetutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/inetutils/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz}
@c Iputils: @uref{http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/iputils-s20071127.tar.bz2}.
@c @uref{http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/iputils-s20121221.tar.bz2}.
@c @uref{http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/iputils-s20101006.tar.bz2}.
@c depends on sysfs headers.

@item
Iproute2: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-3.10.0@/.tar.bz2}
@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-3.7.0@/.tar.bz2}

@item
Kbd: @uref{http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd/kbd-1.15.5.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd/kbd-1.15.3.tar.gz}.

@item
Kmod: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-14.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-12.tar.gz}.

@item
Less: @uref{http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-458.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-451.tar.gz}.

@item
Libtool: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/libtool/libtool-2.4.tar.gz}.

@item
Linux-Libre @footnote{The kernel Linux is shipped with proprietary
firmware. The version called Linux-Libre exists without them, it is
available for download at
@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/}.}.
@c @uref{http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/3.5.4-gnu@//linux-libre-3.5.4-gnu.tar.bz2}.

@item
M4: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/m4/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2}.

@item
Make: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/make/make-3.82.tar.bz2}.

@item
Man-Pages: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/Archive/man-pages-@/3.52.tar.bz2}.
@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/Archive/man-pages-@/3.46.tar.bz2}.

@item
Man: @uref{http://primates.ximian.com/~flucifredi/man/man-1.6g.tar.gz}.

@item
Mpc: @uref{http://www.multiprecision.org/mpc/download/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz}.

@item
Mpfr: @uref{http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-3.1.1/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2}.
@c @uref{http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-3.1.1/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.bz2}.

@item
Nano: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/nano/nano-2.3.2.tar.gz}
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/nano/nano-2.3.1.tar.gz}

@item
Ncurses: @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz}.

@item
Patch: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/patch/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2}.

@item
Procps: @uref{http://procps.sourceforge.net/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz}.

@item
Psmisc: @uref{http://sourceforge.net/projects/psmisc/files/psmisc/psmisc-22.20.tar@/.gz/download}.

@item
Readline: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/readline/readline-6.2.tar.gz}.

@item
Rsyslog: @uref{http://rsyslog.com/files/download/rsyslog/rsyslog-5.8.6.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://rsyslog.com/files/download/rsyslog/rsyslog-7.2.5.tar.gz}.
@c has too many dependencies

@item
Sed: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/sed/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/sed/sed-4.2.1.tar.bz2}.

@item
Shadow: @uref{http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/releases/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2}.
@c Requires automake 1.11.5 and autoconf 2.69:
@c @uref{http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/releases/shadow-4.1.5.1.tar@/.bz2}.

@item
Sysvinit: @uref{http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.88dsf@/.tar.bz2}.

@item
Tar: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/tar/tar-1.26.tar.bz2}.

@item
Texinfo: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/texinfo-5.1.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/texinfo-4.13a.tar.gz}.

@item
Udev: @uref{ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev-175.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev-182.tar.bz2}.
@c troubles with blkid

@item
Util-Linux: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.19/util-@/linux-2.19.1.tar.bz2}.
@c requires PAM headers
@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.22/util-linux-2.22.tar.bz2}.

@item
XZ-Utils: @uref{http://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.0.5.tar.bz2}.
@c @uref{http://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.0.4.tar.bz2}.

@item
Zlib: @uref{http://www.zlib.net/zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz}.
@c @uref{http://sourceforge.net/projects/libpng/files/zlib/1.2.7/zlib-1.2.7.tar@/.bz2/download}.
@end itemize


@node Patches Download
@subsection Downloading Patches

Patches and configuration files location:

@itemize
@item
@uref{http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/gllfsc-loongson3a-1.0-@/patches.tar.gz}. After
having downloaded this file under @env{$@{DOWNLOAD_DIR@}}, execute
the following commands to extract its content:

@verbatim
pushd ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}
tar xvf gllfsc-loongson3a-1.0-patches.tar.gz
popd
@end verbatim

@item
The page
@uref{http://dev.lemote.com/cgit/linux-official.git/commit/?h=linux-3.6@/&id=94fe1f0a7d2e3042fa7fadfd15da71b9d0c11809}
describes the changes to be made to the kernel in order to add support
for Chinese fonts in console. The patch applies to Linux 3.6.
Be aware though that applying this patch to the kernel may make
characters that are both non-@acronym{CJK} (Chinese Japanese Korean)
and non-ASCII unreadable (accented letters, cyrillic, etc.).

@item
The page
@uref{http://microcai.gsalex.net/old/archives/2011/01/fbcon_UNICODE_font_support.html}
is useful for users who want support for @acronym{CJK} (Chinese
Japanese Korean) characters under the (non-graphical) terminal. It
gives access to a git@footnote{@uref{http://git-scm.com/}} repository
with kernel patches@footnote{The patches to use with version 3.5 of
the kernel are the first four on
@uref{http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/cjktty.git/shortlog/refs/heads/3.5-utf8}.}
that permit direct rendering of UTF-8 characters under the framebuffer
environment. Be aware though that applying those CJK patches to the
kernel may make characters that are both non-CJK and non-ASCII
unreadable (accented letters, cyrillic, etc.).

@item
@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/lemote/gnewsense/tags/@/3.9.0-gnu_0loongsonlibre/100gnu+freedo.patch}
@footnote{@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/lemote/gnewsense/tags/@/2.6.36-libre-lemote_0lxo/100gnu+freedo.patch}
if you choose version 2.6.36 of the kernel.}
this patch adds a picture of a GNU beside Freedo, Freedo being the
mascot of Linux-Libre. The image can be seen on
@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/100gnu+freedo}.
@end itemize


@node Final Preparations
@section Final Preparations

@menu
* Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation:: Creating the directories of
                                         the target system.
* Needed Files Creation::                Creating files for needed
                                         user, groups and log.
@end menu


@node Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation
@subsection Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation

@verbatim
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}
mkdir -pv bin boot dev {etc/,}opt home lib mnt
mkdir -pv proc media/{floppy,cdrom} sbin srv sys
mkdir -pv var/{lock,log,mail,run,spool}
mkdir -pv var/{opt,cache,lib/{misc,locate},local}
install -dv -m 0750 root
install -dv -m 1777 {var/,}tmp
mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/{doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
for dir in usr{,/local}; do
    ln -sv share/{man,doc,info} $dir
done
ln -svf lib lib64
ln -svf lib lib32
ln -svf lib usr/lib64
ln -svf lib usr/lib32
cd boot
ln -svf . boot
popd
@end verbatim

The command @samp{install -dv -m 1777 @{var/,@}tmp} creates the
directories @file{var/tmp} and @file{tmp} with the permissions to
read, write and execute for everyone. The '1' in @samp{1777} is the
sticky bit which allows deletion of the file or directory having this
attribute only for the owner of the file or directory.

The command @samp{ln -svf lib lib64} creates a symbolic link (option
@option{-s}) with the name @file{lib64} which will point to
@file{lib}.


@node Needed Files Creation
@subsection Creating needed user, groups and log files

@verbatim
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/passwd << "EOF"
root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
EOF
@end verbatim

The file @file{/etc/passwd} contains one line for each user account,
with seven fields delimited by colons. These fields are:

@itemize
@item
login name;

@item
optional encrypted password;

@item
numerical user ID;

@item
numerical group ID;

@item
user name or comment field;

@item
user home directory;

@item
optional user command interpreter.
@end itemize


@verbatim
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tty:x:4:
tape:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
EOF
@end verbatim

The file @file{/etc/group} is a text file which defines the groups on
the system. There is one entry per line, with the following format:
@samp{group_name:password:GID:user_list}.


@verbatim
touch ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
    ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
chmod -v 664 ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
    ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/lastlog
@end verbatim


@node Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain
@chapter Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain

In this chapter, the cross-compilation toolchain is built as well as
core components of the target system. Those will then be used to build
the target system.

@menu
* Target Linux-Header::  Linux-Header for target system.
* Cross Binutils::       Binutils for cross-compilation.
* Cross GCC::        GCC for cross-compilation (C support only).
* Target glibc::     glibc for target system.
* Cross GCC CXX::    GCC for cross-compilation (C and C++ support).
@end menu


@node Target Linux-Header
@section Target Linux-Header

In this document, the kernel used is the one modified by Lemote to
support Loongson 3A. It is planned to merge the changes made by Lemote
into the official kernel maintained by Linus Torvalds. At the time of
writing, this merge has not been made.

@verbatim
# 5 hours mostly to get the kernel from git
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}
# The following command takes about 5 hours to complete
# with a high band width internet connection
#3.9.0:
git clone git://dev.lemote.com/linux-official.git
# The following command takes about 30 minutes to complete
# with a high band width internet connection
#2.6.36-21.lemote:
#git clone git://dev.lemote.com/linux-3A.git
wget http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/3.9-gnu/deblob-{3.9,check}
#wget http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/2.6.36-gnu/deblob-{2.6.36,check}
chmod u+x deblob*
cd linux-official
#cd linux-3A
# About 60 minutes for the following command
../deblob-3.9 --force
# About 45 minutes for the following command
#../deblob-2.6.36 --force
cd ..
# About 2 minutes for the following one (1.1G)
tar -cf linux-3.9-loongson3a-deblobbed.tar linux-official
#tar -cf linux-2.6.36-21-loongson3a-deblobbed.tar linux-3A
cd linux-official
#cd linux-3A
make mrproper
make ARCH=mips headers_check
make ARCH=mips INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install
cp -rv dest/include/* ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
cd ..
rm -rf linux-official deblob*
#rm -rf linux-3A deblob*
popd
@end verbatim

@samp{5 hours} is the time it takes to build the package on Lemote
Yeeloong with a Loongson 3A processor. For this particular package, it
incudes the time required to pull the source from git.

The command @samp{make mrproper} cleans the sources.

We need to specify @samp{ARCH=mips} as we are cross-compiling.


@node Cross Binutils
@section Cross Binutils

GNU Binutils (GNU binary utilities) is a collection of programs for
manipulating binaries.


@verbatim
# 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.23.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd $BUILD_DIR/binutils-2.23.2
mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
cd ../binutils-build
CC="gcc" AR="ar" \
    ../binutils-2.23.2/configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --enable-64-bit-bfd \
    --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
    --disable-nls \
    --enable-shared
make configure-host
make
make install
cp -v ../binutils-2.23.2/include/libiberty.h \
    ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
cd ..
rm -rf binutils-build
rm -rf binutils-2.23.2
popd
@end verbatim

@samp{CC="gcc"} and @samp{AR="ar"} are flags that tell the
@file{configure} script to use the local commands @command{gcc} as the
C compiler and @command{ar} as the program that handles archives.

@option{--prefix=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools} tells the configure
script to install architecture-independant files in
@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools}.

The option @option{--enable-64-bit-bfd} enables 64 bit for
@acronym{BFD} (the Binary File Descriptor).

@option{--with-sysroot=@env{$@{TARGET_DIR@}}} tells Binutils to
consider @env{$@{TARGET_DIR@}} as the root of a tree that contains (a
subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system. Target
system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched
in there.

The @option{--enable-nls} option enables Native Language Support
(NLS), which lets Binutils output diagnostics in languages other than
American English. Native Language Support is enabled by default if not
doing a canadian cross build. The @option{--disable-nls} option
disables NLS.

The option @option{--enable-shared} is used to build shared versions
of libraries, if shared libraries are supported on the target
platform. Use @option{--disable-shared} to build only static
libraries.

@c cp -v ../binutils-2.22/include/libiberty.h \
@c    ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include


@node Cross GCC
@section Cross GCC (C support only)

GCC is the GNU compiler collection. It can compile many languages, of
which only C and C++ will be enabled in this document.

In this section, we build a minimal GCC in order to build glibc.

@quotation Warning
to build GMP (a GCC dependency), you need a version of GCC different
from 4.3.2 on you system@footnote{@uref{http://gmplib.org/#STATUS}}:
@end quotation

@quotation
GCC 4.3.2 miscompiles GMP on 64-bit machines; please use a different
gcc version (e.g., gcc 4.3.1 and gcc 4.3.3 both work properly). We
have not been able to find any workaround for this gcc bug.
Unfortunately, Debian 5.0 has decided to stay with this trouble gcc
version, resulting in that many users strike this bug.
@end quotation

I recommend installing @samp{gcc-4.4} on gNewSense Parkes to avoid
this issue.

@verbatim
# 35 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.2.tar.bz2
mv gmp-5.1.2 gmp
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2
mv mpfr-3.1.2 mpfr
mkdir -pv ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build
../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
    --disable-multilib \
    --with-newlib \
    --disable-nls \
    --disable-shared \
    --disable-threads \
    --enable-languages=c \
    --with-abi=${MABI} \
    --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
    --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
make all-gcc
make all-target-libgcc
make install-gcc
make install-target-libgcc
cd ..
rm -r gcc-build
rm -r gcc-4.7.3
popd
@end verbatim

@option{--disable-multilib} specifies that multiple target libraries
to support different target variants@footnote{Such as different ABI,
for instance n32 and 64.}, calling conventions, etc@:. should not be
built. The default is to build a predefined set of them.

@option{--with-newlib} specifies that @samp{newlib} is being used as
the target C library.

@option{--disable-threads} specifies that threading support should be
disabled.

@option{--enable-languages=c} specifies that only the C compiler and
its runtime libraries should be built.

@c --with-abi=${MABI}

@c --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
@c --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
@c to avoid error: libmpfr not found or uses a different ABI (including static vs shared).

GCC provides a low-level runtime library, @file{libgcc.a} or
@file{libgcc_s.so.1} on some platforms. GCC generates calls to
routines in this library automatically, whenever it needs to perform
some operation that is too complicated to emit inline code for. This
is built with @samp{make all-target-libgcc} and installed with
@samp{make install-target-libgcc}


@node Target glibc
@section Target glibc

Glibc is the GNU C library. It provides macros, type definitions, and
functions for tasks like string handling, mathematical computations,
input/output processing, memory allocation and several other operating
system services.

@verbatim
# 1 hour 30 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.16.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/glibc-2.16.0
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-ports-2.16.0.tar.bz2
mv -v glibc-ports-2.16.0 ports
sed -i.orig "s/\ -lgcc_eh\|\ -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig
patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.16.0-cross_hacks-2.patch
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
    ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
mkdir -pv ../glibc-build
cd ../glibc-build

cat > config.cache << EOF
libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes
libc_cv_slibdir=/lib
EOF

cat > configparms << EOF
install_root=${TARGET_DIR}
libdir=/usr/lib
EOF

BUILD_CC="gcc" \
    CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \
    AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
    RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib" \
    ../glibc-2.16.0/configure \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --disable-profile \
    --enable-add-ons \
    --with-tls \
    --enable-kernel=2.6.36 \
    --with-__thread \
    --with-binutils=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
    --with-headers=${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include \
    --cache-file=config.cache

make # to be run twice?

make install

#make localedata/install-locales
# fails with (localedef patch does not fix the following):
#....../bin/sh: /gllfsc/build/glibc-build/locale/localedef-native: not found
#Giving up installing locales for now

cd ..
rm -rf glibc-build
rm -rf glibc-2.16.0
popd

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf

passwd: files
group: files
shadow: files

hosts: files dns
networks: files

protocols: files
services: files
ethers: files
rpc: files

# End /etc/nsswitch.conf
EOF

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/ld.so.conf

/usr/local/lib
/opt/lib

# End /etc/ld.so.conf
EOF
@end verbatim

@c @samp{sed -i.orig "s/\ -lgcc_eh\|\ -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig}

@file{glibc-2.16.0-cross_hacks-2.patch} is used to avoid the error
@samp{/usr/bin/install: cannot remove `/usr/lib/libc.a': Permission
denied}.

Glibc uses @samp{n32} ABI by default with MIPS. To use @env{MABI}
instead, we do the following:

@verbatim
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
    ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
@end verbatim

@ignore
Contents of the files above.

cat mips64/n64/Makefile
# `long double' is a distinct type we support.
long-double-fcts = yes

ifeq ($(filter -mabi=64,$(CC)),)
CC += -mabi=64
endif

cat mips64/n32/Makefile
# `long double' is a distinct type we support.
long-double-fcts = yes

ifeq ($(filter -mabi=n32,$(CC)),)
CC += -mabi=n32
endif

cat mips32/Makefile
ifeq ($(filter -mabi=32,$(CC)),)
CC += -mabi=32
endif

grep 'default)' preconfigure

    default) machine=mips/mips64/n32 mips_config_abi=n32 ;;

@end ignore

The file @file{config.cache} is used to attribute values to variables
of the configure script.

@samp{libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes} is used to avoid the error message
@samp{error: forced unwind support is required}.

@samp{libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes} is used to avoid the error message
@samp{error: the compiler must support C cleanup handling}.

@samp{libc_cv_slibdir=/lib} defines @file{/lib} as the directory in
which the C library of the target system will be installed, instead of
@file{/lib64} or @file{/lib32}.

You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it to
go by setting the @code{install_root} variable on the command line for
@samp{make install}. The value of this variable is prepended to all
the paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot
environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should
be specified with an absolute file name.

Files listed in @samp{install-lib} are installed in the directory
specified by @samp{libdir} in @file{configparms} or @file{Makeconfig}.

@verbatim
BUILD_CC="gcc" \
    CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \
    AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
    RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
@end verbatim

@samp{CC="$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-gcc -march=$@{MARCH@} -mabi=$@{MABI@}"}
sets @code{CC} to the cross-compiler for the target's architecture,
processor and ABI we configured the library for. @code{AR} and
@code{RANLIB} are set to cross-compiling versions of @code{ar} and
@code{ranlib} as the native tools are not configured to work with
object files for the target we configured for.

@option{--prefix=/usr} tells the @file{configure} script to install
glibc in the @file{/usr} directory of the target system.

@c @option{--libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc} tells the configure script to
@c install glibc executables inside @file{/usr/lib/glibc}.

Unlike previous builds, @option{--host} now equals
@env{$@{CROSS_TARGET@}} instead of @env{$@{CROSS_HOST@}}. This is
because we are building the glibc version that the target system will
use. We won't have to build it later.

Profiling can be of help to optimize a program by analysing memory
use, the usage of particular instructions, etc. Option
@option{--disable-profile} is used to disable this.

Option @option{--enable-add-ons} is used to enable all the add-on
packages in the main source directory, which includes the glibc-ports
used to support the MIPS architecture.

The option @option{--with-tls} tells the configure script to use
@acronym{TLS} (thread-local storage). Thread-local storage is a
computer programming method that uses memory local to a thread.

The @samp{2.6.36} parameter given to option @option{--enable-kernel}
describes the smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated
library is expected to support. The higher the version number is, the
less compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets.

Option @option{--with-__thread} enables threads in glibc.

The option @option{--with-binutils=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}
tells the @file{configure} script to use the binutils (assembler and
linker) built in the cross-compilation toolchain process.

@option{--with-headers=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/include} indicates the
location of the kernel Linux' headers.

@option{--cache-file=config.cache} specifies the file in which cache
variables are listed for @file{configure}.

@c @samp{make localedata/install-locales} configures all locales that are
@c supported by glibc.

The file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/nsswitch.conf} contains the
configuration of @acronym{NSS} (Name Service Switch). NSS is a facility
in Unix-like operating systems that provides a variety of sources for
common configuration databases and name resolution mechanisms. These
sources include local operating system files (such as
@file{/etc/passwd}, @file{/etc/group}, and @file{/etc/hosts}), the
Domain Name System (DNS), the Network Information Service (NIS), and
LDAP.

@c The timezone is defined for `Paris'.

@c Purpose of the file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/ld.so.conf}


@node Cross GCC CXX
@section Cross GCC (C and C++ support)

In this section, we build a complete cross-compiler with support for C
and C++ languages.

@verbatim
# 3 hours and 30 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.2.tar.bz2
mv gmp-5.1.2 gmp
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2
mv mpfr-3.1.2 mpfr
mkdir -v ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build
../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
    --disable-nls \
    --enable-shared \
    --enable-__cxa_atexit \
    --disable-multilib \
    --with-abi=${MABI} \
    --enable-c99 \
    --enable-long-long \
    --enable-threads=posix \
    --enable-languages=c,c++ \
    --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
    --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
make # to be run twice
make install
cd ..
rm -rf gcc-build
rm -rf gcc-4.7.3
popd
@end verbatim

@option{--enable-__cxa_atexit} enables @code{__cxa_atexit}, rather
than @code{atexit}, to register C++ destructors for local statics and
global objects.  This is essential for fully standards-compliant
handling of destructors, but requires @code{__cxa_atexit} in libc.

@option{--enable-c99} enables support for the C99 standard.

@option{--enable-long-long} enables support for @code{long long int}
types.

@c @option{--enable-threads=posix}


@node Building Cross-Compilation Tools
@chapter Building the Cross-Compilation Tools

@menu
* Cross File::         File for cross-compilation.
* Cross Groff::        Groff for cross-compilation.
* Cross Shadow::       Shadow for cross-compilation.
* Cross M4::           M4 for cross-compilation.
* Cross Ncurses::      Ncurses for cross-compilation.
* Cross Cleaning::     Cleaning up the cross-compilation toolchain.
@end menu


@node Cross File
@section File

The command @command{file} is used to determine the type of a file:
text, executable or data.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.14
./configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf file-5.14
popd
@end verbatim


@node Cross Groff
@section Groff

Groff is the GNU version of the roff document formatting system which
is used to produce man pages.

You need G++ on your system to compile this program from source. Under
gNewSense Parkes, try @samp{sudo apt-get install g++-4.4}.

@ignore
@quotation Note
psselect (part of psutils) is needed for documentation in HTML (see
@uref{http://cblfs.cross-lfs.org/index.php/PSUtils}).
@end quotation
@end ignore


@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2
PAGE=A4 \
    ./configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --without-x
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf groff-1.22.2
popd
@end verbatim

@samp{PAGE=A4} defines the default format of pages for printed output.

@option{--without-x} disables the dependancy on the X window system.


@node Cross Shadow
@section Shadow

The package contains programs to handle users, groups and passwords in
a secure way: passwords are encrypted.

@verbatim
# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch
sed -i.orig \
    's/bindir)\/\$\$i/bindir)\/mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu-\$\$i/' \
    src/Makefile.am
automake
echo "shadow_cv_passwd_dir=${TARGET_DIR}/bin" > config.cache
echo "ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no" >> config.cache
./configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --sbindir=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
    --sysconfdir=${TARGET_DIR}/etc \
    --disable-shared \
    --without-audit \
    --without-libpam \
    --without-selinux \
    --program-prefix=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
    --cache-file=config.cache
sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/${CROSS_TARGET}-&/" config.h
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
popd
@end verbatim

@c @samp{shadow_cv_passwd_dir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin}
@c @samp{ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no}

The patch @file{shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch} is used so that
shadow can be built with the sysroot method. Because we use this
patch, @samp{shadow_cv_passwd_dir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin} and
@samp{ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no} have to be added in @file{config.cache}
in order for the @file{configure} script not to test the
functionalities associated.

@c @option{--sbindir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}

@c @option{--sysconfdir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc}

@option{--without-audit}, @option{--without-libpam} and
@option{--without-selinux} disable support for auditing, @acronym{PAM}
(Pluggable authentication modules) and @acronym{SELinux}
(Security-Enhanced Linux). We do not need those extra features.

@option{--program-prefix=$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-} prepends the value of
@env{CROSS_TARGET} (that is @samp{mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu} in this
document) to installed program names for cross-compilation.

@c @samp{sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-&/"
@c config.h} is used to avoid the error message


@node Cross M4
@section M4

Bison 2.5 requires M4 to be built.

GNU M4 is a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro
language. GNU M4 is used in GNU Autoconf' @file{configure} files.

@verbatim
# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16
./configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf m4-1.4.16
popd
@end verbatim


@node Cross Ncurses
@section Ncurses

GNU ncurses contains a library used to write text-based user
interfaces in a terminal-independent manner.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
./configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --without-shared
make -C include
make -C progs tic
install -m755 progs/tic ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin
cd ..
rm -rf ncurses-5.9
popd
@end verbatim

@option{--without-shared} is used to avoid building the whole library
as only @command{tic} is installed.


@node Cross Cleaning
@section Cleaning up Cross-Compilation Toolchain

In order to save some space, binaries and libraries of
cross-compilation tools can be stripped out.

@quotation Warning
incorrect cleaning arguments used against library files can lead to
library files breaking. For this reason, be careful of the command
arguments. If you are not comfortable with this, you can skip this
section as it will have no effect on the process of building the
target system.
@end quotation


@verbatim
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
strip --strip-all bin/*
strip --strip-debug lib/*
popd
@end verbatim

@option{--strip-all} removes all symbols. This command reduces the
size of the @file{bin} directory's content from 29 MB to 12 MB.

@option{--strip-debug} removes debugging symbols only. This command
reduces the size of the @file{lib} directory's content from 21 MB to
20 MB.


@node Building the Target System
@chapter Building the Target System

After having set up the cross-compilation toolchain and tools, the
operating system for the target machine is built in this chapter.

@menu
* Environment Setup:: Setting up the environment.
* Man Pages::         Building Man Pages.
* Zlib::              Building Zlib.
* Binutils::          Building Binutils.
* GMP::               Building GMP.
* MPFR::              Building MPFR.
* MPC::               Building MPC.
* GCC::               Building GCC.
* Sed::               Building Sed.
* E2fsprogs::         Building E2fsprogs.
* Coreutils::         Building Coreutils.
* iana-etc::          Building iana-etc.
* M4::                Building M4.
* Bison::             Building Bison.
* Ncurses::           Building Ncurses.
* Procps::            Building Procps.
* Libtool::           Building Libtool.
* Readline::          Building Readline.
* Autoconf::          Building Autoconf.
* Automake::          Building Automake.
* Bash::              Building Bash.
* Bzip2::             Building Bzip2.
* DHCPCD::            Building DHCPCD.
* Diffutils::         Building Diffutils.
* File::              Building File.
* Findutils::         Building Findutils.
* Flex::              Building Flex.
* Gawk::              Building Gawk.
* Gettext::           Building Gettext.
* Grep::              Building Grep.
* Groff::             Building Groff.
* Gzip::              Building Gzip.
* Inetutils::         Building Inetutils.
* Iproute2::          Building Iproute2.
* Kbd::               Building Kbd.
* Kmod::              Building Kmod.
* Less::              Building Less.
* Make::              Building Make.
* Man::               Building Man.
* Nano::              Building Nano.
* Patch::             Building Patch.
* Psmisc::            Building Psmisc.
* Rsyslog::           Building Rsyslog.
* Shadow::            Building Shadow.
* Sysvinit::          Building Sysvinit.
* Tar::               Building Tar.
* Texinfo::           Building Texinfo.
* Udev::              Building Udev.
* Util-Linux::        Building Util-Linux.
* XZ-Utils::          Building XZ-Utils.
* Bootscripts::       Building Bootscripts.
* Kernel::            Building the Kernel.
@end menu


@node Environment Setup
@section Setting up the Environment

Because this chapter is about the build of the target system and not
the build of the cross-compilation toolchain and tools anymore, we
need to update some environment  variables.

For more convenience, we can set environment variables up in the
@file{~/.bashrc} file, so that this setup is preserved when logging
in:


@verbatim
cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF
export CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"
export CXX="${CROSS_TARGET}-g++ -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"
export AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar"
export AS="${CROSS_TARGET}-as"
export RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
export LD="${CROSS_TARGET}-ld"
export STRIP="${CROSS_TARGET}-strip"
EOF
source ~/.bash_profile
@end verbatim

@env{CC} is the flag that indicates the C compiler to be used,
@env{CXX} the C++ compiler, @env{AR} the archiver, @env{AS} the
assembler, @env{RANLIB} the archives' index generator, @env{LD} the
linker and @env{STRIP} the program for stripping.

All the programs to be used are prefixed with
@samp{$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-} in order to use the cross-compilation
toolchain instead of the toolchain of the host.


@node Man Pages
@section Man Pages

The man-pages package documents the kernel Linux and C library's
interfaces that are used by user-space programs.

@verbatim
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-pages-3.52.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-pages-3.52
#tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-pages-3.46.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
#pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-pages-3.46
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
cd ..
rm -rf man-pages-3.52
#rm -rf man-pages-3.46
popd
@end verbatim

The option @option{prefix=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr} is used to install the
man pages on the target partition's @env{TARGET_DIR} instead of the
@file{/usr} directory of the host.


@node Zlib
@section Zlib

Zlib is a compression/decompression library.

@verbatim
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.8
./configure \
    --prefix=/usr
make AR="${AR}"
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
# For FHS compatibility:
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libz.so.* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
#ln -svf ../../lib/libz.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libz.so
cd ..
rm -rf zlib-1.2.8
popd
@end verbatim

In order to build zlib by cross-compilation, the flag @env{AR} has to
be equal to @samp{$@{AR@}}.


@node Binutils
@section Binutils

@verbatim
# 15 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.23.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/binutils-2.23.2
mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
cd ../binutils-build
../binutils-2.23.2/configure \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --enable-64-bit-bfd \
    --enable-shared
make configure-host
make tooldir=/usr
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} tooldir=/usr install
cp -v ../binutils-2.23.2/include/libiberty.h ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
cd ..
rm -rf binutils-build
rm -rf binutils-2.23.2
popd
@end verbatim

The option @option{--host} is now set to @env{CROSS_TARGET} because
the host that will run this build will be the target system.

@c @samp{make tooldir=/usr}
@c @samp{make DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} tooldir=/usr install}


@node GMP
@section GMP

@acronym{GMP} (GNU multiple precision arithmetic library) is required
to build GCC.

@verbatim
# 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.2
./configure \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --enable-cxx
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{gmp,gmpxx,mp}.la
cd ..
rm -rf gmp-5.1.2
popd
@end verbatim

The option @option{--enable-cxx} enables support for the C++ language.

The files @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/lib@{gmp,gmpxx,mp@}.la} are
removed to avoid the following error when building MPFR:
@samp{/usr/lib/libgmp.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong
format}.


@node MPFR
@section MPFR

GNU @acronym{MPFR} (Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliably) is a
portable C library for arbitrary-precision binary floating-point
computation with correct rounding.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2
./configure \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmpfr.la
cd ..
rm -rf mpfr-3.1.2
popd
@end verbatim

The file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/libmpfr.la} is removed to
avoid the following error when building MPC:
@samp{/usr/lib/libmpfr.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong
format}.


@node MPC
@section MPC

GNU @acronym{MPC} (Multiple Precision Complex Library) is a C library
for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision
and correct rounding of the result.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1
./configure \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf mpc-1.0.1
popd
@end verbatim


@node GCC
@section GCC

@verbatim
# 3 hours and 30 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in
sed -i.orig 's@\./fixinc\.sh@-c true@' gcc/Makefile.in
mkdir -v ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build
../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --libexecdir=/usr/lib \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --enable-shared \
    --enable-threads=posix \
    --enable-__cxa_atexit \
    --enable-c99 \
    --enable-long-long \
    --disable-multilib \
    --with-abi=${MABI} \
    --enable-clocale=gnu \
    --enable-languages=c,c++ \
    --disable-libstdcxx-pch
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
# For FHS compatibility:
#ln -sv ../usr/bin/cpp ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
ln -sv gcc ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/cc
cd ..
rm -rf gcc-build
rm -rf gcc-4.7.3
popd
@end verbatim

@ignore
# The following patch seems needless to me as it only replaces
# {usr,}/lib32 with {usr,}/lib64 and we already have:
# {usr,}/lib32 -> {usr,}/lib
# {usr,}/lib64 -> {usr,}/lib
#patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.6.0-pure64-1.patch
@end ignore

@samp{sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //'
libiberty/Makefile.in} is used as we already installed the library
@file{libiberty.a} with Binutils.

@c We use @samp{sed -i.orig 's@@\./fixinc\.sh@@-c true@@'
@c gcc/Makefile.in} to avoid using fixincludes that may output errors if
@c headers have been modified.

Using @option{--enable-clocale=gnu} option ensures that the correct
locale will automatically be chosen.

Option @option{--disable-libstdcxx-pch} disables support for
precompiled headers (PCH).

The line @samp{ln -sv gcc $@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/bin/cc} creates a
symbolic link @file{cc} that points on @file{gcc}.


@node Sed
@section Sed

GNU sed is a stream editor: it is used to perform basic text
transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/sed-4.2.2
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --bindir=/bin
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf sed-4.2.2
popd
@end verbatim

@c @option{--bindir=/bin} FHS?


@node E2fsprogs
@section E2fsprogs

E2fsprogs is a package that contains tools to handle the ext2, ext3
and ext4 filesystems.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.8
mkdir -v build
cd build
../configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --with-root-prefix="" \
    --enable-elf-shlibs
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-libs
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libblkid.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libblkid.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libcom_err.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcom_err.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libe2p.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libe2p.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libext2fs.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libext2fs.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libss.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libss.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libuuid.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libuuid.so
cd ../..
rm -rf e2fsprogs-1.42.8
popd
@end verbatim

@option{--with-root-prefix=""} is used to put e2fsprogs binaries
inside @file{/sbin} instead of @file{@var{PREFIX}/sbin} which would be
@file{/usr/sbin}.

Option @option{--enable-elf-shlibs} enables e2fsprogs shared
libraries.

@samp{make DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} install-libs} is used to install
libraries, those are not installed with @samp{make
DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} install}.

The sequence of commands that follows first removes symbolic links
@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/lib@{@/blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}
which point on abolute paths
@file{/lib/lib@{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}. In order to
use the libraries of the target operating system, we need to symlink
@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/lib@{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}
to their relative paths files.


@node Coreutils
@section Coreutils

GNU coreutils (core utilities) includes the standard programs for text
and file manipulation.

On gNewSense Parkes, you need to install @file{xz-utils} to extract
the package.

@verbatim
# 30 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19
cat > config.cache << EOF
fu_cv_sys_stat_statfs2_bsize=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes
gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_wctob_works=yes
gl_cv_func_fstatat_zero_flag=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --enable-install-program=hostname \
    --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
# For FHS compatibility:
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date} \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{dd,df,echo,false,hostname,ls,mkdir} \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{mv,pwd,rm,rmdir,stty,true,ln,uname} \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/chroot ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/sbin
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{[,basename,head,install,nice} \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{readlink,sleep,sync,test,touch} \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
#ln -svf ../../bin/install ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
cd ..
rm -rf coreutils-8.19
popd
@end verbatim

@c @samp{sed -i.orig '/strftime/s/\ LC_ALL//' man/help2man}

The variables listed in the file @file{config.cache} are used in order
to avoid that the @file{configure} script evaluate their values:
otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.

We use @option{--enable-install-program=hostname} to install the
command @command{hostname} which is not built by default.

We use @option{--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime} in order not
to install commands @command{kill} and @command{uptime}. Those
commands will be installed by the package procps.


@node iana-etc
@section iana-etc

The iana-etc package installs services and protocols using data from
the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

@verbatim
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf iana-etc-2.30
popd
@end verbatim


@node M4
@section M4

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16
sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf m4-1.4.16
popd
@end verbatim

@samp{sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h} is used
to fix the following error when issuing @samp{make}:
@samp{./stdio.h:477:1: error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a
function)}.

@c It deletes the following line in lib/stdio.in.h:
@c _GL_WARN_ON_USE (gets, ``gets is a security hole - use fgets instead'');


@node Bison
@section Bison

GNU bison parser generator.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bison-2.7.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bison-2.7
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf bison-2.7
popd
@end verbatim

@samp{echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h} is used to build
@acronym{NLS} (native language support) inside bison.


@node Ncurses
@section Ncurses

@verbatim
# 7 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --with-shared \
    --enable-widec \
    --without-debug \
    --without-ada \
    --with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE" \
    --libdir=/lib
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
# For FHS compatibility:
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{panel,menu,form,ncurses,ncurses++}w.a \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib
#rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{ncurses,menu,panel,form}w.so
#ln -svf ../../lib/libncursesw.so.5 \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncursesw.so
#ln -svf ../../lib/libmenuw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmenuw.so
#ln -svf ../../lib/libpanelw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libpanelw.so
#ln -svf ../../lib/libformw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libformw.so
#for lib in curses ncurses form panel menu ; do
#    echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
#    ln -sfv lib${lib}w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.a
#    done
ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libncurses.so
#ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.so
#ln -sfv libncursesw.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.a
#ln -sfv libncurses++w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncurses++.a
#ln -sfv ncursesw5-config ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/ncurses5-config
#ln -sfv ../../usr/share/terminfo ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/terminfo
cd ..
rm -rf ncurses-5.9
popd
@end verbatim

Option @option{--enable-widec} enables wide characters support in
ncurses.

@c Option @option{--without-debug}

Option @option{--without-ada} disables support for the Ada programming
language inside ncurses.

@c Option @option{--with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE"}

@c Option @option{--libdir=/lib}

@ignore
@verbatim
for lib in curses ncurses form panel menu ; do
    echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
    ln -sfv lib${lib}w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.a
    done
ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.so
ln -sfv libncursesw.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.a
ln -sfv libncurses++w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncurses++.a
ln -sfv ncursesw5-config ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/ncurses5-config
@end verbatim

The commands above create symlinks from libraries without support for
wide characters to libraries with support for them.
@end ignore

@c PROCPS issue:
The command @samp{ln -sfv libncursesw.so $@{TARGET_DIR@}/lib/libncurses.so}
creates the symlink @file{libcurses.so} so that programs that do not
know @file{libncursesw.so} can be linked against it.

@c ln -sfv ../../usr/share/terminfo ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/terminfo


@node Procps
@section Procps

The procps package contains utilities that give information about
processes using the @file{/proc} filesystem. The package includes the
commands @command{ps}, @command{top}, @command{vmstat}, @command{w},
@command{kill}, @command{free}, @command{slabtop}, and
@command{skill}.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8
make \
    CPPFLAGS= \
    lib64=lib
make \
    DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
    lib64=lib \
    ldconfig= \
    install="install -D" \
    install
cd ..
rm -rf procps-3.2.8
popd
@end verbatim

Option @option{CPPFLAGS= } is used so that the target system's ncurses
library will be used, default value would have been
@option{-I/usr/include/ncurses}.

Option @option{lib64=lib} makes the directory @file{/lib} the one
where to put 64 bit libraries, default would be @file{/lib64}.

Option @option{ldconfig= } is used in order not to use current host's
@command{ldconfig}.

Option @option{install="install -D"} is used so that all the files
installed are owned by the current user. By default, all installed
files are owned by root.


@node Libtool
@section Libtool

GNU libtool is a generic library support script. It hides the
complexity of using shared libraries behind a consistent, portable
interface.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libtool-2.4.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/libtool-2.4
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf libtool-2.4
popd
@end verbatim


@node Readline
@section Readline

The GNU Readline library provides a set of functions for use by
applications that allow users to edit command lines as they are typed
in.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/readline-6.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/readline-6.2
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --libdir=/lib
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-doc
# For FHS compatibility:
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{readline,history}.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib
#rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{readline,history}.so
#ln -svf ../../lib/libreadline.so.6 \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libreadline.so
#ln -svf ../../lib/libhistory.so.6 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libhistory.so
cd ..
rm -rf readline-6.2
popd
@end verbatim

@c sed -i 's:^SHLIB_LIBS=:SHLIB_LIBS=-lncursesw:' support/shobj-conf


@node Autoconf
@section Autoconf

GNU autoconf is an extensible package of M4 macros that produce shell
scripts to automatically configure software source code
packages. These scripts can adapt the packages to many kinds of
UNIX-like systems without manual user intervention.

@verbatim
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf autoconf-2.69
popd
@end verbatim


@node Automake
@section Automake

GNU automake is a tool for automatically generating @file{Makefile.in}
files compliant with the GNU Coding
Standards@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/}}.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/automake-1.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/automake-1.14
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf automake-1.14
popd
@end verbatim


@node Bash
@section Bash

GNU @acronym{Bash} (Bourne again shell) is an sh-compatible shell that
incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell
(csh).

@verbatim
# 7 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bash-4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bash-4.2
cat > config.cache << "EOF"
ac_cv_func_mmap_fixed_mapped=yes
ac_cv_func_strcoll_works=yes
ac_cv_func_working_mktime=yes
bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp=present
bash_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes
bash_cv_job_control_missing=present
bash_cv_printf_a_format=yes
bash_cv_sys_named_pipes=present
bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds=yes
bash_cv_under_sys_siglist=yes
bash_cv_unusable_rtsigs=no
gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --bindir=/bin \
    --cache-file=config.cache \
    --without-bash-malloc \
    --with-installed-readline
make
make \
    DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
    htmldir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.2 \
    install
ln -sv bash ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/sh
cd ..
rm -rf bash-4.2
popd
@end verbatim

The variables listed in the file @file{config.cache} are used in order
to avoid that the @file{configure} script evaluate their values:
otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.

@c --bindir=/bin instead of /usr/bin, FHS?

Option @option{--without-bash-malloc} tells the @file{configure}
script not to use the @code{malloc} function shipped with
Bash. Glibc's version will be used instead.

Option @option{--with-installed-readline} tells the configure script
to use the installed readline library instead of the one shipped with
Bash.

@c htmldir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.2

@samp{ln -sv bash $@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin/sh} creates a symlink @file{sh}
to @file{bash}.


@node Bzip2
@section Bzip2

Bzip2 is a package that contains utilities to compress and decompress
files with a better original size/compressed size ratio than gzip.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6
sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile
sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile
make \
    -f Makefile-libbz2_so \
    CC="${CC}" \
    AR="${AR}" \
    RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
make clean
make \
    CC="${CC}" \
    AR="${AR}" \
    RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
make \
    PREFIX=${TARGET_DIR}/usr \
    install
cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2
cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libbz2.so
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2
ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat
cd ..
rm -rf bzip2-1.0.6
popd
@end verbatim

@samp{sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile} is used to skip
tests when building.

@samp{sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile} is used
in order to have relative path symlinks instead of absolute ones.

Option @option{-f Makefile-libbz2_so} is used to build shared
libraries.

Flags @env{CC}, @env{AR} and @env{RANLIB} are used so that bzip2 is
built using cross-compilation tools instead of the host's ones.

@samp{make clean} is used to clean up temporary files.

The second build commands are used to build static libraries.

@ignore
cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2
cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libbz2.so
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2
ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat
@end ignore


@node DHCPCD
@section DHCPCD

DHCPCD is a wrapper for the @acronym{DHCP} (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol) client daemon.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/dhcpcd-6.0.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/dhcpcd-6.0.2
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --bindir=/sbin \
    --sysconfdir=/etc \
    --dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd \
    --libexecdir=/usr/lib/dhcpcd
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf dhcpcd-6.0.2
popd
@end verbatim

@c Option @option{--bindir=/sbin} is used to comply with FHS?
@c @option{--sysconfdir=/etc} @file{/etc} instead of ?
@c @option{--dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd} @file{/var/lib/dhcpcd} instead of?
@c @option{--libexecdir=/usr/lib/dhcpcd} @file{/usr/lib/dhcpcd} instead of ?


@node Diffutils
@section Diffutils

GNU Diffutils is a package of several programs related to finding
differences between files.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/diffutils-3.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/diffutils-3.2
sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf diffutils-3.2
popd
@end verbatim

@samp{sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h} is used
to fix the following error when issuing @samp{make}:
@samp{./stdio.h:1012:1: error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a
function)}.

@c It deletes the following line in lib/stdio.in.h:
@c _GL_WARN_ON_USE (gets, ``gets is a security hole - use fgets instead'');


@node File
@section File

@verbatim
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.14
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf file-5.14
popd
@end verbatim


@node Findutils
@section Findutils

The GNU Find Utilities are typically used to provide directory search
and file locating capabilities.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2
cat > config.cache << EOF
gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
gl_cv_header_working_fcntl_h=yes
ac_cv_func_fnmatch_gnu=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --libexecdir=/usr/lib/locate \
    --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
# For FHS compatibility:
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/find ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
#sed -i.orig 's@find:=${BINDIR}@find:=/bin@' \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/updatedb
cd ..
rm -rf findutils-4.4.2
popd
@end verbatim

@c --libexecdir=/usr/lib/locate
@c --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate


@node Flex
@section Flex

Flex is a tool for generating scanners. A scanner, sometimes called a
tokenizer, is a program which recognizes lexical patterns in text.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_path_M4="/usr/bin/m4"
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
ln -sv libfl.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libl.a
cd ..
rm -r flex-2.5.37
popd

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/lex << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
exec /usr/bin/flex -l "$@"
EOF
chmod -v 755 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/lex
@end verbatim

@file{config.cache} forces flex to use @file{/usr/bin/m4} instead of
@file{/gllfsc/cross-tools/bin/m4} on the target machine.

For compatibility issues, we create the symlink @file{libl.a}.

We then create target system's @file{/usr/bin/lex} that will execute
@command{flex} with option @option{-l} in order to behave with maximal
compatibility like @command{lex}.

@ignore
@samp{sed -i.orig "s/-I@@includedir@@//g" Makefile.in} is used in
order not to use host's headers in @file{/usr/include} during
cross-compilation.
@end ignore

@c Variables @samp{ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes} and
@c @samp{ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes} are used to get rid of
@c error message: @samp{}.

@c We use option @option{-fPIC} passed to the cross-compiler in order to
@c generate position-independent code (PIC).


@node Gawk
@section Gawk

GNU awk (Gawk) is a program used to select particular records in a
file and perform operations upon them.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gawk-4.1.0
sed -i.orig \
    '/check-recursive all-recursive/s/ check-for-shared-lib-support//' \
    extension/Makefile.in
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --libexecdir=/usr/lib
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -r gawk-4.1.0
popd
@end verbatim

The sed expression is used to avoid the error @samp{Building the
extensions is not supported on this platform}.


@node Gettext
@section Gettext

GNU gettext utilities are a set of tools that provides a framework to
help packages produce multi-lingual messages.

@verbatim
# 20 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.3.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.3
cat > config.cache << EOF
am_cv_func_iconv_works=yes
gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
gt_cv_func_printf_posix=yes
gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
#cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i}
#cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i}
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf gettext-0.18.3
popd
@end verbatim

@c cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i} ?
@c cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i} ?


@node Grep
@section Grep

GNU @command{grep} command searches one or more input files for lines
containing a match to a specified pattern.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/grep-2.14.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/grep-2.14
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --bindir=/bin \
    --disable-perl-regexp
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf grep-2.14
popd
@end verbatim

Option @option{--disable-perl-regexp} disables support of Perl-style
regular expressions (regexp).


@node Groff
@section Groff

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2
PAGE=A4 \
    ./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make \
    TROFFBIN=troff \
    GROFFBIN=groff \
    GROFF_BIN_PATH=
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
ln -sv soelim ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/zsoelim
ln -sv eqn ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/geqn
ln -sv tbl ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/gtbl
cd ..
rm -rf groff-1.22.2
popd
@end verbatim

The variables @env{TROFFBIN=troff} and @env{GROFFBIN=groff} tell
@command{make} to use @command{troff} and @command{groff} commands
installed in the @ref{Building Cross-Compilation Tools} to build
documentation.

The variable @env{GROFF_BIN_PATH} before @env{PATH} is checked for
programs @command{groff} is calling (preprocessors, troff, and output
devices). If not set, it defaults to the directory where the
@file{groff} binary is located.

The symlinks are used for compatibility.


@node Gzip
@section Gzip

GNU Gzip is a data compression program.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gzip-1.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gzip-1.6
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --bindir=/bin
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
# For FHS compatibility:
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/z{egrep,cmp,diff,fgrep,force,grep,less,more} \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/znew \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
cd ..
rm -rf gzip-1.6
popd
@end verbatim


@node Inetutils
@section Inetutils

Inetutils is a collection of common network programs.

@verbatim
# 6 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1
sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h
sed -i.orig -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf inetutils-1.9.1
popd
@end verbatim

@samp{sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h} is used
to fix the following error when issuing @samp{make}:
@samp{./stdio.h:1030:1: error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a
function)}.

@c It deletes the following line in lib/stdio.in.h:
@c _GL_WARN_ON_USE (gets, ``gets is a security hole - use fgets instead'');

@samp{sed -i.orig -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths} is used to
fix the following error when issuing @samp{make}:
@samp{'PATH_PROCNET_DEV' undeclared (first use in this function)}.


@node Iproute2
@section Iproute2

Iproute2 is a collection of utilities for controlling TCP and UDP IP
networking and traffic.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iproute2-3.10.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iproute2-3.10.0
sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile
make \
    DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
    CC="${CC}" \
    DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2 \
    MANDIR=/usr/share/man
make \
    DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
    DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2 \
    MANDIR=/usr/share/man \
    install
cd ..
rm -rf iproute2-3.10.0
popd
@end verbatim

@samp{sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@@arpd@@@@g' misc/Makefile} is used to
disable the build of @command{arpd} as it requires Berkeley DB to be
installed.

@env{DOCDIR} and @env{MANDIR} indicate the location in which the
documentation and the manual pages will be installed,
respectively. Those are no absolute paths but use the value of
@env{DESTDIR} as a prefix.


@node Kbd
@section Kbd

Kbd contains keytable files and keyboard utilities.

@verbatim
# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kbd-1.15.5.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/kbd-1.15.5
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes
ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --cache-file=config.cache \
    --disable-vlock
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
# For FHS compatibility
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{kbd_mode,dumpkeys,loadkeys,openvt} \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/setfont \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
cd ..
rm -rf kbd-1.15.5
popd
@end verbatim

Option @option{--disable-vlock} disables the build of vlock. vlock
needs PAM library headers to be present on the build system and is not
necessary for us, so we do not build it.


@node Kmod
@section Kmod

Kmod (previously known as module-init-tools) provide userspace-side
assistance in loading kernel modules and their dependencies.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kmod-14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/kmod-14
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --bindir=/bin \
    --sbindir=/sbin \
    --with-zlib
make
make \
    DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
    INSTALL=install \
    install
cd ..
rm -rf kmod-14
popd

# For bootscripts:
ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/lsmod
ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/depmod
ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/insmod
ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/modprobe
ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/modinfo
ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/rmmod
@end verbatim

@option{--with-zlib} enables support for modules compressed with
zlib.

By default, installation uses @env{INSTALL=install-with-care} which
checks if old utilities have not been destroyed. To avoid this check,
we use @env{INSTALL=install}.


@node Less
@section Less

Less is a file pager. A file pager is used to view the content of a
text file.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/less-458.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/less-458
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --sysconfdir=/etc
make
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
# For FHS compatibility:
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/less ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
cd ..
rm -rf less-458
popd
@end verbatim


@node Make
@section Make

GNU @command{make} utility determines automatically which pieces of a
large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to
recompile them.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/make-3.82.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/make-3.82
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf make-3.82
popd
@end verbatim


@node Man
@section Man

Man is an interface to the on-line reference manuals.

@verbatim
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-1.6g.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-1.6g
sed -i.orig -e "/PREPATH=/s@=.*@=\"$(eval echo \
    ${TARGET_DIR}/{,usr/}{sbin,bin})\"@g" -e 's@-is@&Rc@g' configure
sed -i.orig -e 's@MANPATH./usr/man@#&@g' \
    -e 's@MANPATH./usr/local/man@#&@g' src/man.conf.in
./configure \
    -confdir=/etc
sed -i.orig "s@${TARGET_DIR}@@" conf_script
gcc src/makemsg.c -o src/makemsg
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf man-1.6g
popd
@end verbatim

In the first use of @command{sed}, the first part replaces
@env{PREPATH} default value
@samp{/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/local/@/bin:$PATH} with
@samp{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/@{,usr/@}@{sbin,bin@}}. The variable
@env{TARGET_DIR} is used to avoid errors when running the
@file{configure} script.

The second part is used to replace default options of the man pager
@option{-is} with @option{-isRc}. Option @option{-c} will cause
@command{less} to display man pages faster as this option disables
scrolling.

@c What about -R?

The second call of @command{sed} tells @command{man} where the cat
pages corresponding to given man pages should not be stored:
@file{/usr/man} and @file{/usr/local/man}.

Option @option{-confdir} is used to define configuration files
location to target system's @file{/etc}.

The third call of @command{sed} is used in order to remove the
presence of @env{TARGET_DIR} on the target system's programs.

@command{makemsg} will be used during the build, but because using the
cross-compiler may make its build fail, we use the host's compiler.


@node Nano
@section Nano

GNU nano is a lightweight text editor.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/nano-2.3.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/nano-2.3.2
#tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/nano-2.3.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
#pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/nano-2.3.1
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
sed -i.orig -e \
    '/CPPFLAGS/s/\/usr\/include\/ncursesw/${TARGET_DIR}\/usr\/include/' \
    `find . -iname 'Makefile'`
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf nano-2.3.2
popd
@end verbatim

The sed expression is used to replace @file{/usr/include/ncursesw}
with @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/include} in every file named
@file{Makefile} in order to overcome the error
@samp{/usr/include/ncursesw/ncurses.h:60:34: fatal error:
ncursesw/ncurses_dll.h: No such file or directory}.

@quotation Note
commands in nano are displayed as in `^X'. The `^' character means
@key{CTRL} key, so `^X' means @kbd{CTRL-X}.
@end quotation


@node Patch
@section Patch

GNU patch takes a patch file containing a difference listing produced
by the @command{diff} program and applies those differences to one or
more original files, producing patched versions.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_path_ed_PROGRAM=ed
ac_cv_func_strnlen_working=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
cd ..
rm -rf patch-2.7.1
popd
@end verbatim


@node Psmisc
@section Psmisc

This package contains utilities that use the proc filesystem.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --exec-prefix="" \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
# For FHS compatibility:
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/pstree* ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
#ln -sv killall ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/pidof
cd ..
rm -rf psmisc-22.20
popd
@end verbatim


@node Rsyslog
@section Rsyslog

Rsyslog is an utility creating log messages.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/rsyslog-5.8.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/rsyslog-5.8.6
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
EOF
PKG_CONFIG_PATH="${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/pkgconfig" \
    ./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --sbindir=/sbin \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.d
cd ..
rm -rf rsyslog-5.8.6
popd

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.conf << "EOF"
$ModLoad imuxsock.so
$ModLoad imklog.so

$ActionFileDefaultTemplate RSYSLOG_TraditionalFileFormat

$FileOwner root
$FileGroup root
$FileCreateMode 0640
$DirCreateMode 0755

$ModLoad imudp
$UDPServerRun 514

$RepeatedMsgReduction on

$IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf

auth,authpriv.*                        /var/log/auth.log
*.*;auth,authpriv.none                -/var/log/syslog
daemon.*                              -/var/log/daemon.log
kern.*                                -/var/log/kern.log
lpr.*                                 -/var/log/lpr.log
mail.*                                -/var/log/mail.log
user.*                                -/var/log/user.log

# Catch All Logs
*.=debug;\
        auth,authpriv.none;\
        news.none;mail.none           -/var/log/debug
*.=info;*.=notice;*.=warn;\
        auth,authpriv.none;\
        cron,daemon.none;\
        mail,news.none                -/var/log/messages

# Emergency are shown to everyone
*.emerg                                *
EOF
@end verbatim

@samp{install -dv $@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/rsyslog.d} is used to create
target system's @file{/etc/rsyslog.d} directory. Rsyslog looks for
user-defined configuration files in this directory. The line
@samp{$IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf} in the target system's
configuration file @file{/etc/rsyslog.conf} has this purpose.

We then create the target system's configuration file
@file{/etc/rsyslog.conf}.


@node Shadow
@section Shadow

@verbatim
# 4 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-man-ru.patch
automake
echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --libdir=/lib \
    --sysconfdir=/etc \
    --enable-shared \
    --without-audit \
    --without-libpam \
    --without-selinux \
    --cache-file=config.cache \
    --enable-man
sed -i.orig 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile
for mkf in $(find man -name Makefile)
    do
    sed -i.orig -e '/groups.1.xml/d' -e 's/groups.1 //' ${mkf}
    done
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
sed -i.orig -e 's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \
    -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' \
    ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/login.defs
# For FHS compatibility:
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/passwd ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
${CROSS_TARGET}-pwconv
${CROSS_TARGET}-grpconv
${CROSS_TARGET}-passwd root
cd ..
rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
popd
@end verbatim

@ignore
    ${CROSS_TARGET}-passwd root
gives the following message:
    Cannot change ID to root.
@end ignore

The patch @file{shadow-4.1.4.3-man-ru.patch} contains a fix to
@file{man/ru/Makefile.am} preventing @samp{make install} to
complete. @command{automake-1.11} is then run to update the makefile
prototype @file{Makefile.in}.

@c echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache

The option @option{--enable-man} is used to generate man pages.

The first call of @command{sed} disables the build of command
@command{groups}, as coreutils already installed it.

The second call of @command{sed} enables support for MD5 encrypted
passwords and changes the mail default directory from
@file{/var/spool/mail} to @file{/var/mail}.

The @command{pwconv} command creates @file{shadow} file from file
@file{passwd} and an optionally existing @file{shadow} file.

The @command{grpconv} command creates @file{gshadow} file from file
@file{group} and an optionally existing @file{gshadow} file.

The command @samp{passwd root} will create the password for the root
user, you will need it when logging in as root on your new system.


@node Sysvinit
@section Sysvinit

Sysvinit is the system-V style init process. Init is the first process
started during booting. It is started by the kernel. Init continues
running as a daemon until the system is shut down. It is the direct or
indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all
orphaned processes.


@verbatim
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf
sed -i.orig -e 's@/dev/initctl@$(ROOT)&@g' \
    -e 's@\(mknod \)-m \([0-9]* \)\(.* \)p@\1\3p; chmod \2\3@g' \
    -e '/^ifeq/s/$(ROOT)//' \
    -e 's@/usr/lib@$(ROOT)&@' \
    src/Makefile
make -C src clobber
make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} CC="${CC}"
make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} INSTALL="install" install
cd ..
rm -rf sysvinit-2.88dsf
popd

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inittab << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/inittab

id:3:initdefault:

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc sysinit

l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6

ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600

#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100

# End /etc/inittab
EOF
@end verbatim

The first call of @command{sed} replaces @file{/dev/initctl} with
@file{$(ROOT)/dev/initctl}, and @file{/usr/lib} with
@file{$(ROOT)/usr/lib} among other things in order to install sysvinit
on the target system.

@samp{make -C src clobber} is used to clean up the @file{src}
directory.

Then, we create the @file{inittab} file that describes which processes
are started at bootup and during normal operation.

The line @samp{#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100} is
commented out (with @code{#}) in order to avoid the message:
@samp{INIT: Id "c0" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes} on
the target system.


@node Tar
@section Tar

GNU tar is an archiving utility: it stores and extracts files from a
tape or disk archive.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tar-1.26.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/tar-1.26
cat > config.cache << EOF
gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes
ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes
EOF
sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' gnu/stdio.in.h
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --bindir=/bin \
    --libexecdir=/usr/sbin \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf tar-1.26
popd
@end verbatim

The sed expression is use to avoid the error @samp{./stdio.h:479:1:
error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a function)}.


@node Texinfo
@section Texinfo

GNU Texinfo is a documentation system that can produce both online
information and a printed manual from a single source.

@verbatim
# 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/texinfo-5.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/texinfo-5.1
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make -C tools/gnulib/lib
make -C tools
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf texinfo-5.1
popd

pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/share/info
rm dir
for f in *
    do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null
done
popd
@end verbatim

The first three calls of @command{make} make it possible to build
Texinfo by cross-compilation.

For Info to work, the @file{info} directory must contain a file that
serves as a top level directory for the Info system. By convention,
this file is called @file{dir}. We update this file for the target
system.


@node Udev
@section Udev

Udev is the dynamic device management of the kernel Linux.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/udev-175.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/udev-175
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --sysconfdir=/etc \
    --sbindir=/sbin \
    --with-rootlibdir=/lib \
    --libexecdir=/lib/udev \
    --docdir=/usr/share/doc/udev-175 \
    --disable-introspection \
    --with-pci-ids-path=no \
    --with-usb-ids-path=no \
    --disable-gudev
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/firmware
ln -sv ../lib/udev/udevd ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/udevd
cd ..
rm -rf udev-175
popd
@end verbatim


@node Util-Linux
@section Util-Linux

util-linux is a random collection of utilities for use with the kernel
Linux.

@verbatim
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/util-linux-2.23.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/util-linux-2.23
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --enable-partx \
    --disable-wall \
    --enable-write \
    --disable-makeinstall-chown
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/logger ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
cd ..
rm -r util-linux-2.23
popd
@end verbatim

Option @option{--enable-partx} enables the build and installation of
the @command{addpart}, @command{delpart} and @command{partx} commands.

Option @option{--disable-wall} disables the build of the
@command{wall} command which is already provided by sysvinit.

Option @option{--enable-write} enables the build and installation of
the @command{write} command.

Option @option{--disable-makeinstall-chown} disables the change of
owner to root for installed programs.


@node XZ-Utils
@section XZ-Utils

XZ Utils is a general-purpose data compression software with high
compression ratio.

@verbatim
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/xz-5.0.5.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/xz-5.0.5
#tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/xz-5.0.4.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
#pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/xz-5.0.4
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
# For FHS compatibility:
#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{xz,lzma,lzcat,unlzma,unxz,xzcat} \
#    ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
cd ..
rm -rf xz-5.0.5
popd
@end verbatim


@node Bootscripts
@section Bootscripts

The bootscript archive contains scripts that manage services during
system's bootup and shutdown.

@verbatim
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0.0.tar.xz \
    -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-bootscripts
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-network
cd ..
rm -rf bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2
popd
@end verbatim

This installs basic bootscripts required for bootup and shutdown, and
network-related bootscripts.


@node Kernel
@section The Kernel

@verbatim
# 40 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-3.9-loongson3a-deblobbed.tar \
    -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-official
#tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-2.6.36-21-loongson3a-deblobbed.tar \
#    -C ${BUILD_DIR}
#pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-3A
patch -Np1 -i $DOWNLOAD_DIR/linux-3.9-firmware-timeout.patch
patch -Np1 -i $DOWNLOAD_DIR/linux-3.9-kernel-panic.patch
#patch -Np1 -i $DOWNLOAD_DIR/linux-2.6.36-firmware-timeout.patch
#patch -Np1 -i $DOWNLOAD_DIR/linux-2.6.36-kernel-panic.patch
make mrproper
@end verbatim

@file{linux-3.9-firmware-timeout.patch} is used to avoid waiting 60
seconds for the binary-blob firmware to load, as those have been
removed by the @file{deblob} script.

@file{linux-3.9-kernel-panic.patch} is used in order to avoid a kernel
panic that may occur frequently at boot with the deblobbed kernel.

Then:

@verbatim
#cp arch/mips/configs/loongson3a_defconfig .config
cp arch/mips/configs/loongson3_defconfig .config
#cp arch/mips/configs/loongson3_config .config
#Skip the following as, with 4 CPUs, the result is ugly:
#patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/100gnu+freedo.patch
@end verbatim

Then, if you want to change the configuration:

@verbatim
#make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- config
make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- menuconfig
@end verbatim

@verbatim
make \
    ARCH=mips \
    CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}-
make \
    ARCH=mips \
    CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
    INSTALL_MOD_PATH=${TARGET_DIR} \
    modules_install
cp vmlinuz ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/vmlinuz
cp System.map ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/System.map
cp .config ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/config
cd ..
popd
@end verbatim

@quotation Tip
because future compilation may need kernel sources, the compilation
directory of the kernel should be preserved.
@end quotation


@node Configuration Files
@chapter Creating Required Configuration Files for the New System

@menu
* Time Setup File::              File for time setup.
* Bash Keyboard Setup::          Setting up keyboard function keys
                                   for the Shell.
* Bash Startup Files::           Setting up Bash shell startup files.
* Localhost Setup::              Setting up localhost.
* hosts Setup::                  Setting up @file{hosts} file.
* Network Address Setup::        Setting up network address.
* DNS Setup::                    Setting up DNS.
* fstab File Creation::          Creating @file{fstab} file.
@end menu


@node Time Setup File
@section File for Time Setup

@verbatim
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/clock << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock

UTC=1

# End /etc/sysconfig/clock
EOF
@end verbatim


@node Bash Keyboard Setup
@section Setting up Keyboard Function keys for the Shell

Readline default configuration file is set:

@verbatim
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inputrc << "EOF"
set bell-style none
set convert-meta Off
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off
set input-meta On
set output-meta On
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line
EOF
@end verbatim

If @option{convert-meta} is set to @samp{on}, Readline will convert
characters with the eighth bit set to an @sc{ascii} key sequence by
stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an @key{ESC} character,
converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.

@option{horizontal-scroll-mode} set to @samp{off} means that the text
of the lines being edited will be wrapped onto a new screen line when
they are longer than the width of the screen, instead of being
scrolled horizontally on a single screen line.

@c set meta-flag On

@option{input-meta} If set to @samp{on}, Readline will enable
eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it
reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.

If @option{output-meta} is set to @samp{on}, Readline will display
characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a
meta-prefixed escape sequence.

@ignore
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line
@end ignore


@node Bash Startup Files
@section Setting up Bash Shell Startup Files

@verbatim
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/profile << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/profile

export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
export PS1='\[\e[31m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '

# End /etc/profile
EOF
@end verbatim

The environement variable @env{LANG} defines the default language that
should be used on the system. @samp{en_US.UTF-8} means ``english''
language, country ``US'' and @acronym{UTF-8} (UCS Transformation
Format—8-bit) encoding (Unicode).

@c For a full list, see???

For explanations on @env{PS1}, @pxref{Environment Variables Setup}.


@node Localhost Setup
@section Localhost Setup

@verbatim
echo "HOSTNAME=gllfsc" > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network
@end verbatim


@node hosts Setup
@section Setting up @file{hosts} File

@verbatim
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/hosts << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 gllfsc localhost

# End /etc/hosts
EOF
@end verbatim


@node Network Address Setup
@section Setting up Network Address

You can choose to have a network static or dynamic address.

@menu
* Network Static Address Setup::    Setting up Network Static Address.
* Network Dynamic Address Setup::   Setting up Network Dynamic
                                      Address.
@end menu


@node Network Static Address Setup
@subsection Setting up Network Static Address

@verbatim
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
cat > ifconfig.eth0/ipv4 << "EOF"
ONBOOT=yes
SERVICE=ipv4-static
IP=192.168.1.1
GATEWAY=192.168.1.2
PREFIX=24
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
EOF
popd
@end verbatim

@quotation Warning
@code{IP}, @code{GATEWAY}, @code{BROADCAST} addresses are set up
according to one's situation.
@end quotation


@node Network Dynamic Address Setup
@subsection Setting up Network Dynamic Address

@verbatim
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
cat > ifconfig.eth0/dhcpcd << "EOF"
ONBOOT=yes
SERVICE=dhcpcd
DHCP_START="-q"
DHCP_STOP="-k"
EOF
popd
@end verbatim


@node DNS Setup
@section Setting up DNS

@verbatim
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/resolv.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/resolv.conf

nameserver your-main-DNS-address
nameserver your-secondary-DNS-address

# End /etc/resolv.conf
EOF
@end verbatim


@node fstab File Creation
@section @file{fstab} File Creation

The file @file{/etc/fstab} is used at boot to mount partitions under
the requested directories.

@verbatim
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/fstab << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/fstab

# file system    mount-point  type     options        dump  fsck order

/dev/sda8        /            ext3     defaults        1    1
/dev/sda3        swap         swap     pri=1           0    0
proc             /proc        proc     defaults        0    0
sysfs            /sys         sysfs    defaults        0    0
devpts           /dev/pts     devpts   gid=4,mode=620  0    0
shm              /dev/shm     tmpfs    defaults        0    0

# End /etc/fstab
EOF
@end verbatim

@quotation Warning
the name of the hard drive and the name of filesystem used here have
to be modified to reflect @emph{your} real situation.
@end quotation


@node End
@chapter The End

@menu
* Archiving::                        All the system archived in one
                                     package.
* Recommendations::                  Some tips.
@end menu


@node Archiving
@section Archiving the System

After the system has been completed, we use the command @command{exit}
to logout as the @emph{gllfsc} user.

Now, login as the @emph{root} user.

Then fix the permissions on the new system:

@verbatim
export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}
mknod -m 600 dev/console c 5 1
mknod -m 666 dev/null c 1 3
cp -a dev/{console,null} lib/udev/devices/
chown -R root:root *
@end verbatim

We archive the entire system by using the following command:

@verbatim
# 20 minutes without kernel sources nor cross-tools
#tar -cjf gllfsc-20130723.tar.bz2 bin boot dev etc home lib* media \
#    mnt opt proc root sbin srv sys tmp usr var

# 20 minutes without kernel sources
tar -cjf gllfsc-20130723.tar.bz2 bin boot cross-tools dev etc home \
    lib* media mnt opt proc root sbin srv sys tmp usr var

# 60 minutes with kernel sources + cross-tools
#tar -cjf gllfsc-20130723.tar.bz2 *
@end verbatim

It is then easy to copy the archive to the target machine and extract.


@node Recommendations
@section Some Recommendations

We recommend extracting the system to an empty partition. Moreover,
the filesystem of the chosen partition has to be a filesystem
supported by the kernel you compiled. Finally, this partition has to
be consistent with the system description in the file
@file{/etc/fstab} you created during setup (@pxref{fstab File
Creation}).

Then, you will have to edit the PMON BIOS configuration file of the
target machine: @file{/boot.cfg}. This file has to be put on the first
partition of the hard
drive@footnote{@uref{http://gnewsense.org/Projects/Lemote#Updating_of_the_PMON_configuration}}. A
minimal @file{/boot.cfg} could be:

On the Yeeloong 8133, vmlinuz must be on the first primary partition
to be able to boot.

@verbatim
default 0
timeout 2
showmenu 1

title  GLLFSC
kernel /dev/fs/ext2@wd0/vmlinuz
args   console=tty1 root=/dev/sda8
@end verbatim


@node Further Readings
@chapter Further Readings

Haiyong Sun's website (in Chinese):
@uref{http://youbest.cublog.cn}. It includes documents on building a
GNU/Linux system for Loongson and a GNU/Hurd system for x86.

Cross [GNU/]Linux from scratch: @uref{http://www.cross-lfs.org}.
Includes a lot of documentation to build a GNU/Linux system by
cross-compilation on a variety of hardware, no information (yet) for
cross-compiling with sysroot on MIPS though. There is also a
Community-driven Beyond [GNU/]Linux From Scratch on
@uref{http://cblfs.cross-lfs.org}. It documents the building of Xorg
and TeXLive among other things.

@c Some patches from the above project are available for download on
@c @uref{http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/patches/}.

@uref{http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_@/man.txt}
documents an interesting way of managing packages. Quotation from the
file:

@quotation
DESCRIPTION:
@itemize

@item
You want to know which packages your files belong to?

@item
You want to deinstall software that doesn't have make uninstall?

@item
You are bothered by programs installed setuid root behind your back?

@item
You don't like packages quietly overwriting files from other packages?

@item
You don't like package managers like RPM?

@item
YOU WANT TOTAL CONTROL USING ONLY UNIX BUILTINS?
@end itemize
@end quotation

The suckless team@footnote{@uref{http://suckless.org}} is a group of
programmers that share the following
philosophy@footnote{@uref{http://suckless.org/philosophy}}:

@quotation
Focus on simplicity, clarity and frugality. Our philosophy is about
keeping things simple, minimal and usable. We believe this should
become the mainstream philosophy in the IT sector. Unfortunately, the
tendency for complex, error-prone and slow software seems to be
prevalent in the present-day software industry. We intend to prove the
opposite with our software projects.
@end quotation

The simple and lightweight programs released by this team are
interesting for machines based on Loongson 3A processor as performance
is limited compared to current x86 processors.


@node Thanks
@chapter Thanks

I thank Lemote and particularily the CEO, Fuxin Zhang, for offering me
a Yeeloong 8133, Huacai Chen and Haiyong Sun for their help in fixing
the bugs I found in the deblobbed kernel.

I am particularily grateful to Haiyong Sun for having shared his
knowledge on building a free operating system for Loongson 2F
machines, this document is heavily based on this.


@node GNU Free Documentation License
@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
@include fdl-1.3.texi


@node GNU General Public License
@appendix GNU General Public License
@include gpl.texi

@bye