4 Natively known as Uju /ˈudʒu/
9 You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the
10 GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
11 Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any
14 This file makes use of International Phonetic Alphabet:
15 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet>
17 Uju is written in a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom of
18 the page. The alphabet uses the Latin script.
23 ### Phonological Inventory
25 Consonant inventory: /b dʒ h k l m n q r s v w x ð ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ θ/
27 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
28 | ↓Manner/Place→ | Dental | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
29 +=====================+========+==========+=============+==========+==============+=======+=============+========+======================+
30 | Stop | | b | | | | k | | q | | ʔ |
31 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
32 | Nasal | | m | | n | | | | | | |
33 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
34 | Affricate | | | | | dʒ | | | | | |
35 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
36 | Fricative | θ ð | | v | s | ʃ | x ɣ | | | ħ | h |
37 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
38 | Approximant | | | | | | | w | | ʕ | |
39 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
40 | Trill | | | | r | | | | | | |
41 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
42 | Lateral approximant | | | | l | | | | | | |
43 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
45 Vowel inventory: /a e i u ɨ ʊ/
51 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
52 | | Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back |
53 +===========+=======+============+=========+===========+======+
54 | High | i | | ɨ | | u |
55 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
56 | Near-high | | | | ʊ | |
57 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
58 | High-mid | | e | | | |
59 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
61 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
63 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
64 | Near-Low | | | | | |
65 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
67 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
69 Syllable structure: Up to three consonants before and after a vowel:
72 Word stress: No fixed stress
74 Word initial consonants: b, dʒ, h, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x, ð,
77 Mid-word consonants: b, bl, dʒ, h, hw, k, ks, kw, l, m, mb, n,
78 nh, nl, ns, nv, r, rk, rm, rs, s, v, w, x,
81 Word final consonants: b, dʒ, h, l, n, r, s, w, x, ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ
83 Phonological rules (in order of application):
85 * 'h' turns into 'g' before a 'b'.
90 Sentence order: Sentence order is Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique.
92 Adjectives: Adjectives (and modifying nouns) occur to the left of
95 Gender in nouns: Nouns have no gender.
97 Adpositions: Postpositions. The preferential order of postpositional
98 phrases is Time-Manner-Place:
100 > "I am travelling on Monday [time] by car [manner] to Seoul [place]."
104 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
105 | | Singular | Plural |
106 +============+========================+=========================+
107 | Nominative | man | men |
108 | | hu /hu/ | No plural marker |
110 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
111 | Accusative | man | men |
112 | | Prefix: thu- /θɨ-/ | No plural marker |
113 | | thuhu /ˈθɨhu/ | xhu /ɣhu/ |
114 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
115 | Genitive | man's | men's |
116 | | Suffix: -(e)th /-(e)θ/ | No plural marker |
117 | | huth /huθ/ | uhu /ˈuhu/ |
118 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
119 | Dative | to [the/a] man | to men |
120 | | Suffix: -(i)hu /ihʊ/ | No plural marker |
121 | | huhu /ˈhuhʊ/ | jhu /dʒhu/ |
122 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
123 | Locative | in/at/by [the/a] man | in/at/by [the/some] men |
124 | | Prefix: u- /u-/ | No plural marker |
125 | | uhu /ˈuhu/ | mbuhu /mbuˈhu/ |
126 +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
128 Plurals are optional for non-human nouns.
130 ### Morphological derivations
132 Entries follow the format of:
138 Pronunciation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet:
139 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet>
141 Noun-to-verb: Prefix: j(u)- /dʒ(u)-/
142 Verb-to-noun: Suffix: -(i)x /-(i)x/
143 Noun-to-adjective: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/
144 Adjective-to-noun: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/
145 Adjective-to-adverb: Suffix: -(e)b /-(e)b/
146 Verb-to-adjective: Suffix: -(u)sh /-(ɨ)ʃ/
148 Diminutive: Suffix: -(u)ne /ɨne/
149 Augmentative: Suffix: -(e)hu /ehɨ/
151 Agent noun (e.g. paint to painter): Suffix: -(u)hu /uhʊ/
153 Place of (e.g. wine to winery): Suffix: -(u)kse /ɨkse/