4 Natively known as Uju /ˈudʒu/
9 You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the
10 GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
11 Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any
14 This file makes use of International Phonetic Alphabet:
15 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet>
17 Uju is written in a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom
18 of the page. The alphabet uses the Latin script.
23 ### Phonological Inventory
25 Consonant inventory: /b dʒ h k l m n q r s v w x ð ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ θ/
27 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
28 | ↓Manner/Place→ | Dental | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
29 +=====================+========+==========+=============+==========+==============+=======+=============+========+============+=========+
30 | Stop | | b | | | | k | | q | | ʔ |
31 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
32 | Nasal | | m | | n | | | | | | |
33 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
34 | Affricate | | | | | dʒ | | | | | |
35 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
36 | Fricative | θ ð | | v | s | ʃ | x ɣ | | | ħ | h |
37 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
38 | Approximant | | | | | | | w | | ʕ | |
39 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
40 | Trill | | | | r | | | | | | |
41 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
42 | Lateral approximant | | | | l | | | | | | |
43 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
45 Vowel inventory: /a e i u ɨ ʊ/
51 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
52 | | Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back |
53 +===========+=======+============+=========+===========+======+
54 | High | i | | ɨ | | u |
55 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
56 | Near-high | | | | ʊ | |
57 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
58 | High-mid | | e | | | |
59 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
61 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
63 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
64 | Near-Low | | | | | |
65 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
67 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
69 Syllable structure: Up to three consonants before and after a vowel:
72 Stress pattern: No fixed stress
74 Word initial consonants: b, dʒ, h, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x, ð, ɣ,
77 Mid-word consonants: b, bl, dʒ, h, hw, k, ks, kw, l, m, mb, n, nh,
78 nl, ns, nv, r, rk, rm, rs, s, v, w, x, ð, ɣ,
81 Word final consonants: b, dʒ, h, l, n, r, s, w, x, ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ
83 Phonological rules (in order of application):
85 * 'h' turns into 'g' before a 'b'.
90 Sentence order is: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique.
92 Adjectives: Adjectives (and modifying nouns) occur to the left of
95 Gender in nouns: Nouns have no gender.
97 Adpositions: Postpositions. The preferential order of postpositional
98 phrases is Time-Manner-Place:
100 > "I am travelling on Monday [time] by car [manner] to Seoul [place]."
104 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
105 | | Singular | Plural |
106 +============+========================+=========================+
107 | Nominative | man | men |
108 | | hu /hu/ | No plural marker |
110 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
111 | Accusative | man | men |
112 | | Prefix: thu- /θɨ-/ | No plural marker |
113 | | thuhu /ˈθɨhu/ | xhu /ɣhu/ |
114 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
115 | Genitive | man's | men's |
116 | | Suffix: -(e)th /-(e)θ/ | No plural marker |
117 | | huth /huθ/ | uhu /ˈuhu/ |
118 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
119 | Dative | to [the/a] man | to men |
120 | | Suffix: -(i)hu /ihʊ/ | No plural marker |
121 | | huhu /ˈhuhʊ/ | jhu /dʒhu/ |
122 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
123 | Locative | in/at/by [the/a] man | in/at/by [the/some] men |
124 | | Prefix: u- /u-/ | No plural marker |
125 | | uhu /ˈuhu/ | mbuhu /mbuˈhu/ |
126 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
128 Plurals are optional for non-human nouns.
132 +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
133 | | Singular | | Plural | |
134 +============+====================+===========+====================+============+
135 | Nominative | the [man] | hih /hih/ | the [men] | mush /mʊʃ/ |
136 +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
137 | Accusative | the [man] | xix /ɣiɣ/ | the [men] | ib /ib/ |
138 +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
139 | Genitive | the [man's] | xex /xex/ | the [men's] | ub /ʊb/ |
140 +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
141 | Dative | to the [man] | nux /nux/ | to the [men] | ux /ʊɣ/ |
142 +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
143 | Locative | in/at/by the [man] | uh /uh/ | in/at/by the [men] | ax /aɣ/ |
144 +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
146 Uses of definite article that differ from English:
148 - Definite article can be omitted
149 Example: 'I am going to jacuzzi'
151 - Used to talk about countable nouns in general
152 Example: English's 'I like cats' would translate to 'I like the
155 - Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns
156 'Walking in the mud' would always translate to 'Walking in mud'.
158 - Used for personal names in third person: 'The Maria has left for
161 - Used with place names: 'The London'
163 ### Indefinite article
165 +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
166 | | Singular | | Plural | |
167 +============+====================+============+=======================+============+
168 | Nominative | a [man] | xaj /ɣadʒ/ | some [men] | haj /hadʒ/ |
169 +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
170 | Accusative | a [man] | haj /hadʒ/ | some [men] | kex /kex/ |
171 +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
172 | Genitive | a [man's] | ruj /rʊdʒ/ | some [men's] | hix /hix/ |
173 +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
174 | Dative | to a [man] | lux /lʊx/ | to some [men] | jin /dʒin/ |
175 +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
176 | Locative | in/at/by a [man] | kux /kɨx/ | in/at/by some [men] | jun /dʒɨn/ |
177 +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
179 ### Personal pronouns
181 +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
182 | | Nominative| | Accusative | | Genitive | | Dative | |
183 +========+===========+============+============+============+==============+==================+===============+==================+
184 | 1st.sg | I | i /i/ | me | im /im/ | mine | i ux /i uɣ/ | to me | i ax /i aɣ/ |
185 +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
186 | 2nd.sg | you | xuj /ɣudʒ/ | you | xudh /ɣuð/ | yours | xuj ux /ɣudʒ uɣ/ | to you | xuj ax /ɣudʒ aɣ/ |
187 +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
188 | 3rd.sg | he/she/it | xax /ɣax/ | him/her/it | xus /ɣʊs/ | his/hers/its | xax ux /ɣax uɣ/ | to him/her/it | xax ax /ɣax aɣ/ |
189 +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
190 | 1st.pl | we | mi /mi/ | us | mu /mɨ/ | ours | mi ux /mi uɣ/ | to us | mi ax /mi aɣ/ |
191 +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
192 | 2nd.pl | you | kun /kʊn/ | you | kun /kun/ | yours | kun ux /kʊn uɣ/ | to you | kun ax /kʊn aɣ/ |
193 +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
194 | 3rd.pl | they | xan /xan/ | them | xab /xab/ | theirs | xan ux /xan uɣ/ | to them | xan ax /xan aɣ/ |
195 +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
199 +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
200 | ↓Perfective/Indicative mood→ | Past | Present | Future |
201 +==============================+==============================+==============================+==============================+
202 | | studied | study | will study |
203 +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
204 | 1st.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -u /-ɨ/ |
205 | | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxu /ˈɣakwuɣɨ/ |
206 +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
207 | 2nd.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)x /-(ɨ)ɣ/ |
208 | | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwuxux /ɣaˈkwuɣɨɣ/ |
209 +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
210 | 3rd.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -a /-a/ |
211 | | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwuxa /ˈɣakwuɣa/ |
212 +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
213 | 1st.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(i)sh /-(i)ʃ/ |
214 | | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxish /ɣaˈkwuɣiʃ/ |
215 +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
216 | 2nd.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)vu /ɨvɨ/ |
217 | | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxuvu /ɣakwuɣɨˈvɨ/ |
218 +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
219 | 3rd.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)x /-(ɨ)ɣ/ |
220 | | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxux /ɣaˈkwuɣɨɣ/ |
221 +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
227 Uses the word for 'have' before main verb.
229 ### Progressive aspect
233 Uses the word 'do' before main verb.
237 'study!' (as a command)
239 Uses the same conjugation as 2nd-person present-tense.
243 Uses the particle rudh /rʊð/ before main verb phrase.
245 ### Morphological derivations
247 Entries follow the format of:
253 Pronunciation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet:
254 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet>
256 Noun-to-verb: Prefix: j(u)- /dʒ(u)-/
258 Verb-to-noun: Suffix: -(i)x /-(i)x/
260 Noun-to-adjective: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/
262 Adjective-to-noun: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/
264 Adjective-to-adverb: Suffix: -(e)b /-(e)b/
266 Verb-to-adjective: Suffix: -(u)sh /-(ɨ)ʃ/
268 Diminutive: Suffix: -(u)ne /ɨne/
270 Augmentative: Suffix: -(e)hu /ehɨ/
272 Agent noun (e.g. paint to painter): Suffix: -(u)hu /uhʊ/
274 Place of (e.g. wine to winery): Suffix: -(u)kse /ɨkse/