--- /dev/null
+
+ GNU Free Documentation License
+ Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
+
+
+ Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ <https://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+0. PREAMBLE
+
+The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
+assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
+with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
+Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
+to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
+for modifications made by others.
+
+This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
+works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
+complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
+license designed for free software.
+
+We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
+software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
+program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
+software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
+it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
+whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
+principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
+
+
+1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+
+This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
+contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
+distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
+world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
+work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
+refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
+licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
+copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
+under copyright law.
+
+A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
+Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
+modifications and/or translated into another language.
+
+A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
+the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
+publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
+subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
+directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
+part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
+any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
+connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
+commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
+them.
+
+The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
+are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
+that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
+section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
+allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
+Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
+Sections then there are none.
+
+The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
+as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
+the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
+be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
+
+A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+represented in a format whose specification is available to the
+general public, that is suitable for revising the document
+straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
+pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
+drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
+for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
+to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
+format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
+or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
+An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
+of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+
+Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
+ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
+or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
+HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
+transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
+include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
+proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
+processing tools are not generally available, and the
+machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
+processors for output purposes only.
+
+The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
+this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
+formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
+the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
+preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+
+The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of
+the Document to the public.
+
+A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
+title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
+text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
+specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
+"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
+of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
+section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
+
+The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
+states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
+Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
+License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
+implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
+no effect on the meaning of this License.
+
+2. VERBATIM COPYING
+
+You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
+copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
+to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
+other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
+technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
+copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
+compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
+number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
+
+You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
+you may publicly display copies.
+
+
+3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
+printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
+Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
+copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
+Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
+the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
+you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
+the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
+visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
+Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
+the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
+as verbatim copying in other respects.
+
+If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
+pages.
+
+If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
+more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
+copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
+a computer-network location from which the general network-using
+public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
+a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
+If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
+when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
+that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
+location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
+Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
+edition to the public.
+
+It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
+Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
+give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+Document.
+
+
+4. MODIFICATIONS
+
+You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
+the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
+the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
+Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
+and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
+of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
+
+A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
+ from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
+ (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
+ of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
+ if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
+B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
+ responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
+ Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
+ Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
+ unless they release you from this requirement.
+C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+ Modified Version, as the publisher.
+D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+ adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
+ giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
+ terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
+G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
+ and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
+H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
+ to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
+ publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
+ there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
+ stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
+ given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
+ Version as stated in the previous sentence.
+J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
+ public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
+ the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
+ it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
+ You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
+ least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
+ publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
+K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
+ Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
+ the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
+ and/or dedications given therein.
+L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
+ unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
+ or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
+ may not be included in the Modified Version.
+N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
+ or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
+O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
+copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
+of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
+list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
+These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
+
+You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
+nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
+been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
+standard.
+
+You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
+passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
+of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
+Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
+includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
+by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
+you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
+permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
+
+The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
+give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
+imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+
+
+5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
+License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
+versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
+Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
+list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
+license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
+different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
+adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
+author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
+Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
+Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
+
+In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
+in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
+"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
+and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
+Entitled "Endorsements".
+
+
+6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
+documents released under this License, and replace the individual
+copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
+that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
+of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
+other respects.
+
+You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
+distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
+copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+document.
+
+
+7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
+and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
+distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
+resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
+of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
+When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
+apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
+derivative works of the Document.
+
+If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
+the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
+covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
+electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
+Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
+aggregate.
+
+
+8. TRANSLATION
+
+Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
+Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
+translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
+Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
+the original English version of this License and the original versions
+of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
+the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
+or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
+
+If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
+"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
+its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
+title.
+
+
+9. TERMINATION
+
+You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
+otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
+will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+
+However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
+from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
+unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
+terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
+fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
+60 days after the cessation.
+
+Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
+copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
+your receipt of the notice.
+
+Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
+licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
+this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
+reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
+not give you any rights to use it.
+
+
+10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
+GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
+will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
+detail to address new problems or concerns. See
+https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
+
+Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
+If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
+License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
+following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
+of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
+Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
+number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
+as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
+specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
+License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
+version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
+Document.
+
+11. RELICENSING
+
+"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
+World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
+provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
+public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
+"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site
+means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
+
+"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
+corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
+California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
+published by that same organization.
+
+"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in
+part, as part of another Document.
+
+An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
+License, and if all works that were first published under this License
+somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or
+in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and
+(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
+
+The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
+under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
+provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+
+
+ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+
+To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and
+license notices just after the title page:
+
+ Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+ or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+ with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
+ A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
+ Free Documentation License".
+
+If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
+replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
+
+ with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
+ Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
+
+If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
+situation.
+
+If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
+free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
+to permit their use in free software.
--- /dev/null
+\input texinfo
+@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename gllfsc-loongson2f-1.0.info
+@settitle GNU/Linux-libre from source code
+@c Comment the following if you want Letter format instead of A4 for
+@c PDF output
+@afourpaper
+@c %**end of header
+@c Book headers for PDF version
+@setchapternewpage odd
+@c To support Haiyong Sun's ideograms
+@documentencoding UTF-8
+
+@copying
+This is edition 1.0 (last updated 14 October 2012) of
+@cite{GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 2F}.
+
+Copyright @copyright{} 2012 Christophe Jarry.
+
+This document is based on the Chinese page
+@url{http://zdbr.net.cn/download/Loongson64-@/2.0.htm}, which is
+copyright @copyright{} 2009
+@c Because TeX does not handle Chinese fonts automatically, we need to
+@c do the following:
+@ifnottex
+Haiyong Sun (å™æµ·å‹‡).
+@end ifnottex
+@iftex
+Haiyong Sun.
+@end iftex
+His blog is on @url{http://youbest.cublog.cn}.
+
+Various formats of this manual as well as its texinfo source are
+available on
+@uref{http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/}.
+
+@quotation
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+Free Documentation License''.
+@end quotation
+
+@quotation
+Computer instructions in this manual are free software: you can
+redistribute them and/or modify them under the terms of the GNU
+General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
+either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+version.
+
+Those instructions are distributed in the hope that they will be
+useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this manual. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+@end quotation
+
+@end copying
+
+@c @setchapternewpage odd
+
+@titlepage
+@title GNU/Linux-libre from source code
+@subtitle for Loongson 2F
+@c @subtitle SUBTITLE-IF-ANY
+@c @subtitle SECOND-SUBTITLE
+@author Christophe Jarry
+@c @author Haiyong Sun (original author)
+
+@c The following two commands
+@c start the copyright page.
+@page
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+@insertcopying
+
+@c Published by ...
+@end titlepage
+
+@c Short table of contents
+@shortcontents
+
+@c So the toc is printed at the start.
+@contents
+
+@ifnottex
+@node Top
+@top GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 2F
+
+This manual describes how to build a GNU/Linux-libre system from
+source for Loongson 2F processor.
+
+@insertcopying
+@end ifnottex
+
+@menu
+* Introduction:: What this document is all about.
+* Prerequisites:: Useful knowledge before proceeding.
+* Preliminary Work:: Preparing the build.
+* Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain:: Building the cross-
+ compilation Toolchain.
+* Building Cross-Compilation Tools:: Building the cross-compilation
+ Tools.
+* Building the Target System:: How to build the target system.
+* Configuration Files:: Creating configuration files
+ needed by the new system.
+* End:: Final things to do.
+* Further Readings:: Websites useful to know more.
+* GNU Free Documentation License:: Your rights and freedoms with the
+ text.
+* GNU General Public License:: Your rights and freedoms with the
+ commands.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Introduction
+@chapter Introduction
+
+@menu
+* GNU/Linux History:: A brief history of GNU/Linux.
+* Purpose of this Document:: What this document is all about.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node GNU/Linux History
+@section GNU/Linux History
+
+@menu
+* GNU:: Presentation of the GNU project
+* HURD:: Presentation of the HURD
+* Linux:: Presentation of the kernel Linux
+* Linux-libre:: Presentation of the kernel Linux-libre
+* References:: Where to get more information
+@end menu
+
+@node GNU
+@subsection GNU
+
+@acronym{GNU} (GNU's Not Unix) is a project launched by Richard
+Stallman in 1984 with the goal of building an entirely free operating
+system compatible with Unix@footnote{See
+@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix}}. ``Free'' here means ``free
+as in freedom''. In this context, a free operating system is an
+operating system you can use and share in freedom. A core part of his
+motivation is given in the GNU
+Manifesto@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html}}:
+
+@quotation
+I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
+divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
+with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
+way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
+software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
+Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
+but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
+institution where such things are done for me against my will.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
+decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
+will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
+have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
+me from giving GNU away.
+@end quotation
+
+A program is free software if the program's user has the four
+essential freedoms:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).
+
+@item
+The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does
+her computing as she wishes (freedom 1). Access to the source code is
+a precondition for this.
+
+@item
+The freedom to redistribute copies so she can help her neighbor
+(freedom 2).
+
+@item
+The freedom to distribute copies of her modified versions to others
+(freedom 3). By doing this she can give the whole community a chance
+to benefit from her changes. Access to the source code is a
+precondition for this.
+@end itemize
+
+One of the most popular free software license is the GNU General
+Public License (GNU
+GPL@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html}}).
+
+The free software movement is supported by the Free Software
+Foundation (FSF@footnote{@uref{http://www.fsf.org}}).
+
+
+@node HURD
+@subsection HURD
+
+The @acronym{HURD} is an acronym for @acronym{HIRD} (HURD of
+interfaces representing depth) of Unix-replacing daemons. It is the
+GNU project's replacement for the Unix kernel. It is a collection of
+servers that run on the Mach microkernel to implement file systems,
+network protocols, file access control, and other features that are
+implemented by the Unix kernel or similar kernels (such as Linux).
+
+The purpose of the GNU HURD is to improve the user's freedom on her
+operating system by allowing her to either add or remove a feature of
+the kernel on the fly.
+
+From early on, the HURD was developed to use GNU Mach as the
+microkernel. This was a technical decision made by Richard Stallman,
+who thought it would speed up the work by saving a large part of
+it. He has admitted that he was wrong about that.
+
+Nevertheless, development of the HURD is increasingly attracting
+developers and GNU/HURD systems exist and are usable.
+
+
+@node Linux
+@subsection Linux
+
+Linux is a monolithic kernel created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linus
+Torvalds initially wrote a terminal emulator, which he used to access
+the large UNIX servers of his university. He wrote the program
+specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an
+operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC
+with an 80386 processor. This later became the kernel Linux.
+
+Initially, Torvalds first published the kernel Linux under its own
+licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.
+
+In the notes for the first release of the kernel Linux, Torvalds lists
+the GNU software that is required to run Linux:
+
+@quotation
+Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system
+you need a shell, compilers, a library etc. [...] Most of the tools
+used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft.
+@end quotation
+
+In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General
+Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes
+of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version
+0.99 using the GNU GPL.
+
+The kernel Linux is now a contribution of many professionals and
+volonteers around the world.
+
+
+@node Linux-libre
+@subsection Linux-libre
+
+Linux, the kernel developed and distributed by Linus Torvalds et al,
+contains non-Free Software@footnote{For more information about the
+presence of proprietary firmware in the kernel Linux, read
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre.en}
+and
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/@/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html#nonfree-firmware}.},
+i.e., software that does not respect your essential freedoms, and it
+induces you to install additional non-Free Software that it doesn't
+contain.
+
+GNU
+Linux-libre@footnote{@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html}}
+is a project to maintain and publish 100% Free distributions of Linux,
+suitable for use in Free System Distributions@footnote{For a full list
+of free as in freedom GNU/Linux distributions, see
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/distros}.}, removing software that is
+included without source code, with obfuscated or obscured source code,
+under non-Free Software licenses, that do not permit you to change the
+software so that it does what you wish, and that induces or requires
+you to install additional pieces of non-Free Software.
+
+
+@node References
+@subsection References
+
+For more information on the GNU project and its relation with the
+kernel Linux, you can read @uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html}
+and @uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html}.
+
+For more information on the history of the HURD, I recommend you to
+read @uref{http://www.h-online.com/open/features/GNU-HURD-Altered-visions-and-lost-promise@/-1030942.html}.
+
+For more information on the HURD, read @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd}.
+
+
+@node Purpose of this Document
+@section Purpose of this Document
+
+I bought a Lemote Yeeloong 8101 in 2010 and used
+gNewSense@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnewsense.org}} on it. After a
+while, I wanted to use a faster and simpler operating system, but the
+number of available GNU/Linux@footnote{Note: in this document, we use
+the term ``GNU/Linux'' to name the entire system and ``Linux'' to name
+the kernel. For more information, read
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html}.} distributions that
+supported the mipsel architecture (Loongson 2F) were limited: only a
+handful, from which only gNewSense committed to give its users full
+freedom. Since then, another distribution called
+Parabola@footnote{@uref{https://parabolagnulinux.org}} has been
+developed: it is free as in freedom and supports the mips64el
+architecture.
+
+I decided to build a GNU/Linux system from source code by
+myself. Hopefully, I found a document in Chinese describing the
+process of building a GNU/Linux system for Loongson processor:
+@uref{http://zdbr.net.cn/download/Loongson64-2.0.htm}@footnote{At the
+time of writing (september 2012), the site @uref{http://zdbr.net.cn/}
+does not exist anymore. The author of this document was
+@ifnottex
+Haiyong Sun (å™æµ·å‹‡),
+@end ifnottex
+@iftex
+Haiyong Sun,
+@end iftex
+and his (interesting) blog is on @uref{http://youbest.cublog.cn}.}.
+The document was old (2009) but I updated succesfully most packages
+from it, replaced Linux with Linux-libre and added some information I
+felt was useful and it gave the document you are reading.
+
+
+@node Prerequisites
+@chapter Prerequisites
+
+@menu
+* Definitions:: Definitions of important notions used to build the
+ system
+* Commands:: Help on commands
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Definitions
+@section Definitions
+
+@menu
+* sysroot:: @option{sysroot}
+* Toolchain:: What a Toolchain is.
+* build host target:: Understanding the meaning of the
+ @option{build}-@option{host}-@option{target}
+ triplet.
+* FHS:: The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node sysroot
+@subsection @option{sysroot}
+
+The traditional way of building a GNU/Linux operating system consists
+on building a (cross-) compilation toolchain to build a temporary
+operating system which in turn will be used to build the target
+system@footnote{@xref{Further Readings} section for more
+details}. This requires almost as much time to complete the temporary
+system as to build the target one. Using sysroot resolves this
+problem.
+
+From GCC installation manual, under Cross-Compiler-Specific Options:
+
+@table @code
+@item --with-sysroot
+@itemx --with-sysroot=@var{dir}
+Tells GCC to consider @var{dir} as the root of a tree that contains (a
+subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system. Target
+system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched
+in there. More specifically, this acts as if
+@option{--sysroot=@var{dir}} was added to the default options of the
+built compiler. The specified directory is not copied into the
+install tree, unlike the options @option{--with-headers} and
+@option{--with-libs} that this option obsoletes. The default value,
+in case @option{--with-sysroot} is not given an argument, is
+@option{$@{gcc_tooldir@}/sys-root}. If the specified directory is a
+subdirectory of @option{$@{exec_prefix@}}, then it will be found
+relative to the GCC binaries if the installation tree is moved.
+
+This option affects the system root for the compiler used to build
+target libraries (which runs on the build system) and the compiler
+newly installed with @code{make install}; it does not affect the
+compiler which is used to build GCC itself.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Toolchain
+@subsection Toolchain
+
+According to
+Wikipedia@footnote{@uref{http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolchain}}:
+
+@quotation
+In software, a toolchain is the set of programming tools that are used
+to create a product (typically another computer program or system of
+programs). The tools may be used in a chain, so that the output of
+each tool becomes the input for the next, but the term is used widely
+to refer to any set of linked development tools.
+
+A simple software development toolchain consists of a text editor for
+editing source code, a compiler and linker to transform the source
+code into an executable program, libraries to provide interfaces to
+the operating system, and a debugger.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node build host target
+@subsection @option{build}, @option{host} and @option{target}
+
+During a cross-compilation, @option{build} @option{host} and
+@option{target} are among the most used options: understanding the
+precise meaning of those parameters is very important. We could define
+them thus:
+
+@itemize
+@item @option{--build=@var{platform on which the program is
+compiled}},
+@item @option{--host=@var{platform on which the program will run}},
+@item @option{--target=@var{platform for which the program will create
+output}}.
+@end itemize
+
+Let's use GCC as an example to explain the role of those three
+parameters.
+
+During GCC compilation, we use:
+
+@samp{./configure --build=@var{build-platform}
+--host=@var{host-platform} --target=@var{target-platform} [various
+compilation parameters]}
+
+So in those configuration parameters:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@option{--build} provides the name of the platform currently running.
+If we were using an Intel Pentium processor to compile the system, our
+@var{build-platform} would be something like @samp{i686-pc-linux-gnu}.
+
+If this parameter is not specified, it will be guessed automatically.
+
+@item
+@option{--host} represents the type of machine we are going to run GCC
+on after the compilation succeeds. During a cross-compilation this has
+to be specified, because the current machine can not know which
+architecture we wish to target. We want to produce executables to run
+on @emph{Loongson}, but there is currently no way we can specify
+@samp{Loongson} directly; because of this we specify
+@samp{mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu}.
+
+@option{--host} can also be left unspecified, in that case,
+@var{host-platform} would automatically define itself as
+@var{build-platform}, but this is not cross-compilation anymore.
+
+@quotation Note
+when @option{--build} and @option{--host} are different, configuration
+files will maintain the cross-compilation mode.
+@end quotation
+
+@item
+@option{--target} defines the system for which compiler tools will
+create output.
+
+@var{target-platform} parameter is useful only for a limited number of
+programs. Although this parameter is often present when issuing
+@samp{./configure --help}, hardly any packages will need it.
+
+This parameter is only useful for performing tasks with different
+platforms; for instance, executable files compiled for different
+platforms can have a totally different code.
+@end itemize
+
+If we summarize, we have:
+
+@itemize
+@item @var{build-platform}: automatically guessed from platform in
+use; has to be specified if not guessed.
+
+@item @var{host-platform}: if unspecified, automatically equals
+@var{build-platform}. When @var{build-platform} and
+@var{host-platform} values are identical, it is a local compilation;
+otherwise it is a cross-compilation.
+
+@item @var{target-platform}: defines the system for which compiler
+tools will create output; it equals @var{host-platform} if
+unspecified. GCC, binutils, and programs related to the platform's
+instructions have this parameter; most programs do not use this
+parameter.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node FHS
+@subsection FHS
+
+The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) has been created to specify
+the location and use of main directories on a GNU/Linux operating
+system. Common commands, user data, libraries have to be put inside a
+specific directory given in the standard. During the build process,
+some commands are used to comply with FHS.
+
+
+@node Commands
+@section Commands
+
+In this document, because most commands are common for a regular Unix
+user, only uncommon commands are explained in this document. If you do
+not understand a command that is not explained, you can use the
+documentation available on your computer; in a terminal, typing
+@samp{man @var{command}} should give you enough information. For GNU
+software, @samp{info @var{package}} can also give additional
+information.
+
+
+@node Preliminary Work
+@chapter Preliminary Work
+
+@quotation Important
+In order to complete the first steps of this chapter, you will need to
+have root permissions.
+@end quotation
+
+@menu
+* Build Partition Creation:: Creating a partition for the build.
+* Build User Creation:: Creating a user account dedicated to
+ the build.
+* Work Directory Creation:: Creating the parent directory for the
+ build.
+* Partition Mount:: Mounting the partition dedicated to the
+ build.
+* Useful Directories Creation:: Creating the directories for downloads
+ and compilations.
+* User Switch:: Switching to the user dedicated to the
+ build.
+* Environment Variables Setup:: Setting up the environment variables
+ of the target system.
+* Downloads:: Downloading needed packages and
+ patches.
+* Final Preparations:: Preparing the system for the build.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Build Partition Creation
+@section Build Partition Creation
+
+To dedicate the partition @file{/dev/sda4} to the system build, and to
+define the filesystem to be used for it as @samp{ext3}:
+
+@verbatim
+mke2fs -t ext3 /dev/sda4
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{-t} is followed by the type of filesystem to be
+used. The filesystem @samp{ext3} is used as it is one of the most
+common filesystem used with the kernel Linux.
+
+
+@node Build User Creation
+@section Build User Creation
+
+To create the builder group, user and password:
+
+@verbatim
+groupadd gllfsc
+useradd -s /bin/bash -g gllfsc -m -k /dev/null gllfsc
+passwd gllfsc
+@end verbatim
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Option @option{-s} (or @option{--shell}) is used to define the created
+user's default shell, here @file{/bin/bash}.
+
+@item
+Option @option{-g} (or @option{--gid}) is used to define the group
+name or number of the created user's initial login group, here
+@samp{gllfsc}.
+
+@item
+Option @option{-m} (or @option{--create-home}) does create the user's
+home directory if it does not exist (@file{/home/@var{username}}).
+
+@item
+Option @option{-k} (or @option{--skel}) is used to define the skeleton
+directory to be copied in the user's home directory, here
+@file{/dev/null}. @file{/dev/null} is a special file which, in this
+case, will give no skeleton at all to @command{useradd}.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Work Directory Creation
+@section Work Directory Creation
+
+To create the directory @file{/gllfsc} in which the system will be
+built:
+
+@verbatim
+export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"
+mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"} sets the value of the variable
+@env{TARGET_DIR} to @file{/gllfsc}, the directory in which the system
+will be built.
+
+
+@node Partition Mount
+@section Mounting Partition
+
+To mount the hard drive partition, for instance @file{/dev/sda4}, used
+to build the system:
+
+@verbatim
+mount /dev/sda4 ${TARGET_DIR}
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Useful Directories Creation
+@section Creating Compilation and Download Directories
+
+@verbatim
+mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}/{build,download}
+chown -Rv gllfsc ${TARGET_DIR}
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node User Switch
+@section Switching to the Build User
+
+To login as the user that will build the system:
+
+@verbatim
+su - gllfsc
+@end verbatim
+
+With the command @command{su}, it is possible to change the user
+ID. The option @option{-} provides an environment similar to what the
+user would expect had the user logged in directly.
+
+
+@node Environment Variables Setup
+@section Setting up Required Environment Variables
+
+@file{~/.bash_profile} is a personal initialization file that is read
+when Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell (@file{~} is the
+location of the user's home directory). To write the content of the
+file @file{~/.bash_profile}:
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
+exec env -i HOME=${HOME} TERM=${TERM} PS1=${PS1} /bin/bash
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The first line creates the file @file{~/.bash_profile} and opens it
+for writing until @samp{@acronym{EOF}} (End Of File) is written in it.
+
+The second line tells Bash to execute @file{/bin/bash} with the option
+@option{-i} (or @option{--ignore-environment}) which will make Bash
+start with an empty environment. Variables @env{HOME}, @env{TERM} and
+@env{PS1} define respectively the home directory of the current user,
+the terminal used and the primary prompt string displayed.
+
+@file{~/.bashrc} is a personal initialization file that is read when
+Bash is invoked as an interactive shell but not a login one. To write
+the content of the file @file{~/.bashrc}:
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
+set +h
+umask 022
+export PS1='\[\e[32m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '
+export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
+export LC_ALL=POSIX
+export BUILD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/build"
+export DOWNLOAD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/download"
+export CROSS_HOST="$(echo $MACHTYPE |\
+ sed "s/$(echo $MACHTYPE | cut -d- -f2)/cross/")"
+export CROSS_TARGET="mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu"
+#export MABI="n32"
+export MABI="64"
+#export MARCH="loongson2e"
+export MARCH="loongson2f"
+export PATH=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
+unset CFLAGS
+unset CXXFLAGS
+EOF
+source ~/.bash_profile
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{set +h} tells Bash to not locate nor remember commands (hash) as
+they are looked up for execution.
+
+@samp{umask 022} sets Bash process' file creation mask to
+@samp{022}. This results in permissions of `755' for those files.
+
+@samp{export PS1='\[\e[32m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '} sets the primary
+prompt strings. The primary prompt strings are the strings you see
+before the commands you type in the terminal. The part @samp{\A-\W}
+means that the time, in 24-hour HH:MM format and the basename of
+@env{$PWD} will be displayed separated by a `-', as in
+@samp{19:33-bin}. The part @samp{\$} adds a dollar sign at the end,
+@samp{\[\e[32m\]} colors the strings in green and @samp{\[\e[00m\]}
+gets the original color back. For other colors, you can browse
+@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code}.
+
+@env{LC_ALL} is a macro used to define a single locale to overwrite
+other @env{LC_*} and @env{LANG} environment variables so that
+language, numeric values, time and other locale-dependant values have
+all the same value. It is set to the standard POSIX locale.
+
+@samp{export BUILD_DIR="$@{TARGET_DIR@}/build"} sets the environment
+variable @env{BUILD_DIR} to the value of @samp{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/build}
+which is @samp{/gllfsc/build} in this document.
+
+The value of variable @env{CROSS_HOST} equals the value of variable
+@env{MACHTYPE} of the current machine (for instance
+@samp{i686-pc-linux-gnu}) modulo the second word, which is replaced by
+@samp{cross} (i.e. @samp{i686-cross-linux-gnu}).
+
+The value of variable @env{CROSS_TARGET} equals the value of variable
+@env{MACHTYPE} of the machine for which the system is built (i.e.
+@samp{mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu}).
+
+The variable @env{MABI} defines the @acronym{ABI} (Application Binary
+Interface) for which the system will be built. @option{-mabi} is an
+option of GCC. n32/64 are for 64-bit CPUs only. 64 has 64-bit pointers
+and long integers, whereas n32 has 32-bit pointers and long integers.
+
+The variable @env{MARCH} defines the architecture for which the system
+will be built. @option{-march} is an option of @acronym{GCC} (GNU
+Compiler Collection).
+
+The variable @env{PATH} contains a colon-separated list of directories
+in which the shell looks for commands. The shell will first look for
+commands in @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}, then, if the
+command was not found, in @file{/bin} and finally in @file{/usr/bin}.
+
+@command{unset} command removes the variable associated, here
+@env{CFLAGS} and @env{CXXFLAGS}. Those variables are used by GCC as
+extra flags given to the C compiler and the C++ compiler
+respectively.
+
+Finally @samp{source ~/.bash_profile} reads and executes the content
+of the file @file{~/.bash_profile}.
+
+
+@node Downloads
+@section Downloads
+
+@menu
+* Packages Download:: List of packages to be downloaded.
+* Patches Download:: List of patches to be downloaded.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Packages Download
+@subsection Downloading Packages
+
+The packages listed below are those used in this document. You can try
+other versions but you will need a recent version of Binutils and the
+kernel Linux in order to use the two options
+@option{-mfix-loongson2f-nop} and
+@option{-mfix-loongson2f-jump}. Those work around a problem related to
+the Loongson2F architecture@footnote{For more information about the
+issue, see
+@uref{http://groups.google.com/group/loongson-dev/browse_thread/thread/d9103283141c00fb/e9a8830b01cc1913?hide_quotes=no#msg_d44adf83639fb0bd}
+and @uref{http://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2009-11/msg00387.html}.}.
+
+Download those files under @env{$@{DOWNLOAD_DIR@}} (which is
+@file{/gllfsc/download} in this document).
+
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Autoconf: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Automake: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/automake/automake-1.12.4.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Bash: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Binutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/binutils/binutils-2.22.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Bison: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bison/bison-2.5.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Bootscripts: @uref{http://ftp.cross-lfs.org/pub/clfs/conglomeration/bootscripts-@/cross-lfs/bootscripts-cross-lfs-1.2-pre11.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://ftp.cross-lfs.org/pub/clfs/conglomeration/bootscripts@/-cross-lfs/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2.tar.xz}.
+
+@item
+Bzip2: @uref{http://www.bzip.org/1.0.6/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Coreutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/coreutils/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz}.
+
+@item
+DHCPCD: @uref{http://roy.marples.name/downloads/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-5.6.2.tar@/.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Diffutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/diffutils/diffutils-3.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+E2fsprogs: @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.42.6.tar@/.gz}.
+
+@item
+File: @uref{ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.11.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Findutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/findutils/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Flex: @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/flex/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Gawk: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gawk/gawk-4.0.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+GCC: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gcc/gcc-4.7.2/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Gettext: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gettext/gettext-0.18.1.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Glibc: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-2.13.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-2.16.0.tar.bz2}.
+@c fails to generate localedef
+
+@item
+Glibc-Ports: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-ports-2.13.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Gmp: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gmp/gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Grep: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/grep/grep-2.14.tar.xz}.
+
+@item
+Groff: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/groff/groff-1.21.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Gzip: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gzip/gzip-1.5.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Iana-Etc: @uref{http://sethwklein.net/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Iputils: @uref{http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/iputils-s20071127.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/iputils-s20101006.tar.bz2}.
+@c depends on sysfs headers.
+
+@item
+Iproute2: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-3.5.1@/.tar.bz2}
+
+@item
+Kbd: @uref{http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd/kbd-1.15.3.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Kmod: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-10.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Less: @uref{http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-451.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Libtool: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/libtool/libtool-2.4.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Linux-Libre @footnote{The kernel Linux is shipped with proprietary
+firmware. The version called Linux-Libre exists without them, it is
+available for download at
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/}.}:
+@uref{http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/3.5.4-gnu@//linux-libre-3.5.4-gnu.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+M4: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/m4/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Make: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/make/make-3.82.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Man-Pages: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/Archive/man-pages-@/3.32.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Man: @uref{http://primates.ximian.com/~flucifredi/man/man-1.6g.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Mpc: @uref{http://www.multiprecision.org/mpc/download/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Mpfr: @uref{http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-3.1.1/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Nano: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/nano/nano-2.3.1.tar.gz}
+
+@item
+Ncurses: @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Patch: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/patch/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Procps: @uref{http://procps.sourceforge.net/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Psmisc: @uref{http://sourceforge.net/projects/psmisc/files/psmisc/psmisc-22.20.tar@/.gz/download}.
+
+@item
+Readline: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/readline/readline-6.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Rsyslog: @uref{http://rsyslog.com/files/download/rsyslog/rsyslog-5.8.6.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Sed: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/sed/sed-4.2.1.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Shadow: @uref{http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/releases/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/releases/shadow-4.1.5.1.tar@/.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Sysvinit: @uref{http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.88dsf@/.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Tar: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/tar/tar-1.26.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Texinfo: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/texinfo-4.13a.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Udev: @uref{ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev-175.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev-182.tar.bz2}.
+@c troubles with blkid
+
+@item
+Util-Linux: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.19/util-@/linux-2.19.1.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.22/util-linux-2.22.tar.bz2}.
+@c requires PAM headers
+
+@item
+XZ-Utils: @uref{http://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.0.4.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Zlib: @uref{http://sourceforge.net/projects/libpng/files/zlib/1.2.7/zlib-1.2.7.tar@/.bz2/download}.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Patches Download
+@subsection Downloading Patches
+
+Patches and configuration files location:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@uref{http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/gllfsc-loongson2f-1.0-@/patches.tar.gz}. After
+having downloaded this file under @env{$@{DOWNLOAD_DIR@}}, execute
+the following commands to extract its content:
+
+@verbatim
+pushd ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}
+tar xvf gllfsc-loongson2f-1.0-patches.tar.gz
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@item
+The page
+@uref{http://microcai.gsalex.net/old/archives/2011/01/fbcon_UNICODE_font_support.html}
+is useful for users who want support for @acronym{CJK} (Chinese
+Japanese Korean) characters under the (non-graphical) terminal. It
+gives access to a git@footnote{@uref{http://git-scm.com/}} repository
+with kernel patches@footnote{The patches to use with version 3.5 of
+the kernel are the first four on
+@uref{http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/cjktty.git/shortlog/refs/heads/3.5-utf8}.}
+that permit direct rendering of UTF-8 characters under the framebuffer
+environment. Be aware though that applying those CJK patches to the
+kernel may make characters that are both non-CJK and non-ASCII
+unreadable (accented letters, cyrillic, etc.).
+
+@item
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/lemote/gnewsense/tags/@/3.5.4-gnu_0loongsonlibre/100gnu+freedo.patch}
+this patch adds a picture of a GNU beside Freedo, Freedo being the
+mascot of Linux-Libre. The image can be seen on
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/100gnu+freedo}.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Final Preparations
+@section Final Preparations
+
+@menu
+* Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation:: Creating the directories of
+ the target system.
+* Needed Files Creation:: Creating files for needed
+ user, groups and log.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation
+@subsection Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation
+
+@verbatim
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}
+mkdir -pv bin boot dev {etc/,}opt home lib mnt
+mkdir -pv proc media/{floppy,cdrom} sbin srv sys
+mkdir -pv var/{lock,log,mail,run,spool}
+mkdir -pv var/{opt,cache,lib/{misc,locate},local}
+install -dv -m 0750 root
+install -dv -m 1777 {var/,}tmp
+mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
+mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/{doc,info,locale,man}
+mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
+mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
+for dir in usr{,/local}; do
+ ln -sv share/{man,doc,info} $dir
+done
+ln -svf lib lib64
+ln -svf lib lib32
+ln -svf lib usr/lib64
+ln -svf lib usr/lib32
+cd boot
+ln -svf . boot
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The command @samp{install -dv -m 1777 @{var/,@}tmp} creates the
+directories @file{var/tmp} and @file{tmp} with the permissions to
+read, write and execute for everyone. The '1' in @samp{1777} is the
+sticky bit which allows deletion of the file or directory having this
+attribute only for the owner of the file or directory.
+
+The command @samp{ln -svf lib lib64} creates a symbolic link (option
+@option{-s}) with the name @file{lib64} which will point to
+@file{lib}.
+
+
+@node Needed Files Creation
+@subsection Creating needed user, groups and log files
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/passwd << "EOF"
+root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The file @file{/etc/passwd} contains one line for each user account,
+with seven fields delimited by colons. These fields are:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+login name;
+
+@item
+optional encrypted password;
+
+@item
+numerical user ID;
+
+@item
+numerical group ID;
+
+@item
+user name or comment field;
+
+@item
+user home directory;
+
+@item
+optional user command interpreter.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/group << "EOF"
+root:x:0:
+bin:x:1:
+sys:x:2:
+kmem:x:3:
+tty:x:4:
+tape:x:5:
+daemon:x:6:
+floppy:x:7:
+disk:x:8:
+lp:x:9:
+dialout:x:10:
+audio:x:11:
+video:x:12:
+utmp:x:13:
+usb:x:14:
+cdrom:x:15:
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The file @file{/etc/group} is a text file which defines the groups on
+the system. There is one entry per line, with the following format:
+@samp{group_name:password:GID:user_list}.
+
+
+@verbatim
+touch ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
+chmod -v 664 ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/lastlog
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain
+@chapter Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain
+
+In this chapter, the cross-compilation toolchain is built as well as
+core components of the target system. Those will then be used to build
+the target system.
+
+@menu
+* Target Linux-Header:: Linux-Header for target system.
+* Cross Binutils:: Binutils for cross-compilation.
+* Cross GCC:: GCC for cross-compilation (C support only).
+* Target glibc:: glibc for target system.
+* Cross GCC CXX:: GCC for cross-compilation (C and C++ support).
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Target Linux-Header
+@section Target Linux-Header
+
+To build a GNU/Linux distribution for Loongson 2F without patch, you
+need at least version 2.6.33 of the kernel Linux (-libre) as it
+includes: basic CS5536 VSM support, CS5536 MFGPT timer support, CPU
+frequency scaling support, suspend support framework, basic Loongson
+2F support, support for GZIP / BZIP2 / LZMA compressed kernel images
+@footnote{See @uref{http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_33} for more
+information.}. Moreover, version 2.6.35 and above include fixes for
+Loongson2F processor @footnote{See
+@uref{http://lwn.net/Articles/386986/} for more information.}.
+
+I chose version stable 3.5.4-gnu because it is from the stable branch,
+it has been deblobed with the latest version of the deblob
+script@footnote{@uref{http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/3.5.4-gnu/deblob-main}}
+and because it is recent and as such it should include the most
+complete support for Loongson 2F.
+
+
+@verbatim
+# 6 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-libre-3.5.4-gnu.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-3.5.4
+make mrproper
+make ARCH=mips headers_check
+make ARCH=mips INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install
+cp -rv dest/include/* ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
+cd ..
+rm -rf linux-3.5.4
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{6 minutes} is the time it takes to build the package on Lemote
+Yeeloong with a Loongson 2F processor.
+
+The command @samp{make mrproper} cleans the sources.
+
+We need to specify @samp{ARCH=mips} as we are cross-compiling.
+
+
+@node Cross Binutils
+@section Cross Binutils
+
+GNU Binutils (GNU binary utilities) is a collection of programs for
+manipulating binaries.
+
+
+@verbatim
+# 35 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.22.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd $BUILD_DIR/binutils-2.22
+mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
+cd ../binutils-build
+CC="gcc" AR="ar" \
+ ../binutils-2.22/configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-64-bit-bfd \
+ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ --disable-nls \
+ --enable-shared
+make configure-host
+make
+make install
+cp -v ../binutils-2.22/include/libiberty.h \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
+cd ..
+rm -rf binutils-build
+rm -rf binutils-2.22
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{CC="gcc"} and @samp{AR="ar"} are flags that tell the
+@file{configure} script to use the local commands @command{gcc} as the
+C compiler and @command{ar} as the program that handles archives.
+
+@option{--prefix=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools} tells the configure
+script to install architecture-independant files in
+@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools}.
+
+The option @option{--enable-64-bit-bfd} enables 64 bit for
+@acronym{BFD} (the Binary File Descriptor).
+
+@option{--with-sysroot=@env{$@{TARGET_DIR@}}} tells Binutils to
+consider @env{$@{TARGET_DIR@}} as the root of a tree that contains (a
+subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system. Target
+system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched
+in there.
+
+The @option{--enable-nls} option enables Native Language Support
+(NLS), which lets Binutils output diagnostics in languages other than
+American English. Native Language Support is enabled by default if not
+doing a canadian cross build. The @option{--disable-nls} option
+disables NLS.
+
+The option @option{--enable-shared} is used to build shared versions
+of libraries, if shared libraries are supported on the target
+platform. Use @option{--disable-shared} to build only static
+libraries.
+
+@c cp -v ../binutils-2.22/include/libiberty.h \
+@c ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
+
+
+@node Cross GCC
+@section Cross GCC (C support only)
+
+GCC is the GNU compiler collection. It can compile many languages, of
+which only C and C++ will be enabled in this document.
+
+In this section, we build a minimal GCC in order to build glibc.
+
+@quotation Warning
+to build GMP (a GCC dependency), you need a version of GCC different
+from 4.3.2 on you system@footnote{@uref{http://gmplib.org/#STATUS}}:
+@end quotation
+
+@quotation
+GCC 4.3.2 miscompiles GMP on 64-bit machines; please use a different
+gcc version (e.g., gcc 4.3.1 and gcc 4.3.3 both work properly). We
+have not been able to find any workaround for this gcc bug.
+Unfortunately, Debian 5.0 has decided to stay with this trouble gcc
+version, resulting in that many users strike this bug.
+@end quotation
+
+I recommend installing @samp{gcc-4.4} on gNewSense Parkes to avoid
+this issue.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 hours
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2
+mv gmp-5.0.5 gmp
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
+mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.bz2
+mv mpfr-3.1.1 mpfr
+mkdir -pv ../gcc-build
+cd ../gcc-build
+../gcc-4.7.2/configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ --disable-multilib \
+ --with-newlib \
+ --disable-nls \
+ --disable-shared \
+ --disable-threads \
+ --enable-languages=c \
+ --with-abi=${MABI}
+make all-gcc
+make all-target-libgcc
+make install-gcc
+make install-target-libgcc
+cd ..
+rm -r gcc-build
+rm -r gcc-4.7.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--disable-multilib} specifies that multiple target libraries
+to support different target variants@footnote{Such as different ABI,
+for instance n32 and 64.}, calling conventions, etc@:. should not be
+built. The default is to build a predefined set of them.
+
+@option{--with-newlib} specifies that @samp{newlib} is being used as
+the target C library.
+
+@option{--disable-threads} specifies that threading support should be
+disabled.
+
+@option{--enable-languages=c} specifies that only the C compiler and
+its runtime libraries should be built.
+
+@c --with-abi=${MABI}
+
+GCC provides a low-level runtime library, @file{libgcc.a} or
+@file{libgcc_s.so.1} on some platforms. GCC generates calls to
+routines in this library automatically, whenever it needs to perform
+some operation that is too complicated to emit inline code for. This
+is built with @samp{make all-target-libgcc} and installed with
+@samp{make install-target-libgcc}
+
+
+@node Target glibc
+@section Target glibc
+
+Glibc is the GNU C library. It provides macros, type definitions, and
+functions for tasks like string handling, mathematical computations,
+input/output processing, memory allocation and several other operating
+system services.
+
+@verbatim
+# 4 hours
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.13.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/glibc-2.13
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-ports-2.13.tar.bz2
+mv -v glibc-ports-2.13 ports
+#sed -i.orig "s/\ -lgcc_eh\|\ -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.13-libgcc_eh.patch
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.13-ldd-rewrite-script.patch
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.13-localedef_segfault-1.patch
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.13-cross_hacks-2.patch
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
+sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
+ ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
+mkdir -pv ../glibc-build
+cd ../glibc-build
+
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes
+libc_cv_slibdir=/lib
+EOF
+
+cat > configparms << EOF
+install_root=${TARGET_DIR}
+libdir=/usr/lib
+EOF
+
+BUILD_CC="gcc" \
+ CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \
+ AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
+ RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib" \
+ ../glibc-2.13/configure \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --disable-profile \
+ --enable-add-ons \
+ --with-tls \
+ --enable-kernel=3.5.4 \
+ --with-__thread \
+ --with-binutils=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
+ --with-headers=${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make install
+make localedata/install-locales
+cd ..
+rm -rf glibc-build
+rm -rf glibc-2.13
+popd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf
+
+passwd: files
+group: files
+shadow: files
+
+hosts: files dns
+networks: files
+
+protocols: files
+services: files
+ethers: files
+rpc: files
+
+# End /etc/nsswitch.conf
+EOF
+
+cp -v --remove-destination \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/localtime
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/ld.so.conf
+
+/usr/local/lib
+/opt/lib
+
+# End /etc/ld.so.conf
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @samp{sed -i.orig "s/\ -lgcc_eh\|\ -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig}
+
+The patch @file{glibc-2.13-libgcc_eh.patch} is used in order not to
+use library @samp{gcc_eh} to build @samp{libgcc_eh} and
+@samp{static-gnulib} if current compiler does not have
+@samp{libgcc_eh}.
+
+The patch @file{glibc-2.13-ldd-rewrite-script.patch} is used to fix a
+bug in glibc when the configure script is called from a relative path.
+
+The patch @file{glibc-2.13-localedef_segfault-1.patch} is used to
+overcome a segfault you may have when generating locales if you use
+PaX. PaX is a patch for the kernel Linux that implements least
+privilege protections for memory pages.
+
+The patch @file{glibc-2.13-cross_hacks-2.patch} is used specially to
+build locales by cross-compilation.
+
+Glibc uses @samp{n32} ABI by default with MIPS. To use @env{MABI}
+instead, we do the following:
+
+@verbatim
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
+sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
+ ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
+@end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+Contents of the files above.
+
+cat mips64/n64/Makefile
+# `long double' is a distinct type we support.
+long-double-fcts = yes
+
+ifeq ($(filter -mabi=64,$(CC)),)
+CC += -mabi=64
+endif
+
+cat mips64/n32/Makefile
+# `long double' is a distinct type we support.
+long-double-fcts = yes
+
+ifeq ($(filter -mabi=n32,$(CC)),)
+CC += -mabi=n32
+endif
+
+cat mips32/Makefile
+ifeq ($(filter -mabi=32,$(CC)),)
+CC += -mabi=32
+endif
+
+grep 'default)' preconfigure
+
+ default) machine=mips/mips64/n32 mips_config_abi=n32 ;;
+
+@end ignore
+
+The file @file{config.cache} is used to attribute values to variables
+of the configure script.
+
+@samp{libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes} is used to avoid the error message
+@samp{error: forced unwind support is required}.
+
+@samp{libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes} is used to avoid the error message
+@samp{error: the compiler must support C cleanup handling}.
+
+@samp{libc_cv_slibdir=/lib} defines @file{/lib} as the directory in
+which the C library of the target system will be installed, instead of
+@file{/lib64} or @file{/lib32}.
+
+You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it to
+go by setting the @code{install_root} variable on the command line for
+@samp{make install}. The value of this variable is prepended to all
+the paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot
+environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should
+be specified with an absolute file name.
+
+Files listed in @samp{install-lib} are installed in the directory
+specified by @samp{libdir} in @file{configparms} or @file{Makeconfig}.
+
+@verbatim
+BUILD_CC="gcc" \
+ CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \
+ AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
+ RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{CC="$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-gcc -march=$@{MARCH@} -mabi=$@{MABI@}"}
+sets @code{CC} to the cross-compiler for the target's architecture,
+processor and ABI we configured the library for. @code{AR} and
+@code{RANLIB} are set to cross-compiling versions of @code{ar} and
+@code{ranlib} as the native tools are not configured to work with
+object files for the target we configured for.
+
+@option{--prefix=/usr} tells the @file{configure} script to install
+glibc in the @file{/usr} directory of the target system.
+
+@c @option{--libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc} tells the configure script to
+@c install glibc executables inside @file{/usr/lib/glibc}.
+
+Unlike previous builds, @option{--host} now equals
+@env{$@{CROSS_TARGET@}} instead of @env{$@{CROSS_HOST@}}. This is
+because we are building the glibc version that the target system will
+use. We won't have to build it later.
+
+Profiling can be of help to optimize a program by analysing memory
+use, the usage of particular instructions, etc. Option
+@option{--disable-profile} is used to disable this.
+
+Option @option{--enable-add-ons} is used to enable all the add-on
+packages in the main source directory, which includes the glibc-ports
+used to support the MIPS architecture.
+
+The option @option{--with-tls} tells the configure script to use
+@acronym{TLS} (thread-local storage). Thread-local storage is a
+computer programming method that uses memory local to a thread.
+
+The @samp{3.5.4} parameter given to option @option{--enable-kernel}
+describes the smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated
+library is expected to support. The higher the version number is, the
+less compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets.
+
+Option @option{--with-__thread} enables threads in glibc.
+
+The option @option{--with-binutils=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}
+tells the @file{configure} script to use the binutils (assembler and
+linker) built in the cross-compilation toolchain process.
+
+@option{--with-headers=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/include} indicates the
+location of the kernel Linux' headers.
+
+@option{--cache-file=config.cache} specifies the file in which cache
+variables are listed for @file{configure}.
+
+@samp{make localedata/install-locales} configures all locales that are
+supported by glibc.
+
+The file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/nsswitch.conf} contains the
+configuration of @acronym{NSS} (Name Service Switch). NSS is a facility
+in Unix-like operating systems that provides a variety of sources for
+common configuration databases and name resolution mechanisms. These
+sources include local operating system files (such as
+@file{/etc/passwd}, @file{/etc/group}, and @file{/etc/hosts}), the
+Domain Name System (DNS), the Network Information Service (NIS), and
+LDAP.
+
+The timezone is defined for `Paris'.
+
+@c Purpose of the file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/ld.so.conf}
+
+
+@node Cross GCC CXX
+@section Cross GCC (C and C++ support)
+
+In this section, we build a complete cross-compiler with support for C
+and C++ languages.
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 hours and 30 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2
+mv gmp-5.0.5 gmp
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
+mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.bz2
+mv mpfr-3.1.1 mpfr
+mkdir -v ../gcc-build
+cd ../gcc-build
+../gcc-4.7.2/configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ --disable-nls \
+ --enable-shared \
+ --enable-__cxa_atexit \
+ --disable-multilib \
+ --with-abi=${MABI} \
+ --enable-c99 \
+ --enable-long-long \
+ --enable-threads=posix \
+ --enable-languages=c,c++
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf gcc-build
+rm -rf gcc-4.7.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--enable-__cxa_atexit} enables @code{__cxa_atexit}, rather
+than @code{atexit}, to register C++ destructors for local statics and
+global objects. This is essential for fully standards-compliant
+handling of destructors, but requires @code{__cxa_atexit} in libc.
+
+@option{--enable-c99} enables support for the C99 standard.
+
+@option{--enable-long-long} enables support for @code{long long int}
+types.
+
+@c @option{--enable-threads=posix}
+
+
+@node Building Cross-Compilation Tools
+@chapter Building the Cross-Compilation Tools
+
+@menu
+* Cross File:: File for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Groff:: Groff for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Shadow:: Shadow for cross-compilation.
+* Cross M4:: M4 for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Ncurses:: Ncurses for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Cleaning:: Cleaning up the cross-compilation toolchain.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Cross File
+@section File
+
+The command @command{file} is used to determine the type of a file:
+text, executable or data.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.11.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.11
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf file-5.11
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Cross Groff
+@section Groff
+
+Groff is the GNU version of the roff document formatting system which
+is used to produce man pages.
+
+You need G++ on your system to compile this program from source. Under
+gNewSense Parkes, try @samp{sudo apt-get install g++-4.4}.
+
+@ignore
+@quotation Note
+psselect (part of psutils) is needed for documentation in HTML (see
+@uref{http://cblfs.cross-lfs.org/index.php/PSUtils}).
+@end quotation
+@end ignore
+
+
+@verbatim
+# 15 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.21.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.21
+PAGE=A4 \
+ ./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --without-x
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf groff-1.21
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{PAGE=A4} defines the default format of pages for printed output.
+
+@option{--without-x} disables the dependancy on the X window system.
+
+
+@node Cross Shadow
+@section Shadow
+
+The package contains programs to handle users, groups and passwords in
+a secure way: passwords are encrypted.
+
+@verbatim
+# 10 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch
+sed -i.orig \
+ 's/bindir)\/\$\$i/bindir)\/mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu-\$\$i/' \
+ src/Makefile.am
+automake-1.11
+echo "shadow_cv_passwd_dir=${TARGET_DIR}/bin" > config.cache
+echo "ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no" >> config.cache
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --sbindir=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
+ --sysconfdir=${TARGET_DIR}/etc \
+ --disable-shared \
+ --without-audit \
+ --without-libpam \
+ --without-selinux \
+ --program-prefix=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/${CROSS_TARGET}-&/" config.h
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @samp{shadow_cv_passwd_dir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin}
+@c @samp{ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no}
+
+The patch @file{shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch} is used so that
+shadow can be built with the sysroot method. Because we use this
+patch, @samp{shadow_cv_passwd_dir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin} and
+@samp{ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no} have to be added in @file{config.cache}
+in order for the @file{configure} script not to test the
+functionalities associated.
+
+@c @option{--sbindir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}
+
+@c @option{--sysconfdir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc}
+
+@option{--without-audit}, @option{--without-libpam} and
+@option{--without-selinux} disable support for auditing, @acronym{PAM}
+(Pluggable authentication modules) and @acronym{SELinux}
+(Security-Enhanced Linux). We do not need those extra features.
+
+@option{--program-prefix=$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-} prepends the value of
+@env{CROSS_TARGET} (that is @samp{mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu} in this
+document) to installed program names for cross-compilation.
+
+@c @samp{sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-&/"
+@c config.h} is used to avoid the error message
+
+
+@node Cross M4
+@section Cross M4
+
+Bison 2.5 requires M4 to be built.
+
+GNU M4 is a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro
+language. GNU M4 is used in GNU Autoconf' @file{configure} files.
+
+@verbatim
+# 10 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf m4-1.4.16
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Cross Ncurses
+@section Ncurses
+
+GNU ncurses contains a library used to write text-based user
+interfaces in a terminal-independent manner.
+
+@verbatim
+# 15 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --without-shared
+make -C include
+make -C progs tic
+install -m755 progs/tic ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf ncurses-5.9
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--without-shared} is used to avoid building the whole library
+as only @command{tic} is installed.
+
+
+@node Cross Cleaning
+@section Cleaning up Cross-Compilation Toolchain
+
+In order to save some space, binaries and libraries of
+cross-compilation tools can be stripped out.
+
+@quotation Warning
+incorrect cleaning arguments used against library files can lead to
+library files breaking. For this reason, be careful of the command
+arguments. If you are not comfortable with this, you can skip this
+section as it will have no effect on the process of building the
+target system.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@verbatim
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
+strip --strip-all bin/*
+strip --strip-debug lib/*
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--strip-all} removes all symbols. This command reduces the
+size of the @file{bin} directory's content from 29Â MB to 12Â MB.
+
+@option{--strip-debug} removes debugging symbols only. This command
+reduces the size of the @file{lib} directory's content from 21Â MB to
+20Â MB.
+
+
+@node Building the Target System
+@chapter Building the Target System
+
+After having set up the cross-compilation toolchain and tools, the
+operating system for the target machine is built in this chapter.
+
+@menu
+* Environment Setup:: Setting up the environment.
+* Man Pages:: Building Man Pages.
+* Zlib:: Building Zlib.
+* Binutils:: Building Binutils.
+* GMP:: Building GMP.
+* MPFR:: Building MPFR.
+* MPC:: Building MPC.
+* GCC:: Building GCC.
+* Sed:: Building Sed.
+* E2fsprogs:: Building E2fsprogs.
+* Coreutils:: Building Coreutils.
+* iana-etc:: Building iana-etc.
+* M4:: Building M4.
+* Bison:: Building Bison.
+* Ncurses:: Building Ncurses.
+* Procps:: Building Procps.
+* Libtool:: Building Libtool.
+* Readline:: Building Readline.
+* Autoconf:: Building Autoconf.
+* Automake:: Building Automake.
+* Bash:: Building Bash.
+* Bzip2:: Building Bzip2.
+* DHCPCD:: Building DHCPCD.
+* Diffutils:: Building Diffutils.
+* File:: Building File.
+* Findutils:: Building Findutils.
+* Flex:: Building Flex.
+* Gawk:: Building Gawk.
+* Gettext:: Building Gettext.
+* Grep:: Building Grep.
+* Groff:: Building Groff.
+* Gzip:: Building Gzip.
+@c * Sysfsutils:: Building Sysfsutils.
+* IPutils:: Building IPutils.
+* Iproute2:: Building Iproute2.
+* Kbd:: Building Kbd.
+* Kmod:: Building Kmod.
+* Less:: Building Less.
+* Make:: Building Make.
+* Man:: Building Man.
+* Nano:: Building Nano.
+* Patch:: Building Patch.
+* Psmisc:: Building Psmisc.
+* Rsyslog:: Building Rsyslog.
+* Shadow:: Building Shadow.
+* Sysvinit:: Building Sysvinit.
+* Tar:: Building Tar.
+* Texinfo:: Building Texinfo.
+* Udev:: Building Udev.
+* Util-Linux:: Building Util-Linux.
+@c * Emacs:: Building Emacs.
+* XZ-Utils:: Building XZ-Utils.
+* Bootscripts:: Building Bootscripts.
+* Kernel:: Building the Kernel.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Environment Setup
+@section Setting up the Environment
+
+Because this chapter is about the build of the target system and not
+the build of the cross-compilation toolchain and tools anymore, we
+need to update some environment variables.
+
+For more convenience, we can set environment variables up in the
+@file{~/.bashrc} file, so that this setup is preserved when logging
+in:
+
+
+@verbatim
+cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF
+export CFLAGS="-Wa,-mfix-loongson2f-nop"
+export CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"
+export CXX="${CROSS_TARGET}-g++ -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"
+export AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar"
+export AS="${CROSS_TARGET}-as"
+export RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
+export LD="${CROSS_TARGET}-ld"
+export STRIP="${CROSS_TARGET}-strip"
+EOF
+source ~/.bash_profile
+@end verbatim
+
+The variable @env{CFLAGS} is set to @option{-Wa,-mfix-loongson2f-nop}
+in which @option{-Wa} is a GCC option used to pass
+@option{-mfix-loongson2f-nop} to the assembler. This option replaces
+@code{NOP}@footnote{See @uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOP} for
+more information} by @code{or at,at,zero} to work around the
+Loongson2F @code{NOP} errata. Without it, under extreme cases, CPU
+might deadlock@footnote{For more information about the issue, see
+@uref{http://groups.google.com/group/loongson-dev/browse_thread/thread/d9103283141c00fb/e9a8830b01cc1913?hide_quotes=no#msg_d44adf83639fb0bd}
+and
+@uref{http://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2009-11/msg00387.html}.}.
+
+@env{CC} is the flag that indicates the C compiler to be used,
+@env{CXX} the C++ compiler, @env{AR} the archiver, @env{AS} the
+assembler, @env{RANLIB} the archives' index generator, @env{LD} the
+linker and @env{STRIP} the program for stripping.
+
+All the programs to be used are prefixed with
+@samp{$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-} in order to use the cross-compilation
+toolchain instead of the toolchain of the host.
+
+
+@node Man Pages
+@section Man Pages
+
+The man-pages package documents the kernel Linux and C library's
+interfaces that are used by user-space programs.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-pages-3.32.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-pages-3.32
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
+cd ..
+rm -rf man-pages-3.32
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The option @option{prefix=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr} is used to install the
+man pages on the target partition's @env{TARGET_DIR} instead of the
+@file{/usr} directory of the host.
+
+
+@node Zlib
+@section Zlib
+
+Zlib is a compression/decompression library.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.7.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.7
+./configure \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make AR="${AR}"
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libz.so.* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libz.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libz.so
+cd ..
+rm -rf zlib-1.2.7
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+In order to build zlib by cross-compilation, the flag @env{AR} has to
+be equal to @samp{$@{AR@}}.
+
+@ignore
+@samp{mv -v $@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/libz.so.* $@{TARGET_DIR@}/lib} and
+@samp{ln -svf ../../lib/libz.so.1 $@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/libz.so} are
+used to comply with the @acronym{FHS} (filesystem hierarchy standard).
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node Binutils
+@section Binutils
+
+@verbatim
+# 30 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.22.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/binutils-2.22
+mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
+cd ../binutils-build
+../binutils-2.22/configure \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-64-bit-bfd \
+ --enable-shared
+make configure-host
+make tooldir=/usr
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} tooldir=/usr install
+cp -v ../binutils-2.22/include/libiberty.h ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
+cd ..
+rm -rf binutils-build
+rm -rf binutils-2.22
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The option @option{--host} is now set to @env{CROSS_TARGET} because
+the host that will run this build will be the target system.
+
+@c @samp{make tooldir=/usr}
+@c @samp{make DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} tooldir=/usr install}
+
+
+@node GMP
+@section GMP
+
+@acronym{GMP} (GNU multiple precision arithmetic library) is required
+to build GCC.
+
+@verbatim
+# 20 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gmp-5.0.5
+./configure \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --enable-cxx \
+ --enable-mpbsd
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{gmp,gmpxx,mp}.la
+cd ..
+rm -rf gmp-5.0.5
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The option @option{--enable-cxx} enables support for the C++ language.
+
+The Berkeley MP compatibility library (libmp) and header file
+(@file{mp.h}) are built and installed if the option
+@option{--enable-mpbsd} is used.
+
+The files @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/lib@{gmp,gmpxx,mp@}.la} are
+removed to avoid the following error when building MPFR:
+@samp{/usr/lib/libgmp.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong
+format}.
+
+
+@node MPFR
+@section MPFR
+
+GNU @acronym{MPFR} (Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliably) is a
+portable C library for arbitrary-precision binary floating-point
+computation with correct rounding.
+
+@verbatim
+# 7 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.1
+./configure \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmpfr.la
+cd ..
+rm -rf mpfr-3.1.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/libmpfr.la} is removed to
+avoid the following error when building MPC:
+@samp{/usr/lib/libmpfr.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong
+format}.
+
+
+@node MPC
+@section MPC
+
+GNU @acronym{MPC} (Multiple Precision Complex Library) is a C library
+for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision
+and correct rounding of the result.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1
+./configure \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf mpc-1.0.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node GCC
+@section GCC
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 hours and 30 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2
+sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in
+sed -i.orig 's@\./fixinc\.sh@-c true@' gcc/Makefile.in
+mkdir -v ../gcc-build
+cd ../gcc-build
+../gcc-4.7.2/configure \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/lib \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-shared \
+ --enable-threads=posix \
+ --enable-__cxa_atexit \
+ --enable-c99 \
+ --enable-long-long \
+ --disable-multilib \
+ --with-abi=${MABI} \
+ --enable-clocale=gnu \
+ --enable-languages=c,c++ \
+ --disable-libstdcxx-pch
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#ln -sv ../usr/bin/cpp ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
+ln -sv gcc ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/cc
+cd ..
+rm -rf gcc-build
+rm -rf gcc-4.7.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+# The following patch seems needless to me as it only replaces
+# {usr,}/lib32 with {usr,}/lib64 and we already have:
+# {usr,}/lib32 -> {usr,}/lib
+# {usr,}/lib64 -> {usr,}/lib
+#patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.6.0-pure64-1.patch
+@end ignore
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //'
+libiberty/Makefile.in} is used as we already installed the library
+@file{libiberty.a} with Binutils.
+
+@c We use @samp{sed -i.orig 's@@\./fixinc\.sh@@-c true@@'
+@c gcc/Makefile.in} to avoid using fixincludes that may output errors if
+@c headers have been modified.
+
+Using @option{--enable-clocale=gnu} option ensures that the correct
+locale will automatically be chosen.
+
+Option @option{--disable-libstdcxx-pch} disables support for
+precompiled headers (PCH).
+
+@c ln -sv ../usr/bin/cpp ${TARGET_DIR}/lib FHS?
+
+The line @samp{ln -sv gcc $@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/bin/cc} creates a
+symbolic link @file{cc} that points on @file{gcc}.
+
+
+@node Sed
+@section Sed
+
+GNU sed is a stream editor: it is used to perform basic text
+transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sed-4.2.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/sed-4.2.1
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf sed-4.2.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @option{--bindir=/bin} FHS?
+
+
+@node E2fsprogs
+@section E2fsprogs
+
+E2fsprogs is a package that contains tools to handle the ext2, ext3
+and ext4 filesystems.
+
+@verbatim
+# 10 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.6
+mkdir -v build
+cd build
+../configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --with-root-prefix="" \
+ --enable-elf-shlibs
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-libs
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libblkid.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libblkid.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libcom_err.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcom_err.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libe2p.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libe2p.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libext2fs.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libext2fs.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libss.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libss.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libuuid.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libuuid.so
+cd ../..
+rm -rf e2fsprogs-1.42.6
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--with-root-prefix=""} is used to put e2fsprogs binaries
+inside @file{/sbin} instead of @file{@var{PREFIX}/sbin} which would be
+@file{/usr/sbin}.
+
+Option @option{--enable-elf-shlibs} enables e2fsprogs shared
+libraries.
+
+@samp{make DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} install-libs} is used to install
+libraries, those are not installed with @samp{make
+DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} install}.
+
+The sequence of commands that follows first removes symbolic links
+@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/lib@{@/blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}
+which point on abolute paths
+@file{/lib/lib@{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}. In order to
+use the libraries of the target operating system, we need to symlink
+@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/lib@{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}
+to their relative paths files.
+
+
+@node Coreutils
+@section Coreutils
+
+GNU coreutils (core utilities) includes the standard programs for text
+and file manipulation.
+
+On gNewSense Parkes, you need to install @file{xz-utils} to extract
+the package.
+
+@verbatim
+# 30 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19
+sed -i.orig '/strftime/s/\ LC_ALL//' man/help2man
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+fu_cv_sys_stat_statfs2_bsize=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes
+gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_wctob_works=yes
+gl_cv_func_fstatat_zero_flag=yes
+# From C[G]LFS:
+#fu_cv_sys_stat_statfs2_bsize=yes
+#gl_cv_func_working_mkstemp=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --enable-install-program=hostname \
+ --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{dd,df,echo,false,hostname,ls,mkdir} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{mv,pwd,rm,rmdir,stty,true,ln,uname} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/chroot ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/sbin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{[,basename,head,install,nice} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{readlink,sleep,sync,test,touch} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#ln -svf ../../bin/install ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf coreutils-8.19
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @samp{sed -i.orig '/strftime/s/\ LC_ALL//' man/help2man}
+
+The variables listed in the file @file{config.cache} are used in order
+to avoid that the @file{configure} script evaluate their values:
+otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.
+
+We use @option{--enable-install-program=hostname} to install the
+command @command{hostname} which is not built by default.
+
+We use @option{--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime} in order not
+to install commands @command{kill} and @command{uptime}. Those
+commands will be installed by the package procps.
+
+@ignore
+@verbatim
+mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date} \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{dd,df,echo,false,hostname,ls,mkdir} \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{mv,pwd,rm,rmdir,stty,true,ln,uname} \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/chroot ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/sbin
+mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{[,basename,head,install,nice} \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{readlink,sleep,sync,test,touch} \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+@end verbatim
+
+All programs of coreutils are moved from target system's
+@file{/usr/bin} to @file{/bin} for consistency.
+@end ignore
+
+@ignore
+Because some programs use the target system's location @file{/usr/bin}
+and others the location @file{/bin} to call the command
+@command{install}, we symlink using @samp{ln -svf ../../bin/install
+$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/bin}.
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node iana-etc
+@section iana-etc
+
+The iana-etc package installs services and protocols using data from
+the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf iana-etc-2.30
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node M4
+@section M4
+
+@verbatim
+# 10 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf m4-1.4.16
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bison
+@section Bison
+
+GNU bison parser generator.
+
+@verbatim
+# 7 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bison-2.5.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bison-2.5
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf bison-2.5
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h} is used to build
+@acronym{NLS} (native language support) inside bison.
+
+
+@node Ncurses
+@section Ncurses
+
+@verbatim
+# 15 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --with-shared \
+ --enable-widec \
+ --without-debug \
+ --without-ada \
+ --with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE" \
+ --libdir=/lib
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{panel,menu,form,ncurses,ncurses++}w.a \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib
+#rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{ncurses,menu,panel,form}w.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libncursesw.so.5 \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncursesw.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libmenuw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmenuw.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libpanelw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libpanelw.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libformw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libformw.so
+#for lib in curses ncurses form panel menu ; do
+# echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
+# ln -sfv lib${lib}w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.a
+# done
+ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libncurses.so
+#ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.so
+#ln -sfv libncursesw.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.a
+#ln -sfv libncurses++w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncurses++.a
+#ln -sfv ncursesw5-config ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/ncurses5-config
+#ln -sfv ../../usr/share/terminfo ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/terminfo
+cd ..
+rm -rf ncurses-5.9
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{--enable-widec} enables wide characters support in
+ncurses.
+
+@c Option @option{--without-debug}
+
+Option @option{--without-ada} disables support for the Ada programming
+language inside ncurses.
+
+@c Option @option{--with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE"}
+
+@c Option @option{--libdir=/lib}
+
+@ignore
+@verbatim
+mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{panel,menu,form,ncurses,ncurses++}w.a \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{ncurses,menu,panel,form}w.so
+ln -svf ../../lib/libncursesw.so.5 \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncursesw.so
+ln -svf ../../lib/libmenuw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmenuw.so
+ln -svf ../../lib/libpanelw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libpanelw.so
+ln -svf ../../lib/libformw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libformw.so
+@end verbatim
+
+According to the filesystem hierarchy standard (FHS), ncurses
+libraries should be inside @file{/usr/lib} instead of @file{/lib}.
+
+@verbatim
+for lib in curses ncurses form panel menu ; do
+ echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
+ ln -sfv lib${lib}w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.a
+ done
+ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.so
+ln -sfv libncursesw.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.a
+ln -sfv libncurses++w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncurses++.a
+ln -sfv ncursesw5-config ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/ncurses5-config
+@end verbatim
+
+The commands above create symlinks from libraries without support for
+wide characters to libraries with support for them.
+@end ignore
+
+@c PROCPS issue:
+The command @samp{ln -sfv libncursesw.so $@{TARGET_DIR@}/lib/libncurses.so}
+creates the symlink @file{libcurses.so} so that programs that do not
+know @file{libncursesw.so} can be linked against it.
+
+@c ln -sfv ../../usr/share/terminfo ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/terminfo
+
+
+@node Procps
+@section Procps
+
+The procps package contains utilities that give information about
+processes using the @file{/proc} filesystem. The package includes the
+commands @command{ps}, @command{top}, @command{vmstat}, @command{w},
+@command{kill}, @command{free}, @command{slabtop}, and
+@command{skill}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8
+make \
+ CPPFLAGS= \
+ lib64=lib
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ lib64=lib \
+ ldconfig= \
+ install="install -D" \
+ install
+cd ..
+rm -rf procps-3.2.8
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{CPPFLAGS= } is used so that the target system's ncurses
+library will be used, default value would have been
+@option{-I/usr/include/ncurses}.
+
+Option @option{lib64=lib} makes the directory @file{/lib} the one
+where to put 64 bit libraries, default would be @file{/lib64}.
+
+Option @option{ldconfig= } is used in order not to use current host's
+@command{ldconfig}.
+
+Option @option{install="install -D"} is used so that all the files
+installed are owned by the current user. By default, all installed
+files are owned by root.
+
+
+@node Libtool
+@section Libtool
+
+GNU libtool is a generic library support script. It hides the
+complexity of using shared libraries behind a consistent, portable
+interface.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libtool-2.4.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/libtool-2.4
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf libtool-2.4
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Readline
+@section Readline
+
+The GNU Readline library provides a set of functions for use by
+applications that allow users to edit command lines as they are typed
+in.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/readline-6.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/readline-6.2
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --libdir=/lib
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-doc
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{readline,history}.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib
+#rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{readline,history}.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libreadline.so.6 \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libreadline.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libhistory.so.6 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libhistory.so
+cd ..
+rm -rf readline-6.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c sed -i 's:^SHLIB_LIBS=:SHLIB_LIBS=-lncursesw:' support/shobj-conf
+
+@ignore
+mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{readline,history}.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{readline,history}.so
+ln -svf ../../lib/libreadline.so.6 \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libreadline.so
+ln -svf ../../lib/libhistory.so.6 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libhistory.so
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node Autoconf
+@section Autoconf
+
+GNU autoconf is an extensible package of M4 macros that produce shell
+scripts to automatically configure software source code
+packages. These scripts can adapt the packages to many kinds of
+UNIX-like systems without manual user intervention.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf autoconf-2.69
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Automake
+@section Automake
+
+GNU automake is a tool for automatically generating @file{Makefile.in}
+files compliant with the GNU Coding
+Standards@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/}}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/automake-1.12.4.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/automake-1.12.4
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf automake-1.12.4
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bash
+@section Bash
+
+GNU @acronym{Bash} (Bourne again shell) is an sh-compatible shell that
+incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell
+(csh).
+
+@verbatim
+# 15 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bash-4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bash-4.2
+cat > config.cache << "EOF"
+ac_cv_func_mmap_fixed_mapped=yes
+ac_cv_func_strcoll_works=yes
+ac_cv_func_working_mktime=yes
+bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp=present
+bash_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes
+bash_cv_job_control_missing=present
+bash_cv_printf_a_format=yes
+bash_cv_sys_named_pipes=present
+bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds=yes
+bash_cv_under_sys_siglist=yes
+bash_cv_unusable_rtsigs=no
+gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin \
+ --cache-file=config.cache \
+ --without-bash-malloc \
+ --with-installed-readline
+make
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ htmldir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.2 \
+ install
+ln -sv bash ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/sh
+cd ..
+rm -rf bash-4.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The variables listed in the file @file{config.cache} are used in order
+to avoid that the @file{configure} script evaluate their values:
+otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.
+
+@c --bindir=/bin instead of /usr/bin, FHS?
+
+Option @option{--without-bash-malloc} tells the @file{configure}
+script not to use the @code{malloc} function shipped with
+Bash. Glibc's version will be used instead.
+
+Option @option{--with-installed-readline} tells the configure script
+to use the installed readline library instead of the one shipped with
+Bash.
+
+@c htmldir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.2
+
+@samp{ln -sv bash $@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin/sh} creates a symlink @file{sh}
+to @file{bash}.
+
+
+@node Bzip2
+@section Bzip2
+
+Bzip2 is a package that contains utilities to compress and decompress
+files with a better original size/compressed size ratio than gzip.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6
+sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile
+sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile
+make \
+ -f Makefile-libbz2_so \
+ CC="${CC}" \
+ AR="${AR}" \
+ RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
+make clean
+make \
+ CC="${CC}" \
+ AR="${AR}" \
+ RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
+make \
+ PREFIX=${TARGET_DIR}/usr \
+ install
+cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2
+cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
+ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libbz2.so
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat
+cd ..
+rm -rf bzip2-1.0.6
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile} is used to skip
+tests when building.
+
+@samp{sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile} is used
+in order to have relative path symlinks instead of absolute ones.
+
+Option @option{-f Makefile-libbz2_so} is used to build shared
+libraries.
+
+Flags @env{CC}, @env{AR} and @env{RANLIB} are used so that bzip2 is
+built using cross-compilation tools instead of the host's ones.
+
+@samp{make clean} is used to clean up temporary files.
+
+The second build commands are used to build static libraries.
+
+@ignore
+cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2
+cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
+ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libbz2.so
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node DHCPCD
+@section DHCPCD
+
+DHCPCD is a wrapper for the @acronym{DHCP} (Dynamic Host Configuration
+Protocol) client daemon.
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/dhcpcd-5.6.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/dhcpcd-5.6.2
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/sbin \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc \
+ --dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/lib/dhcpcd
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf dhcpcd-5.6.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c Option @option{--bindir=/sbin} is used to comply with FHS?
+@c @option{--sysconfdir=/etc} @file{/etc} instead of ?
+@c @option{--dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd} @file{/var/lib/dhcpcd} instead of?
+@c @option{--libexecdir=/usr/lib/dhcpcd} @file{/usr/lib/dhcpcd} instead of ?
+
+
+@node Diffutils
+@section Diffutils
+
+GNU Diffutils is a package of several programs related to finding
+differences between files.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/diffutils-3.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/diffutils-3.2
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf diffutils-3.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/diffutils-3.0-i18n-1.patch
+
+@c touch man/*.1
+
+
+@node File
+@section File
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.11.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.11
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf file-5.11
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Findutils
+@section Findutils
+
+The GNU Find Utilities are typically used to provide directory search
+and file locating capabilities.
+
+@verbatim
+# 7 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
+gl_cv_header_working_fcntl_h=yes
+ac_cv_func_fnmatch_gnu=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/lib/locate \
+ --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/find ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#sed -i.orig 's@find:=${BINDIR}@find:=/bin@' \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/updatedb
+cd ..
+rm -rf findutils-4.4.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c --libexecdir=/usr/lib/locate
+@c --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate
+
+@ignore
+File @file{find} is moved from target's system @file{/usr/bin} to
+@file{/bin} in order to comply with the FHS.
+
+Because we changed the location of @file{find}, we need to update its
+location in @file{/usr/bin/updatedb}.
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node Flex
+@section Flex
+
+Flex is a tool for generating scanners. A scanner, sometimes called a
+tokenizer, is a program which recognizes lexical patterns in text.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+ln -sv libfl.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libl.a
+cd ..
+rm -r flex-2.5.37
+popd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/lex << "EOF"
+#!/bin/sh
+exec /usr/bin/flex -l "$@"
+EOF
+chmod -v 755 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/lex
+@end verbatim
+
+For compatibility issues, we create the symlink @file{libl.a}.
+
+We then create target system's @file{/usr/bin/lex} that will execute
+@command{flex} with option @option{-l} in order to behave with maximal
+compatibility like @command{lex}.
+
+@ignore
+@samp{sed -i.orig "s/-I@@includedir@@//g" Makefile.in} is used in
+order not to use host's headers in @file{/usr/include} during
+cross-compilation.
+@end ignore
+
+@c Variables @samp{ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes} and
+@c @samp{ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes} are used to get rid of
+@c error message: @samp{}.
+
+@c We use option @option{-fPIC} passed to the cross-compiler in order to
+@c generate position-independent code (PIC).
+
+
+@node Gawk
+@section Gawk
+
+GNU awk (Gawk) is a program used to select particular records in a
+file and perform operations upon them.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gawk-4.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gawk-4.0.1
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/lib
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -r gawk-4.0.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Gettext
+@section Gettext
+
+GNU gettext utilities are a set of tools that provides a framework to
+help packages produce multi-lingual messages.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 hour
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.1.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.1.1
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+am_cv_func_iconv_works=yes
+gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
+gt_cv_func_printf_posix=yes
+gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+#cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i}
+#cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i}
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf gettext-0.18.1.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c The following patch may be skipped
+@c patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.1.1-rpath-1.patch
+
+@c cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i} ?
+@c cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i} ?
+
+
+@node Grep
+@section Grep
+
+GNU @command{grep} command searches one or more input files for lines
+containing a match to a specified pattern.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/grep-2.14.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/grep-2.14
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin \
+ --disable-perl-regexp
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf grep-2.14
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{--disable-perl-regexp} disables support of Perl-style
+regular expressions (regexp).
+
+
+@node Groff
+@section Groff
+
+@verbatim
+# 15 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.21.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.21
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.21-cross-compilation.patch
+PAGE=A4 \
+ ./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make \
+ TROFFBIN=troff \
+ GROFFBIN=groff \
+ GROFF_BIN_PATH=
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
+ln -sv soelim ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/zsoelim
+ln -sv eqn ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/geqn
+ln -sv tbl ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/gtbl
+cd ..
+rm -rf groff-1.21
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The patch @file{groff-1.21-cross-compilation.patch} fixes a bug in
+groff' @file{Makefile.in} that prevents the cross-compilation build.
+
+The variables @env{TROFFBIN=troff} and @env{GROFFBIN=groff} tell
+@command{make} to use @command{troff} and @command{groff} commands
+installed in the @ref{Building Cross-Compilation Tools} to build
+documentation.
+
+The variable @env{GROFF_BIN_PATH} before @env{PATH} is checked for
+programs @command{groff} is calling (preprocessors, troff, and output
+devices). If not set, it defaults to the directory where the
+@file{groff} binary is located.
+
+The symlinks are used for compatibility.
+
+
+@node Gzip
+@section Gzip
+
+GNU Gzip is a data compression program.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gzip-1.5.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gzip-1.5
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/z{egrep,cmp,diff,fgrep,force,grep,less,more} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/znew \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf gzip-1.5
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node IPutils
+@section IPutils
+
+The iputils package is a set of small utilities for networking.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iputils-s20071127.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iputils-s20071127
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iputils-s20071127-fixes-2.patch
+make CC="${CC}"
+install -v -m755 ping{,6} ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+install -v -m755 arping ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+install -v -m755 clockdiff ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+install -v -m755 rdisc ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+install -v -m755 tracepath ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+install -v -m755 trace{path,route}6 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf iputils-s20071127
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iputils-s20071127-manpages-2.patch
+
+
+@node Iproute2
+@section Iproute2
+
+Iproute2 is a collection of utilities for controlling TCP and UDP IP
+networking and traffic.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iproute2-3.5.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iproute2-3.5.1
+sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ CC="${CC}" \
+ DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2 \
+ MANDIR=/usr/share/man
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2 \
+ MANDIR=/usr/share/man \
+ install
+cd ..
+rm -rf iproute2-3.5.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@@arpd@@@@g' misc/Makefile} is used to
+disable the build of @command{arpd} as it requires Berkeley DB to be
+installed.
+
+@env{DOCDIR} and @env{MANDIR} indicate the location in which the
+documentation and the manual pages will be installed,
+respectively. Those are no absolute paths but use the value of
+@env{DESTDIR} as a prefix.
+
+
+@node Kbd
+@section Kbd
+
+Kbd contains keytable files and keyboard utilities.
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kbd-1.15.3.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/kbd-1.15.3
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kbd-1.15.3-es.po-fix-1.patch
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes
+ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
+ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{kbd_mode,dumpkeys,loadkeys,openvt} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/setfont \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf kbd-1.15.3
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The patch @file{kbd-1.15.3-es.po-fix-1.patch} fixes a bug in
+@file{po/es.po}.
+
+
+@node Kmod
+@section Kmod
+
+Kmod (previously known as module-init-tools) provide userspace-side
+assistance in loading kernel modules and their dependencies.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kmod-10.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/kmod-10
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin \
+ --sbindir=/sbin \
+ --with-zlib
+make
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ INSTALL=install \
+ install
+cd ..
+rm -rf kmod-10
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--with-zlib} enables support for modules compressed with
+zlib.
+
+By default, installation uses @env{INSTALL=install-with-care} which
+checks if old utilities have not been destroyed. To avoid this check,
+we use @env{INSTALL=install}.
+
+
+@node Less
+@section Less
+
+Less is a file pager. A file pager is used to view the content of a
+text file.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/less-451.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/less-451
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc
+make
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/less ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf less-451
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Make
+@section Make
+
+GNU @command{make} utility determines automatically which pieces of a
+large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to
+recompile them.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/make-3.82.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/make-3.82
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf make-3.82
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Man
+@section Man
+
+Man is an interface to the on-line reference manuals.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-1.6g.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-1.6g
+sed -i.orig -e "/PREPATH=/s@=.*@=\"$(eval echo \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/{,usr/}{sbin,bin})\"@g" -e 's@-is@&Rc@g' configure
+sed -i.orig -e 's@MANPATH./usr/man@#&@g' \
+ -e 's@MANPATH./usr/local/man@#&@g' src/man.conf.in
+./configure \
+ -confdir=/etc
+sed -i.orig "s@${TARGET_DIR}@@" conf_script
+gcc src/makemsg.c -o src/makemsg
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf man-1.6g
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c The patch below is needed to have full utf8
+@c patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-1.6g-i18n-1.patch
+@c patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-1.6g-new_compressors-1.patch
+
+In the first use of @command{sed}, the first part replaces
+@env{PREPATH} default value
+@samp{/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/local/@/bin:$PATH} with
+@samp{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/@{,usr/@}@{sbin,bin@}}. The variable
+@env{TARGET_DIR} is used to avoid errors when running the
+@file{configure} script.
+
+The second part is used to replace default options of the man pager
+@option{-is} with @option{-isRc}. Option @option{-c} will cause
+@command{less} to display man pages faster as this option disables
+scrolling.
+
+@c What about -R?
+
+The second call of @command{sed} tells @command{man} where the cat
+pages corresponding to given man pages should not be stored:
+@file{/usr/man} and @file{/usr/local/man}.
+
+Option @option{-confdir} is used to define configuration files
+location to target system's @file{/etc}.
+
+The third call of @command{sed} is used in order to remove the
+presence of @env{TARGET_DIR} on the target system's programs.
+
+@command{makemsg} will be used during the build, but because using the
+cross-compiler may make its build fail, we use the host's compiler.
+
+
+@node Nano
+@section Nano
+
+GNU nano is a lightweight text editor.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/nano-2.3.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/nano-2.3.1
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf nano-2.3.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Note
+commands in nano are displayed as in `^X'. The `^' character means
+@key{CTRL} key, so `^X' means @kbd{CTRL-X}.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Patch
+@section Patch
+
+GNU patch takes a patch file containing a difference listing produced
+by the @command{diff} program and applies those differences to one or
+more original files, producing patched versions.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_path_ed_PROGRAM=ed
+ac_cv_func_strnlen_working=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
+cd ..
+rm -rf patch-2.7.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Psmisc
+@section Psmisc
+
+This package contains utilities that use the proc filesystem.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
+ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --exec-prefix="" \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/pstree* ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+#ln -sv killall ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/pidof
+cd ..
+rm -rf psmisc-22.20
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Rsyslog
+@section Rsyslog
+
+Rsyslog is an utility creating log messages.
+
+@verbatim
+# 10 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/rsyslog-5.8.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/rsyslog-5.8.6
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
+ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
+EOF
+PKG_CONFIG_PATH="${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/pkgconfig" \
+ ./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --sbindir=/sbin \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.d
+cd ..
+rm -rf rsyslog-5.8.6
+popd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.conf << "EOF"
+$ModLoad imuxsock.so
+$ModLoad imklog.so
+
+$ActionFileDefaultTemplate RSYSLOG_TraditionalFileFormat
+
+$FileOwner root
+$FileGroup root
+$FileCreateMode 0640
+$DirCreateMode 0755
+
+$ModLoad imudp
+$UDPServerRun 514
+
+$RepeatedMsgReduction on
+
+$IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf
+
+auth,authpriv.* /var/log/auth.log
+*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/syslog
+daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log
+kern.* -/var/log/kern.log
+lpr.* -/var/log/lpr.log
+mail.* -/var/log/mail.log
+user.* -/var/log/user.log
+
+# Catch All Logs
+*.=debug;\
+ auth,authpriv.none;\
+ news.none;mail.none -/var/log/debug
+*.=info;*.=notice;*.=warn;\
+ auth,authpriv.none;\
+ cron,daemon.none;\
+ mail,news.none -/var/log/messages
+
+# Emergency are shown to everyone
+*.emerg *
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{install -dv $@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/rsyslog.d} is used to create
+target system's @file{/etc/rsyslog.d} directory. Rsyslog looks for
+user-defined configuration files in this directory. The line
+@samp{$IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf} in the target system's
+configuration file @file{/etc/rsyslog.conf} has this purpose.
+
+We then create the target system's configuration file
+@file{/etc/rsyslog.conf}.
+
+
+@node Shadow
+@section Shadow
+
+@verbatim
+# 7 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-man-ru.patch
+automake-1.11
+echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --libdir=/lib \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc \
+ --enable-shared \
+ --without-audit \
+ --without-libpam \
+ --without-selinux \
+ --cache-file=config.cache \
+ --enable-man
+sed -i.orig 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile
+for mkf in $(find man -name Makefile)
+ do
+ sed -i.orig -e '/groups.1.xml/d' -e 's/groups.1 //' ${mkf}
+ done
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+sed -i.orig -e 's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \
+ -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/login.defs
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/passwd ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+${CROSS_TARGET}-pwconv
+${CROSS_TARGET}-grpconv
+${CROSS_TARGET}-passwd root
+cd ..
+rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+Problem with those three commands with 4.1.5.1:
+
+${CROSS_TARGET}-pwconv
+mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu-pwconv: failure while writing changes to /gllfsc/etc/shadow
+${CROSS_TARGET}-grpconv
+mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu-grpconv: failure while writing changes to /gllfsc/etc/gshadow
+${CROSS_TARGET}-passwd root
+mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu-passwd: Permission denied.
+@end ignore
+
+@ignore
+ ${CROSS_TARGET}-passwd root
+gives the following message:
+ Cannot change ID to root.
+@end ignore
+
+The patch @file{shadow-4.1.4.3-man-ru.patch} contains a fix to
+@file{man/ru/Makefile.am} preventing @samp{make install} to
+complete. @command{automake-1.11} is then run to update the makefile
+prototype @file{Makefile.in}.
+
+@c echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache
+
+The option @option{--enable-man} is used to generate man pages.
+
+The first call of @command{sed} disables the build of command
+@command{groups}, as coreutils already installed it.
+
+The second call of @command{sed} enables support for MD5 encrypted
+passwords and changes the mail default directory from
+@file{/var/spool/mail} to @file{/var/mail}.
+
+The @command{pwconv} command creates @file{shadow} file from file
+@file{passwd} and an optionally existing @file{shadow} file.
+
+The @command{grpconv} command creates @file{gshadow} file from file
+@file{group} and an optionally existing @file{gshadow} file.
+
+The command @samp{passwd root} will create the password for the root
+user, you will need it when logging in as root on your new system.
+
+
+@node Sysvinit
+@section Sysvinit
+
+Sysvinit is the system-V style init process. Init is the first process
+started during booting. It is started by the kernel. Init continues
+running as a daemon until the system is shut down. It is the direct or
+indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all
+orphaned processes.
+
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf
+sed -i.orig -e 's@/dev/initctl@$(ROOT)&@g' \
+ -e 's@\(mknod \)-m \([0-9]* \)\(.* \)p@\1\3p; chmod \2\3@g' \
+ -e '/^ifeq/s/$(ROOT)//' \
+ -e 's@/usr/lib@$(ROOT)&@' \
+ src/Makefile
+make -C src clobber
+make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} CC="${CC}"
+make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} INSTALL="install" install
+cd ..
+rm -rf sysvinit-2.88dsf
+popd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inittab << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/inittab
+
+id:3:initdefault:
+
+si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc sysinit
+
+l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
+l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
+l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
+l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
+l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
+l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
+l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6
+
+ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
+
+su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin
+
+1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty1 9600
+2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
+3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
+4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
+5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
+6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600
+
+#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100
+
+# End /etc/inittab
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The first call of @command{sed} replaces @file{/dev/initctl} with
+@file{$(ROOT)/dev/initctl}, and @file{/usr/lib} with
+@file{$(ROOT)/usr/lib} among other things in order to install sysvinit
+on the target system.
+
+@samp{make -C src clobber} is used to clean up the @file{src}
+directory.
+
+Then, we create the @file{inittab} file that describes which processes
+are started at bootup and during normal operation.
+
+The line @samp{#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100} is
+commented out (with @code{#}) in order to avoid the message:
+@samp{INIT: Id "c0" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes} on
+the target system.
+
+@c patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf-fixes-1.patch
+
+
+@node Tar
+@section Tar
+
+GNU tar is an archiving utility: it stores and extracts files from a
+tape or disk archive.
+
+@verbatim
+# 8 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tar-1.26.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/tar-1.26
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes
+ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
+ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/sbin \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf tar-1.26
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tar-1.26-man_page-1.patch
+@c patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tar-1.26-new_compressors-1.patch
+
+
+@node Texinfo
+@section Texinfo
+
+GNU Texinfo is a documentation system that can produce both online
+information and a printed manual from a single source.
+
+@verbatim
+# 15 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13a.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make -C tools/gnulib/lib
+make -C tools
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf texinfo-4.13
+popd
+
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/share/info
+rm dir
+for f in *
+ do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null
+done
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13-new_compressors-1.patch
+
+The first three calls of @command{make} make it possible to build
+Texinfo by cross-compilation.
+
+For Info to work, the @file{info} directory must contain a file that
+serves as a top level directory for the Info system. By convention,
+this file is called @file{dir}. We update this file for the target
+system.
+
+
+@node Udev
+@section Udev
+
+Udev is the dynamic device management of the kernel Linux.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/udev-175.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/udev-175
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc \
+ --sbindir=/sbin \
+ --with-rootlibdir=/lib \
+ --libexecdir=/lib/udev \
+ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/udev-175 \
+ --disable-introspection \
+ --with-pci-ids-path=no \
+ --with-usb-ids-path=no \
+ --disable-gudev
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/firmware
+ln -sv ../lib/udev/udevd ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/udevd
+cd ..
+rm -rf udev-175
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c The option @option{--disable-introspection} depends on
+@c gobject-introspection which is not installed
+
+@ignore
+Version 182 needs blkid headers given by e2fsprogs:
+configure: error: Package requirements (blkid >= 2.20) were not met:
+
+No package 'blkid' found
+
+but
+
+BLKID_CFLAGS="-I${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include/blkid" \
+ BLKID_LIBS="-L${TARGET_DIR}/lib -lblkid" \
+ KMOD_CFLAGS="-I${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include" \
+ KMOD_LIBS="-L${TARGET_DIR}/lib -lkmod" \
+ ./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc \
+ --sbindir=/sbin \
+ --with-rootlibdir=/lib \
+ --libexecdir=/lib/udev \
+ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/udev-182 \
+ --disable-introspection \
+ --with-pci-ids-path=no \
+ --with-usb-ids-path=no \
+ --disable-gudev
+
+fails after `make` with:
+
+make --no-print-directory all-recursive
+Making all in .
+ CC src/udevadm-udev-builtin-blkid.o
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:84:30: error: unknown type name 'blkid_probe'
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c: In function 'builtin_blkid':
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:122:9: error: unknown type name 'blkid_probe'
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:160:17: error: 'BLKID_SUBLKS_LABEL' undeclared (first
+use in this function)
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:160:17: note: each undeclared identifier is reported
+only once for each function it appears in
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:160:38: error: 'BLKID_SUBLKS_UUID' undeclared (first
+use in this function)
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:161:17: error: 'BLKID_SUBLKS_TYPE' undeclared (first
+use in this function)
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:161:37: error: 'BLKID_SUBLKS_SECTYPE' undeclared
+(first use in this function)
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:162:17: error: 'BLKID_SUBLKS_USAGE' undeclared (first
+use in this function)
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:162:38: error: 'BLKID_SUBLKS_VERSION' undeclared
+(first use in this function)
+src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:165:58: error: 'BLKID_FLTR_NOTIN' undeclared (first
+use in this function) src/udev-builtin-blkid.c:165:76: error:
+'BLKID_USAGE_RAID' undeclared (first use in this function) make[2]: ***
+[src/udevadm-udev-builtin-blkid.o] Error 1
+make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
+make: *** [all] Error 2
+
+@end ignore
+
+@ignore
+@verbatim
+install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/firmware
+@end verbatim
+
+is used to install target system's @file{/lib/firmware} which will
+contain modules?
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node Util-Linux
+@section Util-Linux
+
+util-linux is a random collection of utilities for use with the kernel
+Linux.
+
+@verbatim
+# 10 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/util-linux-2.19.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/util-linux-2.19.1
+sed -i.orig 's@etc/adjtime@var/lib/hwclock/adjtime@g' \
+ hwclock/hwclock.c
+mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}/var/lib/hwclock
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-arch \
+ --enable-partx \
+ --disable-wall \
+ --enable-write \
+ --disable-makeinstall-chown
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/logger ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+cd ..
+rm -r util-linux-2.19.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The @command{sed} command modifies the location of @file{adjtime} from
+the target system's @file{/etc} directory to its
+@file{/lib/hwclock/adjtime} to comply with FHS.
+
+@ignore
+Error on configure for util-linux 2.22:
+configure: error: login selected, but required PAM header file not available
+@end ignore
+
+Option @option{--enable-arch} enables the build and installation of
+the @command{arch} command.
+
+Option @option{--enable-partx} enables the build and installation of
+the @command{addpart}, @command{delpart} and @command{partx} commands.
+
+Option @option{--disable-wall} disables the build of the
+@command{wall} command which is already provided by sysvinit.
+
+Option @option{--enable-write} enables the build and installation of
+the @command{write} command.
+
+Option @option{--disable-makeinstall-chown} disables the change of
+owner to root for installed programs.
+
+
+@node XZ-Utils
+@section XZ-Utils
+
+XZ Utils is a general-purpose data compression software with high
+compression ratio.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/xz-5.0.4.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/xz-5.0.4
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{xz,lzma,lzcat,unlzma,unxz,xzcat} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf xz-5.0.4
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bootscripts
+@section Bootscripts
+
+The bootscript archive contains scripts that manage services during
+system's bootup and shutdown.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-1.2-pre11.tar.bz2 \
+ -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-1.2-pre11
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-bootscripts
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-network
+cd ..
+rm -rf bootscripts-cross-lfs-1.2-pre11
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+This installs basic bootscripts required for bootup and shutdown, and
+network-related bootscripts.
+
+
+@node Kernel
+@section The Kernel
+
+To avoid potential kernel lockup on Loongson 2F machines, we need to
+add the option @option{-mfix-loongson2f-jump} to the environment
+variable @env{CFLAGS}@footnote{For more information about the issue,
+see
+@uref{http://groups.google.com/group/loongson-dev/browse_thread/thread/d9103283141c00fb/e9a8830b01cc1913?hide_quotes=no#msg_d44adf83639fb0bd}
+and
+@uref{http://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2009-11/msg00387.html}.}:
+
+@c commits on
+@c @uref{http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git;a=commit;h=622844bf0b4cfa4f76d4a0ddc44266938385f5ab}
+@c @uref{http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git;a=commit;h=54413b825ca502b9384edabf972c512c29d64010}.}.
+
+@verbatim
+sed -i.orig \
+ "/CFLAGS/s/-mfix-loongson2f-nop/& -Wa,-mfix-loongson2f-jump/" \
+ ~/.bashrc
+source ~/.bash_profile
+@end verbatim
+
+Then:
+
+@verbatim
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-libre-3.5.4-gnu.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-3.5.4
+make mrproper
+@end verbatim
+
+Then, if you are compiling the kernel for an Yeeloong @samp{2f}
+netbook:
+
+@verbatim
+cp arch/mips/configs/lemote2f_defconfig .config
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/100gnu+freedo.patch
+@end verbatim
+
+Then, if you want to change the configuration:
+
+@verbatim
+#make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- config
+make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- menuconfig
+@end verbatim
+
+@menu
+* CPU selection:: Selecting your CPU
+* Optimizations:: Optimizing your kernel
+* Compatibility of executables:: Configuring compatibility of
+ executables
+* Power Management:: Configuring ower management
+* Network card configuration:: Configuring your network card
+* Flash media:: Configuring USB keys and SDcards
+* File Systems:: Configuring the file systems
+* Input devices:: Configuring keyboard and mouse
+* Display:: Configuring the display
+* Unicode support:: Supporting Unicode
+* Kernel Compilation:: Kernel Compilation
+@end menu
+
+@c ???Needed for some reason:
+@c
+@c Executable file formats
+@c <M> Kernel support for MISC binaries
+
+
+@node CPU selection
+@subsection CPU selection
+
+To know the CPU model you have on a given computer, type @samp{cat
+/proc/cpuinfo} inside a terminal.
+
+@verbatim
+Machine selection
+ System type
+ (X) Loongson family of machines
+ Machine type
+ (X) Lemote Loongson 2F family machines
+@end verbatim
+
+As you will discover when you type @samp{lspci | grep CS5536} in a
+terminal, AMD CS5536 is used for a variety of things on the Yeeloong:
+ISA bridge, IDE interface, Multimedia audio controller and two USB
+Controllers. In order to get the correct time, we need to enable the
+following option:
+
+@c @emph{why does CS5536 need this?}
+
+@verbatim
+ [*] CS5536 MFGPT Timer
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Note
+@acronym{MFGPT} stands for Multi-Function General Purpose Timer.
+@end quotation
+
+MIPS architecture exists in two flavours: big endian and little
+endian. The difference resides in the order in which the Bytes are
+stored in the hardware: little endian's first Byte is the least
+significant one while big endian's first Byte is the most significant
+one. In our case, we have a little endian architecture, so:
+
+@verbatim
+Endianess selection
+ (X) Little endian
+
+CPU selection
+ CPU type
+ (X) Loongson 2F
+@end verbatim
+
+If your version of Binutils is 2.20.2 or later, select the following
+option:
+
+@verbatim
+CPU selection
+ [*] Loongson 2F Workarounds
+@end verbatim
+
+It fixes some issues with the Loongson 2F processors@footnote{For more
+information about the issue, see
+@uref{http://groups.google.com/group/loongson-dev/browse_thread/thread/d9103283141c00fb/e9a8830b01cc1913?hide_quotes=no#msg_d44adf83639fb0bd}
+and
+@uref{http://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2009-11/msg00387.html}.}.
+
+Then, whatever your version of Binutils is:
+
+@verbatim
+Kernel type
+ Kernel code model
+ (X) 64-bit kernel
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Optimizations
+@subsection Optimizations
+
+If you want higher performance but with increased memory consumption,
+select a @option{Kernel page size} of 16kB:
+
+@verbatim
+Kernel type
+ Kernel page size
+ (X) 16kB
+@end verbatim
+
+Then, if you want to reduce the size of your kernel (this may increase
+decompression time at bootup though):
+
+@verbatim
+General setup
+ Kernel compression mode
+ (X) Bzip2
+@end verbatim
+
+Then, whatever your choice:
+
+@verbatim
+General setup
+ [*] Support for paging of anonymous memory (swap)
+@end verbatim
+
+To be able to copy your kernel configuration through kernel versions,
+you may want to select the following options:
+
+@verbatim
+General setup
+ <*> Kernel .config support
+ [*] Enable access to .config through /proc/config.gz
+@end verbatim
+
+If you want to optimize your kernel for size (but not necessarily for
+speed), select the following option:
+
+@verbatim
+General setup
+ [*] Optimize for size
+@end verbatim
+
+Selecting this option will use option @option{-Os} of GCC instead of
+the default @option{-O2}.
+
+
+@node Compatibility of executables
+@subsection Compatibility of executables
+
+@acronym{ELF} (Executable and Linkable Format) is a common standard
+file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, and core
+dumps.
+
+@verbatim
+Executable file formats
+ [*] Kernel support for ELF binaries
+ [*] Kernel support for Linux/MIPS 32-bit binary compatibility
+ [*] Kernel support for o32 binaries
+ [*] Kernel support for n32 binaries
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Power Management
+@subsection Power Management
+
+Power management is a feature that turns off the power or switches the
+system to a low-power state when inactive.
+
+@verbatim
+Power management options
+ [*] Power Management support
+ [*] Power Management Debug Support
+ [*] Verbose Power Management debugging
+ [*] Suspend to RAM and standby
+ [*] Hibernation (aka 'suspend to disk')
+@end verbatim
+
+To be able to get information on your battery status, select the
+following option:
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ <*> Power supply class support
+ [*] Power supply debug
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Network card configuration
+@subsection Network card configuration
+
+The network card is the component of your computer that lets you
+browse the internet and receive emails, among other things. This
+section covers both wired and wireless network cards.
+
+@menu
+* Ethernet card configuration:: Configuring your ethernet card
+* Wireless card configuration:: Configuring your wireless card
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Ethernet card configuration
+@subsubsection Ethernet card configuration
+
+To know which ethernet controller you have, type in a terminal:
+
+@verbatim
+lspci | grep Ethernet
+@end verbatim
+
+In order to build the driver for the RTL-8139 ethernet controller:
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ [*] Network device support
+ [*] Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit)
+ <*> Realtek RTL-8129/8130/8139 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter
+ support
+@end verbatim
+
+@c [*] Support for uncommon RTL-8139 rev. K (automatic
+@c channel equalization)
+
+
+@node Wireless card configuration
+@subsubsection Wireless card configuration
+
+To know which wireless card is connected to your USB port, in a
+terminal, type:
+
+@verbatim
+lsusb | grep Wireless
+@end verbatim
+
+To be able to build the option @option{cfg80211}, which is the current
+wireless configuration API, @emph{not as a module} inside the kernel,
+you will have to select the following option first:
+
+@verbatim
+[*] Networking support
+ <*> RF Switch subsystem support
+@end verbatim
+
+Then:
+
+@verbatim
+[*] Networking support
+ -*- Wireless
+ <*> cfg80211 -wireless configuration API
+ [*] cfg80211 wireless extensions compatibility
+ <*> Wireless extensions sysfs files
+ <*> Common routines for IEEE802.11 drivers
+ [*] lib80211 debugging messages
+@end verbatim
+
+mac80211 is a framework which driver developers can use to write
+drivers for SoftMAC wireless devices@footnote{See
+@uref{http://www.linuxwireless.org/en/developers/Documentation/mac80211/}
+for more information.}.
+
+The following option needs to be built @emph{not as a module} in order
+for the option @option{Realtek 8187 and 8187B USB support} to be
+built inside the kernel @emph{not as a module}:
+
+@verbatim
+[*] Networking support
+ -*- Wireless
+ <*> Generic IEEE 802.11 Networking stack (mac80211)
+@end verbatim
+
+Enabling EEPROM 93CX6 is required in order to build option
+@option{Realtek 8187 and 8187B USB support} inside the kernel:
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ [*] Misc devices
+ EEPROM support
+ -*- EEPROM 93CX6 support
+@end verbatim
+
+If you want built-in support for Realtek 8187 and 8187B:
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ Network device support
+ [*] Wireless LAN
+ <*> Realtek 8187 and 8187B USB support
+@end verbatim
+
+Then:
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ [*] USB support
+ {*} Enable Wireless USB extensions (EXPERIMENTAL)
+@end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ Generic Driver Options
+ - - Userspace firmware loading support
+ [ ] Include in-kernel firmware blobs in kernel binary
+@end verbatim
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node Flash media
+@subsection Flash media
+
+To know which driver to enable in the kernel, type @samp{lsusb | grep
+multicard} in a terminal.
+
+If you want to enable support for USB keys and SDcard:
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ SCSI device support
+ <*> SCSI device support
+ <*> SCSI disk support
+
+ [*] USB support
+ <M> USB Mass Storage support
+
+ <*> MMC/SD/SDIO card support
+ <*> USB SD Host Controller (USHC) support
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node File Systems
+@subsection File Systems
+
+By default, we recommend using Ext3 filesystem:
+
+@verbatim
+File systems
+ <*> Ext3 journalling file system support
+@end verbatim
+
+If you don't need support for RAID or LVM:
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ [ ] Multiple devices driver support (RAID and LVM)
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Input devices
+@subsection Input devices
+
+To configure Keyboard:
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ Input device support
+ [*] Keyboards
+ <*> AT keyboard
+ [*] Mice
+ <*> PS/2 mouse
+ <*> Synaptics PS/2 mouse protocol extension
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Display
+@subsection Display
+
+To know your @acronym{VGA} (Video Graphics Array) controller model
+(@acronym{VGA} refers to display hardware), type @samp{lspci | grep
+VGA} in a terminal. A @dfn{framebuffer} is a video output device
+that drives a video display from a memory buffer containing a complete
+frame of data@footnote{For more information, see
+@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framebuffer}.}.
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ Graphics support
+ <*> Support for frame buffer devices
+ <M> Userspace VESA VGA graphics support
+ Console display driver support
+ <*> Framebuffer Console support
+ -*- VGA 8x16 font
+
+ [*] Staging drivers
+ <*> Silicon Motion SM7XX Frame Buffer Support
+@end verbatim
+
+@c [*] VESA VGA graphics support
+
+
+@node Unicode support
+@subsection Unicode support
+
+Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding,
+representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's
+writing systems@footnote{For more information, read
+@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode}.}.
+
+@verbatim
+File systems
+ -*- Native language support
+ <*> NLS UTF-8
+@end verbatim
+
+@c Device Drivers
+@c [*] Multifunction device drivers
+@c <*> Support for CS5535 and CS5536 southbridge core functions
+
+@c In File systems, remove support for Btrfs filesystem, otherwise
+@c compilation will fail.
+
+
+@node Kernel Compilation
+@subsection Kernel Compilation
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 hours and 40 minutes
+make \
+ ARCH=mips \
+ CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}-
+make \
+ ARCH=mips \
+ CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
+ INSTALL_MOD_PATH=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ modules_install
+cp vmlinuz ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/vmlinuz
+cp System.map ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/System.map
+cp .config ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/config
+cd ..
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Tip
+because future compilation may need kernel sources, the compilation
+directory of the kernel should be preserved.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Configuration Files
+@chapter Creating Required Configuration Files for the New System
+
+@menu
+* Time Setup File:: File for time setup.
+* Bash Keyboard Setup:: Setting up keyboard function keys
+ for the Shell.
+* Bash Startup Files:: Setting up Bash shell startup files.
+* Localhost Setup:: Setting up localhost.
+* hosts Setup:: Setting up @file{hosts} file.
+* Network Address Setup:: Setting up network address.
+* DNS Setup:: Setting up DNS.
+* fstab File Creation:: Creating @file{fstab} file.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Time Setup File
+@section File for Time Setup
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/clock << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock
+
+UTC=1
+
+# End /etc/sysconfig/clock
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bash Keyboard Setup
+@section Setting up Keyboard Function keys for the Shell
+
+Readline default configuration file is set:
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inputrc << "EOF"
+set bell-style none
+set convert-meta Off
+set horizontal-scroll-mode Off
+set input-meta On
+set output-meta On
+"\eOd": backward-word
+"\eOc": forward-word
+"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
+"\e[4~": end-of-line
+"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
+"\e[6~": end-of-history
+"\e[3~": delete-char
+"\e[2~": quoted-insert
+"\eOH": beginning-of-line
+"\eOF": end-of-line
+"\e[H": beginning-of-line
+"\e[F": end-of-line
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+If @option{convert-meta} is set to @samp{on}, Readline will convert
+characters with the eighth bit set to an @sc{ascii} key sequence by
+stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an @key{ESC} character,
+converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
+
+@option{horizontal-scroll-mode} set to @samp{off} means that the text
+of the lines being edited will be wrapped onto a new screen line when
+they are longer than the width of the screen, instead of being
+scrolled horizontally on a single screen line.
+
+@c set meta-flag On
+
+@option{input-meta} If set to @samp{on}, Readline will enable
+eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it
+reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
+
+If @option{output-meta} is set to @samp{on}, Readline will display
+characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a
+meta-prefixed escape sequence.
+
+@ignore
+"\eOd": backward-word
+"\eOc": forward-word
+"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
+"\e[4~": end-of-line
+"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
+"\e[6~": end-of-history
+"\e[3~": delete-char
+"\e[2~": quoted-insert
+"\eOH": beginning-of-line
+"\eOF": end-of-line
+"\e[H": beginning-of-line
+"\e[F": end-of-line
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node Bash Startup Files
+@section Setting up Bash Shell Startup Files
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/profile << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/profile
+
+export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
+export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
+export PS1='\[\e[31m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '
+
+# End /etc/profile
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The environement variable @env{LANG} defines the default language that
+should be used on the system. @samp{en_US.UTF-8} means ``english''
+language, country ``US'' and @acronym{UTF-8} (UCS Transformation
+Format—8-bit) encoding (Unicode).
+
+@c For a full list, see???
+
+For explanations on @env{PS1}, @pxref{Environment Variables Setup}.
+
+
+@node Localhost Setup
+@section Localhost Setup
+
+@verbatim
+echo "HOSTNAME=gllfsc" > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node hosts Setup
+@section Setting up @file{hosts} File
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/hosts << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/hosts
+
+127.0.0.1 gllfsc localhost
+
+# End /etc/hosts
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Network Address Setup
+@section Setting up Network Address
+
+You can choose to have a network static or dynamic address.
+
+@menu
+* Network Static Address Setup:: Setting up Network Static Address.
+* Network Dynamic Address Setup:: Setting up Network Dynamic
+ Address.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Network Static Address Setup
+@subsection Setting up Network Static Address
+
+@verbatim
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
+mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
+cat > ifconfig.eth0/ipv4 << "EOF"
+ONBOOT=yes
+SERVICE=ipv4-static
+IP=192.168.1.1
+GATEWAY=192.168.1.2
+PREFIX=24
+BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
+EOF
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Warning
+@code{IP}, @code{GATEWAY}, @code{BROADCAST} addresses are set up
+according to one's situation.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Network Dynamic Address Setup
+@subsection Setting up Network Dynamic Address
+
+@verbatim
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
+mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
+cat > ifconfig.eth0/ip << "EOF"
+ONBOOT=yes
+SERVICE=dhcpcd
+DHCP_START="-t10"
+DHCP_STOP="-k"
+EOF
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node DNS Setup
+@section Setting up DNS
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/resolv.conf << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/resolv.conf
+
+nameserver your-main-DNS-address
+nameserver your-secondary-DNS-address
+
+# End /etc/resolv.conf
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node fstab File Creation
+@section @file{fstab} File Creation
+
+The file @file{/etc/fstab} is used at boot to mount partitions under
+the requested directories.
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/fstab << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/fstab
+
+# file system mount-point type options dump fsck order
+
+/dev/hda4 / ext3 defaults 1 1
+/dev/hda3 swap swap pri=1 0 0
+proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
+sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
+devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=4,mode=620 0 0
+shm /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
+
+# End /etc/fstab
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Warning
+the name of the hard drive and the name of filesystem used here have
+to be modified to reflect @emph{your} real situation.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node End
+@chapter The End
+
+@menu
+* Archiving:: All the system archived in one
+ package.
+* Recommendations:: Some tips.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Archiving
+@section Archiving the System
+
+After the system has been completed, we use the command @command{exit}
+to logout as the @emph{gllfsc} user.
+
+Now, login as the @emph{root} user.
+
+Then fix the permissions on the new system:
+
+@verbatim
+export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}
+mknod -m 600 dev/console c 5 1
+mknod -m 666 dev/null c 1 3
+cp -a dev/{console,null} lib/udev/devices/
+chown -R root:root *
+@end verbatim
+
+We archive the entire system by using the following command:
+
+@verbatim
+# 20 minutes without kernel sources nor cross-tools
+tar -cjf gllfsc-20121006.tar.bz2 bin boot dev etc home lib* media \
+ mnt opt proc root sbin srv sys tmp usr var
+# 60 minutes with kernel sources + cross-tools
+#tar -cjf gllfsc-20121006.tar.bz2 *
+@end verbatim
+
+It is then easy to copy the archive to the target machine and extract.
+
+
+@node Recommendations
+@section Some Recommendations
+
+We recommend extracting the system to an empty partition. Moreover,
+the filesystem of the chosen partition has to be a filesystem
+supported by the kernel you compiled. Finally, this partition has to
+be consistent with the system description in the file
+@file{/etc/fstab} you created during setup (@pxref{fstab File
+Creation}).
+
+Then, you will have to edit the PMON BIOS configuration file of the
+target machine: @file{/boot.cfg}. This file has to be put on the first
+partition of the hard
+drive@footnote{@uref{http://gnewsense.org/Projects/Lemote#Updating_of_the_PMON_configuration}}. A
+minimal @file{/boot.cfg} could be:
+
+@verbatim
+default 0
+timeout 2
+showmenu 1
+
+title GLLFSC
+kernel (wd0,3)/boot/vmlinuz
+args console=tty no_auto_cmd root=/dev/hda4 rootdelay=8 machtype=8.9
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Further Readings
+@chapter Further Readings
+
+Haiyong Sun's website (in Chinese):
+@uref{http://youbest.cublog.cn}. It includes documents on building a
+GNU/Linux system for Loongson and a GNU/Hurd system for x86.
+
+Cross [GNU/]Linux from scratch: @uref{http://www.cross-lfs.org}.
+Includes a lot of documentation to build a GNU/Linux system by
+cross-compilation on a variety of hardware, no information (yet) for
+cross-compiling with sysroot on MIPS though. There is also a
+Community-driven Beyond [GNU/]Linux From Scratch on
+@uref{http://cblfs.cross-lfs.org}. It documents the building of Xorg
+and TeXLive among other things.
+
+@c Some patches from the above project are available for download on
+@c @uref{http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/patches/}.
+
+@uref{http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_@/man.txt}
+documents an interesting way of managing packages. Quotation from the
+file:
+
+@quotation
+DESCRIPTION:
+@itemize
+
+@item
+You want to know which packages your files belong to?
+
+@item
+You want to deinstall software that doesn't have make uninstall?
+
+@item
+You are bothered by programs installed setuid root behind your back?
+
+@item
+You don't like packages quietly overwriting files from other packages?
+
+@item
+You don't like package managers like RPM?
+
+@item
+YOU WANT TOTAL CONTROL USING ONLY UNIX BUILTINS?
+@end itemize
+@end quotation
+
+The suckless team@footnote{@uref{http://suckless.org}} is a group of
+programmers that share the following
+philosophy@footnote{@uref{http://suckless.org/philosophy}}:
+
+@quotation
+Focus on simplicity, clarity and frugality. Our philosophy is about
+keeping things simple, minimal and usable. We believe this should
+become the mainstream philosophy in the IT sector. Unfortunately, the
+tendency for complex, error-prone and slow software seems to be
+prevalent in the present-day software industry. We intend to prove the
+opposite with our software projects.
+@end quotation
+
+The simple and lightweight programs released by this team are
+interesting for machines based on Loongson 2F processor as performance
+is limited compared to current x86 processors.
+
+
+@node GNU Free Documentation License
+@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
+@include fdl-1.3.texi
+
+
+@node GNU General Public License
+@appendix GNU General Public License
+@include gpl.texi
+
+@bye
--- /dev/null
+\input texinfo
+@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename gllfsc-loongson3a-1.0.info
+@settitle GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 3A
+@c Comment the following if you want Letter format instead of A4 for
+@c PDF output
+@afourpaper
+@c %**end of header
+@c Book headers for PDF version
+@setchapternewpage odd
+@documentencoding UTF-8
+
+@copying
+This is edition 1.0 (last updated 31 July 2013) of
+@cite{GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 3A}.
+
+Copyright @copyright{} 2013 Christophe Jarry.
+
+This document is based on the Chinese page
+@url{http://zdbr.net.cn/download/Loongson64-@/2.0.htm}, which is
+copyright @copyright{} 2009
+@c Because TeX does not handle Chinese fonts automatically, we need to
+@c do the following:
+@ifnottex
+Haiyong Sun (å™æµ·å‹‡).
+@end ifnottex
+@iftex
+Haiyong Sun.
+@end iftex
+His blog is on @url{http://youbest.cublog.cn}.
+
+Various formats of this manual as well as its texinfo source are
+available on
+@uref{http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/}.
+
+@quotation
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+Free Documentation License''.
+@end quotation
+
+@quotation
+Computer instructions in this manual are free software: you can
+redistribute them and/or modify them under the terms of the GNU
+General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
+either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+version.
+
+Those instructions are distributed in the hope that they will be
+useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this manual. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+@end quotation
+
+@end copying
+
+@c @setchapternewpage odd
+
+@titlepage
+@title GNU/Linux-libre from source code
+@subtitle for Loongson 3A
+@c @subtitle SUBTITLE-IF-ANY
+@c @subtitle SECOND-SUBTITLE
+@author Christophe Jarry
+
+@c The following two commands
+@c start the copyright page.
+@page
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+@insertcopying
+
+@c Published by ...
+@end titlepage
+
+@c Short table of contents
+@shortcontents
+
+@c So the toc is printed at the start.
+@contents
+
+@ifnottex
+@node Top
+@top GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 3A
+
+This manual describes how to build a GNU/Linux-libre system from
+source for Loongson 3A processor.
+
+@insertcopying
+@end ifnottex
+
+@menu
+* Introduction:: What this document is all about.
+* Prerequisites:: Useful knowledge before proceeding.
+* Preliminary Work:: Preparing the build.
+* Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain:: Building the cross-
+ compilation Toolchain.
+* Building Cross-Compilation Tools:: Building the cross-compilation
+ Tools.
+* Building the Target System:: How to build the target system.
+* Configuration Files:: Creating configuration files
+ needed by the new system.
+* End:: Final things to do.
+* Further Readings:: Websites useful to know more.
+* Thanks:: Thanks.
+* GNU Free Documentation License:: Your rights and freedoms with the
+ text.
+* GNU General Public License:: Your rights and freedoms with the
+ commands.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Introduction
+@chapter Introduction
+
+@menu
+* GNU/Linux History:: A brief history of GNU/Linux.
+* Purpose of this Document:: What this document is all about.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node GNU/Linux History
+@section GNU/Linux History
+
+@menu
+* GNU:: Presentation of the GNU project
+* HURD:: Presentation of the HURD
+* Linux:: Presentation of the kernel Linux
+* Linux-libre:: Presentation of the kernel Linux-libre
+* References:: Where to get more information
+@end menu
+
+@node GNU
+@subsection GNU
+
+@acronym{GNU} (GNU's Not Unix) is a project launched by Richard
+Stallman in 1984 with the goal of building an entirely free operating
+system compatible with Unix@footnote{See
+@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix}}. ``Free'' here means ``free
+as in freedom''. In this context, a free operating system is an
+operating system you can use and share in freedom. A core part of his
+motivation is given in the GNU
+Manifesto@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html}}:
+
+@quotation
+I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
+divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
+with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
+way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
+software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
+Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
+but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
+institution where such things are done for me against my will.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
+decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
+will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
+have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
+me from giving GNU away.
+@end quotation
+
+A program is free software if the program's user has the four
+essential freedoms:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).
+
+@item
+The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does
+her computing as she wishes (freedom 1). Access to the source code is
+a precondition for this.
+
+@item
+The freedom to redistribute copies so she can help her neighbor
+(freedom 2).
+
+@item
+The freedom to distribute copies of her modified versions to others
+(freedom 3). By doing this she can give the whole community a chance
+to benefit from her changes. Access to the source code is a
+precondition for this.
+@end itemize
+
+One of the most popular free software license is the GNU General
+Public License (GNU
+GPL@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html}}).
+
+The free software movement is supported by the Free Software
+Foundation (FSF@footnote{@uref{http://www.fsf.org}}).
+
+
+@node HURD
+@subsection HURD
+
+The @acronym{HURD} is an acronym for @acronym{HIRD} (HURD of
+interfaces representing depth) of Unix-replacing daemons. It is the
+GNU project's replacement for the Unix kernel. It is a collection of
+servers that run on the Mach microkernel to implement file systems,
+network protocols, file access control, and other features that are
+implemented by the Unix kernel or similar kernels (such as Linux).
+
+The purpose of the GNU HURD is to improve the user's freedom on her
+operating system by allowing her to either add or remove a feature of
+the kernel on the fly.
+
+From early on, the HURD was developed to use GNU Mach as the
+microkernel. This was a technical decision made by Richard Stallman,
+who thought it would speed up the work by saving a large part of
+it. He has admitted that he was wrong about that.
+
+Nevertheless, development of the HURD is increasingly attracting
+developers and GNU/HURD systems exist and are usable.
+
+
+@node Linux
+@subsection Linux
+
+Linux is a monolithic kernel created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linus
+Torvalds initially wrote a terminal emulator, which he used to access
+the large UNIX servers of his university. He wrote the program
+specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an
+operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC
+with an 80386 processor. This later became the kernel Linux.
+
+Initially, Torvalds first published the kernel Linux under its own
+licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.
+
+In the notes for the first release of the kernel Linux, Torvalds lists
+the GNU software that is required to run Linux:
+
+@quotation
+Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system
+you need a shell, compilers, a library etc. [...] Most of the tools
+used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft.
+@end quotation
+
+In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General
+Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes
+of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version
+0.99 using the GNU GPL.
+
+The kernel Linux is now a contribution of many professionals and
+volonteers around the world.
+
+
+@node Linux-libre
+@subsection Linux-libre
+
+Linux, the kernel developed and distributed by Linus Torvalds et al,
+contains non-Free Software@footnote{For more information about the
+presence of proprietary firmware in the kernel Linux, read
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre.en}
+and
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/@/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html#nonfree-firmware}.},
+i.e., software that does not respect your essential freedoms, and it
+induces you to install additional non-Free Software that it doesn't
+contain.
+
+GNU
+Linux-libre@footnote{@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html}}
+is a project to maintain and publish 100% Free distributions of Linux,
+suitable for use in Free System Distributions@footnote{For a full list
+of free as in freedom GNU/Linux distributions, see
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/distros}.}, removing software that is
+included without source code, with obfuscated or obscured source code,
+under non-Free Software licenses, that do not permit you to change the
+software so that it does what you wish, and that induces or requires
+you to install additional pieces of non-Free Software.
+
+
+@node References
+@subsection References
+
+For more information on the GNU project and its relation with the
+kernel Linux, you can read @uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html}
+and @uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html}.
+
+For more information on the history of the HURD, I recommend you to
+read @uref{http://www.h-online.com/open/features/GNU-HURD-Altered-visions-and-lost-promise@/-1030942.html}.
+
+For more information on the HURD, read @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd}.
+
+
+@node Purpose of this Document
+@section Purpose of this Document
+
+Lemote offered me a Yeeloong 8133 in late 2012. I wanted to adapt some
+parts of gNewSense@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnewsense.org}} for MIPS
+to this particular laptop. I also wanted to port the document I wrote
+for Loongson 2F to Loongson 3A: GNU/Linux@footnote{Note: in this
+document, we use the term ``GNU/Linux'' to name the entire system and
+``Linux'' to name the kernel. For more information, read
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html}.} Libre from Source
+Code for Loongson 3A was born.
+
+
+@node Prerequisites
+@chapter Prerequisites
+
+@menu
+* Definitions:: Definitions of important notions used to build the
+ system
+* Commands:: Help on commands
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Definitions
+@section Definitions
+
+@menu
+* sysroot:: @option{sysroot}
+* Toolchain:: What a Toolchain is.
+* build host target:: Understanding the meaning of the
+ @option{build}-@option{host}-@option{target}
+ triplet.
+* FHS:: The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node sysroot
+@subsection @option{sysroot}
+
+The traditional way of building a GNU/Linux operating system consists
+on building a (cross-) compilation toolchain to build a temporary
+operating system which in turn will be used to build the target
+system@footnote{@pxref{Further Readings} section for more
+details}. This requires almost as much time to complete the temporary
+system as to build the target one. Using sysroot resolves this
+problem.
+
+From GCC installation manual, under Cross-Compiler-Specific Options:
+
+@table @code
+@item --with-sysroot
+@itemx --with-sysroot=@var{dir}
+Tells GCC to consider @var{dir} as the root of a tree that contains (a
+subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system. Target
+system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched
+in there. More specifically, this acts as if
+@option{--sysroot=@var{dir}} was added to the default options of the
+built compiler. The specified directory is not copied into the
+install tree, unlike the options @option{--with-headers} and
+@option{--with-libs} that this option obsoletes. The default value,
+in case @option{--with-sysroot} is not given an argument, is
+@option{$@{gcc_tooldir@}/sys-root}. If the specified directory is a
+subdirectory of @option{$@{exec_prefix@}}, then it will be found
+relative to the GCC binaries if the installation tree is moved.
+
+This option affects the system root for the compiler used to build
+target libraries (which runs on the build system) and the compiler
+newly installed with @code{make install}; it does not affect the
+compiler which is used to build GCC itself.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Toolchain
+@subsection Toolchain
+
+According to
+Wikipedia@footnote{@uref{http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolchain}}:
+
+@quotation
+In software, a toolchain is the set of programming tools that are used
+to create a product (typically another computer program or system of
+programs). The tools may be used in a chain, so that the output of
+each tool becomes the input for the next, but the term is used widely
+to refer to any set of linked development tools.
+
+A simple software development toolchain consists of a text editor for
+editing source code, a compiler and linker to transform the source
+code into an executable program, libraries to provide interfaces to
+the operating system, and a debugger.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node build host target
+@subsection @option{build}, @option{host} and @option{target}
+
+During a cross-compilation, @option{build} @option{host} and
+@option{target} are among the most used options: understanding the
+precise meaning of those parameters is very important. We could define
+them thus:
+
+@itemize
+@item @option{--build=@var{platform on which the program is
+compiled}},
+@item @option{--host=@var{platform on which the program will run}},
+@item @option{--target=@var{platform for which the program will create
+output}}.
+@end itemize
+
+Let's use GCC as an example to explain the role of those three
+parameters.
+
+During GCC compilation, we use:
+
+@samp{./configure --build=@var{build-platform}
+--host=@var{host-platform} --target=@var{target-platform} [various
+compilation parameters]}
+
+So in those configuration parameters:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@option{--build} provides the name of the platform currently running.
+If we were using an Intel Pentium processor to compile the system, our
+@var{build-platform} would be something like @samp{i686-pc-linux-gnu}.
+
+If this parameter is not specified, it will be guessed automatically.
+
+@item
+@option{--host} represents the type of machine we are going to run GCC
+on after the compilation succeeds. During a cross-compilation this has
+to be specified, because the current machine can not know which
+architecture we wish to target. We want to produce executables to run
+on @emph{Loongson}, but there is currently no way we can specify
+@samp{Loongson} directly; because of this we specify
+@samp{mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu}.
+
+@option{--host} can also be left unspecified, in that case,
+@var{host-platform} would automatically define itself as
+@var{build-platform}, but this is not cross-compilation anymore.
+
+@quotation Note
+when @option{--build} and @option{--host} are different, configuration
+files will maintain the cross-compilation mode.
+@end quotation
+
+@item
+@option{--target} defines the system for which compiler tools will
+create output.
+
+@var{target-platform} parameter is useful only for a limited number of
+programs. Although this parameter is often present when issuing
+@samp{./configure --help}, hardly any packages will need it.
+
+This parameter is only useful for performing tasks with different
+platforms; for instance, executable files compiled for different
+platforms can have a totally different code.
+@end itemize
+
+If we summarize, we have:
+
+@itemize
+@item @var{build-platform}: automatically guessed from platform in
+use; has to be specified if not guessed.
+
+@item @var{host-platform}: if unspecified, automatically equals
+@var{build-platform}. When @var{build-platform} and
+@var{host-platform} values are identical, it is a local compilation;
+otherwise it is a cross-compilation.
+
+@item @var{target-platform}: defines the system for which compiler
+tools will create output; it equals @var{host-platform} if
+unspecified. GCC, binutils, and programs related to the platform's
+instructions have this parameter; most programs do not use this
+parameter.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node FHS
+@subsection FHS
+
+The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) has been created to specify
+the location and use of main directories on a GNU/Linux operating
+system. Common commands, user data, libraries have to be put inside a
+specific directory given in the standard. During the build process,
+some commands are used to comply with FHS.
+
+
+@node Commands
+@section Commands
+
+Because most commands are common for a regular Unix user, only
+uncommon commands are explained in this document. If you do not
+understand a command that is not explained, you can use the
+documentation available on your computer; in a terminal, typing
+@samp{man @var{command}} should give you enough information. For GNU
+software, @samp{info @var{package}} can also give additional
+information.
+
+To know more about command line, I suggest you read "Introduction to
+the Command Line" which is available on
+@uref{http://flossmanuals.net/command-line/}.
+
+
+@node Preliminary Work
+@chapter Preliminary Work
+
+@quotation Important
+In order to complete the first steps of this chapter, you will need to
+have root permissions.
+@end quotation
+
+@menu
+* Build Partition Creation:: Creating a partition for the build.
+* Build User Creation:: Creating a user account dedicated to
+ the build.
+* Work Directory Creation:: Creating the parent directory for the
+ build.
+* Partition Mount:: Mounting the partition dedicated to the
+ build.
+* Useful Directories Creation:: Creating the directories for downloads
+ and compilations.
+* User Switch:: Switching to the user dedicated to the
+ build.
+* Environment Variables Setup:: Setting up the environment variables
+ of the target system.
+* Downloads:: Downloading needed packages and
+ patches.
+* Final Preparations:: Preparing the system for the build.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Build Partition Creation
+@section Build Partition Creation
+
+To dedicate the partition @file{/dev/sda8} to the system build, and to
+define the filesystem to be used for it as @samp{ext3}:
+
+@verbatim
+mke2fs -t ext3 /dev/sda8
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{-t} is followed by the type of filesystem to be
+used. The filesystem @samp{ext3} is used as it is one of the most
+common filesystem used with the kernel Linux.
+
+
+@node Build User Creation
+@section Build User Creation
+
+To create the builder group, user and password:
+
+@verbatim
+groupadd gllfsc
+useradd -s /bin/bash -g gllfsc -m -k /dev/null gllfsc
+passwd gllfsc
+@end verbatim
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Option @option{-s} (or @option{--shell}) is used to define the created
+user's default shell, here @file{/bin/bash}.
+
+@item
+Option @option{-g} (or @option{--gid}) is used to define the group
+name or number of the created user's initial login group, here
+@samp{gllfsc}.
+
+@item
+Option @option{-m} (or @option{--create-home}) does create the user's
+home directory if it does not exist (@file{/home/@var{username}}).
+
+@item
+Option @option{-k} (or @option{--skel}) is used to define the skeleton
+directory to be copied in the user's home directory, here
+@file{/dev/null}. @file{/dev/null} is a special file which, in this
+case, will give no skeleton at all to @command{useradd}.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Work Directory Creation
+@section Work Directory Creation
+
+To create the directory @file{/gllfsc} in which the system will be
+built:
+
+@verbatim
+export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"
+mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"} sets the value of the variable
+@env{TARGET_DIR} to @file{/gllfsc}, the directory in which the system
+will be built.
+
+
+@node Partition Mount
+@section Mounting Partition
+
+To mount the hard drive partition, for instance @file{/dev/sda8}, used
+to build the system:
+
+@verbatim
+mount /dev/sda8 ${TARGET_DIR}
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Useful Directories Creation
+@section Creating Compilation and Download Directories
+
+@verbatim
+mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}/{build,download}
+chown -Rv gllfsc ${TARGET_DIR}
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node User Switch
+@section Switching to the Build User
+
+To login as the user that will build the system:
+
+@verbatim
+su - gllfsc
+@end verbatim
+
+With the command @command{su}, it is possible to change the user
+ID. The option @option{-} provides an environment similar to what the
+user would expect had the user logged in directly.
+
+
+@node Environment Variables Setup
+@section Setting up Required Environment Variables
+
+@file{~/.bash_profile} is a personal initialization file that is read
+when Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell (@file{~} is the
+location of the user's home directory). To write the content of the
+file @file{~/.bash_profile}:
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
+exec env -i HOME=${HOME} TERM=${TERM} PS1=${PS1} /bin/bash
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The first line creates the file @file{~/.bash_profile} and opens it
+for writing until @samp{@acronym{EOF}} (End Of File) is written in it.
+
+The second line tells Bash to execute @file{/bin/bash} with the option
+@option{-i} (or @option{--ignore-environment}) which will make Bash
+start with an empty environment. Variables @env{HOME}, @env{TERM} and
+@env{PS1} define respectively the home directory of the current user,
+the terminal used and the primary prompt string displayed.
+
+@file{~/.bashrc} is a personal initialization file that is read when
+Bash is invoked as an interactive shell but not a login one. To write
+the content of the file @file{~/.bashrc}:
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
+set +h
+umask 022
+alias make='make -j4'
+export PS1='\[\e[35m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '
+export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
+export LC_ALL=POSIX
+export BUILD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/build"
+export DOWNLOAD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/download"
+export CROSS_HOST="$(echo $MACHTYPE |\
+ sed "s/$(echo $MACHTYPE | cut -d- -f2)/cross/")"
+export CROSS_TARGET="mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu"
+export MABI="n32"
+#export MABI="64"
+export MARCH="loongson3a"
+export PATH=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
+unset CFLAGS
+unset CXXFLAGS
+EOF
+source ~/.bash_profile
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{set +h} tells Bash to not locate nor remember commands (hash) as
+they are looked up for execution.
+
+@samp{umask 022} sets Bash process' file creation mask to
+@samp{022}. This results in permissions of `755' for those files.
+
+@samp{alias make='make -j4'} tells Bash to replace every call of
+@samp{make} by @samp{make -j4}. This makes full use of the four cores
+available in the Loongson 3A to build packages by parallelizing tasks.
+
+@samp{export PS1='\[\e[35m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '} sets the primary
+prompt strings. The primary prompt strings are the strings you see
+before the commands you type in the terminal. The part @samp{\A-\W}
+means that the time, in 24-hour HH:MM format and the basename of
+@env{$PWD} will be displayed separated by a `-', as in
+@samp{19:33-bin}. The part @samp{\$} adds a dollar sign at the end,
+@samp{\[\e[35m\]} colors the strings in purple and @samp{\[\e[00m\]}
+gets the original color back. For other colors, you can browse
+@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code}.
+
+@env{LC_ALL} is a macro used to define a single locale to overwrite
+other @env{LC_*} and @env{LANG} environment variables so that
+language, numeric values, time and other locale-dependant values have
+all the same value. It is set to the standard POSIX locale.
+
+@samp{export BUILD_DIR="$@{TARGET_DIR@}/build"} sets the environment
+variable @env{BUILD_DIR} to the value of @samp{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/build}
+which is @samp{/gllfsc/build} in this document.
+
+The value of variable @env{CROSS_HOST} equals the value of variable
+@env{MACHTYPE} of the current machine (for instance
+@samp{i686-pc-linux-gnu}) modulo the second word, which is replaced by
+@samp{cross} (i.e. @samp{i686-cross-linux-gnu}).
+
+The value of variable @env{CROSS_TARGET} equals the value of variable
+@env{MACHTYPE} of the machine for which the system is built (i.e.
+@samp{mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu}).
+
+The variable @env{MABI} defines the @acronym{ABI} (Application Binary
+Interface) for which the system will be built. @option{-mabi} is an
+option of GCC. n32/64 are for 64-bit CPUs only. 64 has 64-bit pointers
+and long integers, whereas n32 has 32-bit pointers and long integers.
+
+The variable @env{MARCH} defines the architecture for which the system
+will be built. @option{-march} is an option of @acronym{GCC} (GNU
+Compiler Collection).
+
+The variable @env{PATH} contains a colon-separated list of directories
+in which the shell looks for commands. The shell will first look for
+commands in @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}, then, if the
+command was not found, in @file{/bin} and finally in @file{/usr/bin}.
+
+@command{unset} command removes the variable associated, here
+@env{CFLAGS} and @env{CXXFLAGS}. Those variables are used by GCC as
+extra flags given to the C compiler and the C++ compiler
+respectively.
+
+Finally @samp{source ~/.bash_profile} reads and executes the content
+of the file @file{~/.bash_profile}.
+
+
+@node Downloads
+@section Downloads
+
+@menu
+* Packages Download:: List of packages to be downloaded.
+* Patches Download:: List of patches to be downloaded.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Packages Download
+@subsection Downloading Packages
+
+The packages listed below are those used in this document. You can try
+other versions but you will need a recent version of Binutils, GCC and
+the kernel Linux in order to build GLLFSC for Loongson 3A.
+
+Download those files under @env{$@{DOWNLOAD_DIR@}} (which is
+@file{/gllfsc/download} in this document).
+
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Autoconf: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Automake: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/automake/automake-1.14.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/automake/automake-1.13.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Bash: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Binutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/binutils/binutils-2.23.2.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/binutils/binutils-2.23.1.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Bison: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bison/bison-2.7.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bison/bison-2.5.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Bootscripts: @uref{http://ftp.cross-lfs.org/pub/clfs/conglomeration/bootscripts@/-cross-lfs/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0.0.tar.xz}.
+@c @uref{http://ftp.cross-lfs.org/pub/clfs/conglomeration/bootscripts-@/cross-lfs/bootscripts-cross-lfs-1.2-pre11.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Bzip2: @uref{http://www.bzip.org/1.0.6/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Coreutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/coreutils/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/coreutils/coreutils-8.21.tar.xz} fails.
+
+@item
+DHCPCD: @uref{http://roy.marples.name/downloads/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-6.0.2.tar@/.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://roy.marples.name/downloads/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-5.99.3.tar@/.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Diffutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/diffutils/diffutils-3.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+E2fsprogs: @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.42.8.tar@/.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.42.7.tar@/.gz}.
+
+@item
+File: @uref{ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.14.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.12.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Findutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/findutils/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Flex: @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/flex/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Gawk: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gawk/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gawk/gawk-4.0.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+GCC: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gcc/gcc-4.7.3/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2}.
+@c 4.8.1 gives the following error message at `make`:
+@c /usr/include/bits/resource.h:137: error: declaration does not declare anything
+@c ../../gcc-4.8.1/gcc/system.h:448: error: new declaration 'char* strstr(const char*, const char*)'
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gcc/gcc-4.7.2/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Gettext: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gettext/gettext-0.18.3.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gettext/gettext-0.18.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Glibc: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-2.16.0.tar.bz2}.
+@c fails to generate localedef, see
+@c http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14624
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-2.13.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Glibc-Ports: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-ports-2.16.0.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-ports-2.13.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Gmp: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gmp/gmp-5.1.2.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gmp/gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Grep: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/grep/grep-2.14.tar.xz}.
+
+@item
+Groff: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/groff/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/groff/groff-1.22.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Gzip: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gzip/gzip-1.6.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gzip/gzip-1.5.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Iana-Etc: @uref{http://sethwklein.net/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Inetutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/inetutils/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz}
+@c Iputils: @uref{http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/iputils-s20071127.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/iputils-s20121221.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/iputils-s20101006.tar.bz2}.
+@c depends on sysfs headers.
+
+@item
+Iproute2: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-3.10.0@/.tar.bz2}
+@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-3.7.0@/.tar.bz2}
+
+@item
+Kbd: @uref{http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd/kbd-1.15.5.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd/kbd-1.15.3.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Kmod: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-14.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-12.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Less: @uref{http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-458.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-451.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Libtool: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/libtool/libtool-2.4.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Linux-Libre @footnote{The kernel Linux is shipped with proprietary
+firmware. The version called Linux-Libre exists without them, it is
+available for download at
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/}.}.
+@c @uref{http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/3.5.4-gnu@//linux-libre-3.5.4-gnu.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+M4: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/m4/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Make: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/make/make-3.82.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Man-Pages: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/Archive/man-pages-@/3.52.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/Archive/man-pages-@/3.46.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Man: @uref{http://primates.ximian.com/~flucifredi/man/man-1.6g.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Mpc: @uref{http://www.multiprecision.org/mpc/download/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Mpfr: @uref{http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-3.1.1/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-3.1.1/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Nano: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/nano/nano-2.3.2.tar.gz}
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/nano/nano-2.3.1.tar.gz}
+
+@item
+Ncurses: @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Patch: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/patch/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Procps: @uref{http://procps.sourceforge.net/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Psmisc: @uref{http://sourceforge.net/projects/psmisc/files/psmisc/psmisc-22.20.tar@/.gz/download}.
+
+@item
+Readline: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/readline/readline-6.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Rsyslog: @uref{http://rsyslog.com/files/download/rsyslog/rsyslog-5.8.6.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://rsyslog.com/files/download/rsyslog/rsyslog-7.2.5.tar.gz}.
+@c has too many dependencies
+
+@item
+Sed: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/sed/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/sed/sed-4.2.1.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Shadow: @uref{http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/releases/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2}.
+@c Requires automake 1.11.5 and autoconf 2.69:
+@c @uref{http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/releases/shadow-4.1.5.1.tar@/.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Sysvinit: @uref{http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.88dsf@/.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Tar: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/tar/tar-1.26.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Texinfo: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/texinfo-5.1.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/texinfo-4.13a.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Udev: @uref{ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev-175.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev-182.tar.bz2}.
+@c troubles with blkid
+
+@item
+Util-Linux: @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.19/util-@/linux-2.19.1.tar.bz2}.
+@c requires PAM headers
+@c @uref{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.22/util-linux-2.22.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+XZ-Utils: @uref{http://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.0.5.tar.bz2}.
+@c @uref{http://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.0.4.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Zlib: @uref{http://www.zlib.net/zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz}.
+@c @uref{http://sourceforge.net/projects/libpng/files/zlib/1.2.7/zlib-1.2.7.tar@/.bz2/download}.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Patches Download
+@subsection Downloading Patches
+
+Patches and configuration files location:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@uref{http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/gllfsc-loongson3a-1.0-@/patches.tar.gz}. After
+having downloaded this file under @env{$@{DOWNLOAD_DIR@}}, execute
+the following commands to extract its content:
+
+@verbatim
+pushd ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}
+tar xvf gllfsc-loongson3a-1.0-patches.tar.gz
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@item
+The page
+@uref{http://dev.lemote.com/cgit/linux-official.git/commit/?h=linux-3.6@/&id=94fe1f0a7d2e3042fa7fadfd15da71b9d0c11809}
+describes the changes to be made to the kernel in order to add support
+for Chinese fonts in console. The patch applies to Linux 3.6.
+Be aware though that applying this patch to the kernel may make
+characters that are both non-@acronym{CJK} (Chinese Japanese Korean)
+and non-ASCII unreadable (accented letters, cyrillic, etc.).
+
+@item
+The page
+@uref{http://microcai.gsalex.net/old/archives/2011/01/fbcon_UNICODE_font_support.html}
+is useful for users who want support for @acronym{CJK} (Chinese
+Japanese Korean) characters under the (non-graphical) terminal. It
+gives access to a git@footnote{@uref{http://git-scm.com/}} repository
+with kernel patches@footnote{The patches to use with version 3.5 of
+the kernel are the first four on
+@uref{http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/cjktty.git/shortlog/refs/heads/3.5-utf8}.}
+that permit direct rendering of UTF-8 characters under the framebuffer
+environment. Be aware though that applying those CJK patches to the
+kernel may make characters that are both non-CJK and non-ASCII
+unreadable (accented letters, cyrillic, etc.).
+
+@item
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/lemote/gnewsense/tags/@/3.9.0-gnu_0loongsonlibre/100gnu+freedo.patch}
+@footnote{@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/lemote/gnewsense/tags/@/2.6.36-libre-lemote_0lxo/100gnu+freedo.patch}
+if you choose version 2.6.36 of the kernel.}
+this patch adds a picture of a GNU beside Freedo, Freedo being the
+mascot of Linux-Libre. The image can be seen on
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/100gnu+freedo}.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Final Preparations
+@section Final Preparations
+
+@menu
+* Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation:: Creating the directories of
+ the target system.
+* Needed Files Creation:: Creating files for needed
+ user, groups and log.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation
+@subsection Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation
+
+@verbatim
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}
+mkdir -pv bin boot dev {etc/,}opt home lib mnt
+mkdir -pv proc media/{floppy,cdrom} sbin srv sys
+mkdir -pv var/{lock,log,mail,run,spool}
+mkdir -pv var/{opt,cache,lib/{misc,locate},local}
+install -dv -m 0750 root
+install -dv -m 1777 {var/,}tmp
+mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
+mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/{doc,info,locale,man}
+mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
+mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
+for dir in usr{,/local}; do
+ ln -sv share/{man,doc,info} $dir
+done
+ln -svf lib lib64
+ln -svf lib lib32
+ln -svf lib usr/lib64
+ln -svf lib usr/lib32
+cd boot
+ln -svf . boot
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The command @samp{install -dv -m 1777 @{var/,@}tmp} creates the
+directories @file{var/tmp} and @file{tmp} with the permissions to
+read, write and execute for everyone. The '1' in @samp{1777} is the
+sticky bit which allows deletion of the file or directory having this
+attribute only for the owner of the file or directory.
+
+The command @samp{ln -svf lib lib64} creates a symbolic link (option
+@option{-s}) with the name @file{lib64} which will point to
+@file{lib}.
+
+
+@node Needed Files Creation
+@subsection Creating needed user, groups and log files
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/passwd << "EOF"
+root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The file @file{/etc/passwd} contains one line for each user account,
+with seven fields delimited by colons. These fields are:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+login name;
+
+@item
+optional encrypted password;
+
+@item
+numerical user ID;
+
+@item
+numerical group ID;
+
+@item
+user name or comment field;
+
+@item
+user home directory;
+
+@item
+optional user command interpreter.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/group << "EOF"
+root:x:0:
+bin:x:1:
+sys:x:2:
+kmem:x:3:
+tty:x:4:
+tape:x:5:
+daemon:x:6:
+floppy:x:7:
+disk:x:8:
+lp:x:9:
+dialout:x:10:
+audio:x:11:
+video:x:12:
+utmp:x:13:
+usb:x:14:
+cdrom:x:15:
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The file @file{/etc/group} is a text file which defines the groups on
+the system. There is one entry per line, with the following format:
+@samp{group_name:password:GID:user_list}.
+
+
+@verbatim
+touch ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
+chmod -v 664 ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/lastlog
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain
+@chapter Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain
+
+In this chapter, the cross-compilation toolchain is built as well as
+core components of the target system. Those will then be used to build
+the target system.
+
+@menu
+* Target Linux-Header:: Linux-Header for target system.
+* Cross Binutils:: Binutils for cross-compilation.
+* Cross GCC:: GCC for cross-compilation (C support only).
+* Target glibc:: glibc for target system.
+* Cross GCC CXX:: GCC for cross-compilation (C and C++ support).
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Target Linux-Header
+@section Target Linux-Header
+
+In this document, the kernel used is the one modified by Lemote to
+support Loongson 3A. It is planned to merge the changes made by Lemote
+into the official kernel maintained by Linus Torvalds. At the time of
+writing, this merge has not been made.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 hours mostly to get the kernel from git
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}
+# The following command takes about 5 hours to complete
+# with a high band width internet connection
+#3.9.0:
+git clone git://dev.lemote.com/linux-official.git
+# The following command takes about 30 minutes to complete
+# with a high band width internet connection
+#2.6.36-21.lemote:
+#git clone git://dev.lemote.com/linux-3A.git
+wget http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/3.9-gnu/deblob-{3.9,check}
+#wget http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/2.6.36-gnu/deblob-{2.6.36,check}
+chmod u+x deblob*
+cd linux-official
+#cd linux-3A
+# About 60 minutes for the following command
+../deblob-3.9 --force
+# About 45 minutes for the following command
+#../deblob-2.6.36 --force
+cd ..
+# About 2 minutes for the following one (1.1G)
+tar -cf linux-3.9-loongson3a-deblobbed.tar linux-official
+#tar -cf linux-2.6.36-21-loongson3a-deblobbed.tar linux-3A
+cd linux-official
+#cd linux-3A
+make mrproper
+make ARCH=mips headers_check
+make ARCH=mips INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install
+cp -rv dest/include/* ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
+cd ..
+rm -rf linux-official deblob*
+#rm -rf linux-3A deblob*
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{5 hours} is the time it takes to build the package on Lemote
+Yeeloong with a Loongson 3A processor. For this particular package, it
+incudes the time required to pull the source from git.
+
+The command @samp{make mrproper} cleans the sources.
+
+We need to specify @samp{ARCH=mips} as we are cross-compiling.
+
+
+@node Cross Binutils
+@section Cross Binutils
+
+GNU Binutils (GNU binary utilities) is a collection of programs for
+manipulating binaries.
+
+
+@verbatim
+# 10 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.23.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd $BUILD_DIR/binutils-2.23.2
+mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
+cd ../binutils-build
+CC="gcc" AR="ar" \
+ ../binutils-2.23.2/configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-64-bit-bfd \
+ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ --disable-nls \
+ --enable-shared
+make configure-host
+make
+make install
+cp -v ../binutils-2.23.2/include/libiberty.h \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
+cd ..
+rm -rf binutils-build
+rm -rf binutils-2.23.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{CC="gcc"} and @samp{AR="ar"} are flags that tell the
+@file{configure} script to use the local commands @command{gcc} as the
+C compiler and @command{ar} as the program that handles archives.
+
+@option{--prefix=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools} tells the configure
+script to install architecture-independant files in
+@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools}.
+
+The option @option{--enable-64-bit-bfd} enables 64 bit for
+@acronym{BFD} (the Binary File Descriptor).
+
+@option{--with-sysroot=@env{$@{TARGET_DIR@}}} tells Binutils to
+consider @env{$@{TARGET_DIR@}} as the root of a tree that contains (a
+subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system. Target
+system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched
+in there.
+
+The @option{--enable-nls} option enables Native Language Support
+(NLS), which lets Binutils output diagnostics in languages other than
+American English. Native Language Support is enabled by default if not
+doing a canadian cross build. The @option{--disable-nls} option
+disables NLS.
+
+The option @option{--enable-shared} is used to build shared versions
+of libraries, if shared libraries are supported on the target
+platform. Use @option{--disable-shared} to build only static
+libraries.
+
+@c cp -v ../binutils-2.22/include/libiberty.h \
+@c ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
+
+
+@node Cross GCC
+@section Cross GCC (C support only)
+
+GCC is the GNU compiler collection. It can compile many languages, of
+which only C and C++ will be enabled in this document.
+
+In this section, we build a minimal GCC in order to build glibc.
+
+@quotation Warning
+to build GMP (a GCC dependency), you need a version of GCC different
+from 4.3.2 on you system@footnote{@uref{http://gmplib.org/#STATUS}}:
+@end quotation
+
+@quotation
+GCC 4.3.2 miscompiles GMP on 64-bit machines; please use a different
+gcc version (e.g., gcc 4.3.1 and gcc 4.3.3 both work properly). We
+have not been able to find any workaround for this gcc bug.
+Unfortunately, Debian 5.0 has decided to stay with this trouble gcc
+version, resulting in that many users strike this bug.
+@end quotation
+
+I recommend installing @samp{gcc-4.4} on gNewSense Parkes to avoid
+this issue.
+
+@verbatim
+# 35 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.2.tar.bz2
+mv gmp-5.1.2 gmp
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
+mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2
+mv mpfr-3.1.2 mpfr
+mkdir -pv ../gcc-build
+cd ../gcc-build
+../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ --disable-multilib \
+ --with-newlib \
+ --disable-nls \
+ --disable-shared \
+ --disable-threads \
+ --enable-languages=c \
+ --with-abi=${MABI} \
+ --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
+ --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
+make all-gcc
+make all-target-libgcc
+make install-gcc
+make install-target-libgcc
+cd ..
+rm -r gcc-build
+rm -r gcc-4.7.3
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--disable-multilib} specifies that multiple target libraries
+to support different target variants@footnote{Such as different ABI,
+for instance n32 and 64.}, calling conventions, etc@:. should not be
+built. The default is to build a predefined set of them.
+
+@option{--with-newlib} specifies that @samp{newlib} is being used as
+the target C library.
+
+@option{--disable-threads} specifies that threading support should be
+disabled.
+
+@option{--enable-languages=c} specifies that only the C compiler and
+its runtime libraries should be built.
+
+@c --with-abi=${MABI}
+
+@c --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
+@c --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
+@c to avoid error: libmpfr not found or uses a different ABI (including static vs shared).
+
+GCC provides a low-level runtime library, @file{libgcc.a} or
+@file{libgcc_s.so.1} on some platforms. GCC generates calls to
+routines in this library automatically, whenever it needs to perform
+some operation that is too complicated to emit inline code for. This
+is built with @samp{make all-target-libgcc} and installed with
+@samp{make install-target-libgcc}
+
+
+@node Target glibc
+@section Target glibc
+
+Glibc is the GNU C library. It provides macros, type definitions, and
+functions for tasks like string handling, mathematical computations,
+input/output processing, memory allocation and several other operating
+system services.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 hour 30 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.16.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/glibc-2.16.0
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-ports-2.16.0.tar.bz2
+mv -v glibc-ports-2.16.0 ports
+sed -i.orig "s/\ -lgcc_eh\|\ -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.16.0-cross_hacks-2.patch
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
+sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
+ ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
+mkdir -pv ../glibc-build
+cd ../glibc-build
+
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes
+libc_cv_slibdir=/lib
+EOF
+
+cat > configparms << EOF
+install_root=${TARGET_DIR}
+libdir=/usr/lib
+EOF
+
+BUILD_CC="gcc" \
+ CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \
+ AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
+ RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib" \
+ ../glibc-2.16.0/configure \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --disable-profile \
+ --enable-add-ons \
+ --with-tls \
+ --enable-kernel=2.6.36 \
+ --with-__thread \
+ --with-binutils=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
+ --with-headers=${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+
+make # to be run twice?
+
+make install
+
+#make localedata/install-locales
+# fails with (localedef patch does not fix the following):
+#....../bin/sh: /gllfsc/build/glibc-build/locale/localedef-native: not found
+#Giving up installing locales for now
+
+cd ..
+rm -rf glibc-build
+rm -rf glibc-2.16.0
+popd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf
+
+passwd: files
+group: files
+shadow: files
+
+hosts: files dns
+networks: files
+
+protocols: files
+services: files
+ethers: files
+rpc: files
+
+# End /etc/nsswitch.conf
+EOF
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/ld.so.conf
+
+/usr/local/lib
+/opt/lib
+
+# End /etc/ld.so.conf
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @samp{sed -i.orig "s/\ -lgcc_eh\|\ -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig}
+
+@file{glibc-2.16.0-cross_hacks-2.patch} is used to avoid the error
+@samp{/usr/bin/install: cannot remove `/usr/lib/libc.a': Permission
+denied}.
+
+Glibc uses @samp{n32} ABI by default with MIPS. To use @env{MABI}
+instead, we do the following:
+
+@verbatim
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
+echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
+sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
+ ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
+@end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+Contents of the files above.
+
+cat mips64/n64/Makefile
+# `long double' is a distinct type we support.
+long-double-fcts = yes
+
+ifeq ($(filter -mabi=64,$(CC)),)
+CC += -mabi=64
+endif
+
+cat mips64/n32/Makefile
+# `long double' is a distinct type we support.
+long-double-fcts = yes
+
+ifeq ($(filter -mabi=n32,$(CC)),)
+CC += -mabi=n32
+endif
+
+cat mips32/Makefile
+ifeq ($(filter -mabi=32,$(CC)),)
+CC += -mabi=32
+endif
+
+grep 'default)' preconfigure
+
+ default) machine=mips/mips64/n32 mips_config_abi=n32 ;;
+
+@end ignore
+
+The file @file{config.cache} is used to attribute values to variables
+of the configure script.
+
+@samp{libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes} is used to avoid the error message
+@samp{error: forced unwind support is required}.
+
+@samp{libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes} is used to avoid the error message
+@samp{error: the compiler must support C cleanup handling}.
+
+@samp{libc_cv_slibdir=/lib} defines @file{/lib} as the directory in
+which the C library of the target system will be installed, instead of
+@file{/lib64} or @file{/lib32}.
+
+You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it to
+go by setting the @code{install_root} variable on the command line for
+@samp{make install}. The value of this variable is prepended to all
+the paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot
+environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should
+be specified with an absolute file name.
+
+Files listed in @samp{install-lib} are installed in the directory
+specified by @samp{libdir} in @file{configparms} or @file{Makeconfig}.
+
+@verbatim
+BUILD_CC="gcc" \
+ CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \
+ AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
+ RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{CC="$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-gcc -march=$@{MARCH@} -mabi=$@{MABI@}"}
+sets @code{CC} to the cross-compiler for the target's architecture,
+processor and ABI we configured the library for. @code{AR} and
+@code{RANLIB} are set to cross-compiling versions of @code{ar} and
+@code{ranlib} as the native tools are not configured to work with
+object files for the target we configured for.
+
+@option{--prefix=/usr} tells the @file{configure} script to install
+glibc in the @file{/usr} directory of the target system.
+
+@c @option{--libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc} tells the configure script to
+@c install glibc executables inside @file{/usr/lib/glibc}.
+
+Unlike previous builds, @option{--host} now equals
+@env{$@{CROSS_TARGET@}} instead of @env{$@{CROSS_HOST@}}. This is
+because we are building the glibc version that the target system will
+use. We won't have to build it later.
+
+Profiling can be of help to optimize a program by analysing memory
+use, the usage of particular instructions, etc. Option
+@option{--disable-profile} is used to disable this.
+
+Option @option{--enable-add-ons} is used to enable all the add-on
+packages in the main source directory, which includes the glibc-ports
+used to support the MIPS architecture.
+
+The option @option{--with-tls} tells the configure script to use
+@acronym{TLS} (thread-local storage). Thread-local storage is a
+computer programming method that uses memory local to a thread.
+
+The @samp{2.6.36} parameter given to option @option{--enable-kernel}
+describes the smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated
+library is expected to support. The higher the version number is, the
+less compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets.
+
+Option @option{--with-__thread} enables threads in glibc.
+
+The option @option{--with-binutils=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}
+tells the @file{configure} script to use the binutils (assembler and
+linker) built in the cross-compilation toolchain process.
+
+@option{--with-headers=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/include} indicates the
+location of the kernel Linux' headers.
+
+@option{--cache-file=config.cache} specifies the file in which cache
+variables are listed for @file{configure}.
+
+@c @samp{make localedata/install-locales} configures all locales that are
+@c supported by glibc.
+
+The file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/nsswitch.conf} contains the
+configuration of @acronym{NSS} (Name Service Switch). NSS is a facility
+in Unix-like operating systems that provides a variety of sources for
+common configuration databases and name resolution mechanisms. These
+sources include local operating system files (such as
+@file{/etc/passwd}, @file{/etc/group}, and @file{/etc/hosts}), the
+Domain Name System (DNS), the Network Information Service (NIS), and
+LDAP.
+
+@c The timezone is defined for `Paris'.
+
+@c Purpose of the file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/ld.so.conf}
+
+
+@node Cross GCC CXX
+@section Cross GCC (C and C++ support)
+
+In this section, we build a complete cross-compiler with support for C
+and C++ languages.
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 hours and 30 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.2.tar.bz2
+mv gmp-5.1.2 gmp
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
+mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2
+mv mpfr-3.1.2 mpfr
+mkdir -v ../gcc-build
+cd ../gcc-build
+../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ --disable-nls \
+ --enable-shared \
+ --enable-__cxa_atexit \
+ --disable-multilib \
+ --with-abi=${MABI} \
+ --enable-c99 \
+ --enable-long-long \
+ --enable-threads=posix \
+ --enable-languages=c,c++ \
+ --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
+ --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
+make # to be run twice
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf gcc-build
+rm -rf gcc-4.7.3
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--enable-__cxa_atexit} enables @code{__cxa_atexit}, rather
+than @code{atexit}, to register C++ destructors for local statics and
+global objects. This is essential for fully standards-compliant
+handling of destructors, but requires @code{__cxa_atexit} in libc.
+
+@option{--enable-c99} enables support for the C99 standard.
+
+@option{--enable-long-long} enables support for @code{long long int}
+types.
+
+@c @option{--enable-threads=posix}
+
+
+@node Building Cross-Compilation Tools
+@chapter Building the Cross-Compilation Tools
+
+@menu
+* Cross File:: File for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Groff:: Groff for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Shadow:: Shadow for cross-compilation.
+* Cross M4:: M4 for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Ncurses:: Ncurses for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Cleaning:: Cleaning up the cross-compilation toolchain.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Cross File
+@section File
+
+The command @command{file} is used to determine the type of a file:
+text, executable or data.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.14
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf file-5.14
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Cross Groff
+@section Groff
+
+Groff is the GNU version of the roff document formatting system which
+is used to produce man pages.
+
+You need G++ on your system to compile this program from source. Under
+gNewSense Parkes, try @samp{sudo apt-get install g++-4.4}.
+
+@ignore
+@quotation Note
+psselect (part of psutils) is needed for documentation in HTML (see
+@uref{http://cblfs.cross-lfs.org/index.php/PSUtils}).
+@end quotation
+@end ignore
+
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2
+PAGE=A4 \
+ ./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --without-x
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf groff-1.22.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{PAGE=A4} defines the default format of pages for printed output.
+
+@option{--without-x} disables the dependancy on the X window system.
+
+
+@node Cross Shadow
+@section Shadow
+
+The package contains programs to handle users, groups and passwords in
+a secure way: passwords are encrypted.
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch
+sed -i.orig \
+ 's/bindir)\/\$\$i/bindir)\/mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu-\$\$i/' \
+ src/Makefile.am
+automake
+echo "shadow_cv_passwd_dir=${TARGET_DIR}/bin" > config.cache
+echo "ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no" >> config.cache
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --sbindir=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
+ --sysconfdir=${TARGET_DIR}/etc \
+ --disable-shared \
+ --without-audit \
+ --without-libpam \
+ --without-selinux \
+ --program-prefix=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/${CROSS_TARGET}-&/" config.h
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @samp{shadow_cv_passwd_dir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin}
+@c @samp{ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no}
+
+The patch @file{shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch} is used so that
+shadow can be built with the sysroot method. Because we use this
+patch, @samp{shadow_cv_passwd_dir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin} and
+@samp{ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no} have to be added in @file{config.cache}
+in order for the @file{configure} script not to test the
+functionalities associated.
+
+@c @option{--sbindir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}
+
+@c @option{--sysconfdir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc}
+
+@option{--without-audit}, @option{--without-libpam} and
+@option{--without-selinux} disable support for auditing, @acronym{PAM}
+(Pluggable authentication modules) and @acronym{SELinux}
+(Security-Enhanced Linux). We do not need those extra features.
+
+@option{--program-prefix=$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-} prepends the value of
+@env{CROSS_TARGET} (that is @samp{mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu} in this
+document) to installed program names for cross-compilation.
+
+@c @samp{sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-&/"
+@c config.h} is used to avoid the error message
+
+
+@node Cross M4
+@section M4
+
+Bison 2.5 requires M4 to be built.
+
+GNU M4 is a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro
+language. GNU M4 is used in GNU Autoconf' @file{configure} files.
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf m4-1.4.16
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Cross Ncurses
+@section Ncurses
+
+GNU ncurses contains a library used to write text-based user
+interfaces in a terminal-independent manner.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --without-shared
+make -C include
+make -C progs tic
+install -m755 progs/tic ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf ncurses-5.9
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--without-shared} is used to avoid building the whole library
+as only @command{tic} is installed.
+
+
+@node Cross Cleaning
+@section Cleaning up Cross-Compilation Toolchain
+
+In order to save some space, binaries and libraries of
+cross-compilation tools can be stripped out.
+
+@quotation Warning
+incorrect cleaning arguments used against library files can lead to
+library files breaking. For this reason, be careful of the command
+arguments. If you are not comfortable with this, you can skip this
+section as it will have no effect on the process of building the
+target system.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@verbatim
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
+strip --strip-all bin/*
+strip --strip-debug lib/*
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--strip-all} removes all symbols. This command reduces the
+size of the @file{bin} directory's content from 29Â MB to 12Â MB.
+
+@option{--strip-debug} removes debugging symbols only. This command
+reduces the size of the @file{lib} directory's content from 21Â MB to
+20Â MB.
+
+
+@node Building the Target System
+@chapter Building the Target System
+
+After having set up the cross-compilation toolchain and tools, the
+operating system for the target machine is built in this chapter.
+
+@menu
+* Environment Setup:: Setting up the environment.
+* Man Pages:: Building Man Pages.
+* Zlib:: Building Zlib.
+* Binutils:: Building Binutils.
+* GMP:: Building GMP.
+* MPFR:: Building MPFR.
+* MPC:: Building MPC.
+* GCC:: Building GCC.
+* Sed:: Building Sed.
+* E2fsprogs:: Building E2fsprogs.
+* Coreutils:: Building Coreutils.
+* iana-etc:: Building iana-etc.
+* M4:: Building M4.
+* Bison:: Building Bison.
+* Ncurses:: Building Ncurses.
+* Procps:: Building Procps.
+* Libtool:: Building Libtool.
+* Readline:: Building Readline.
+* Autoconf:: Building Autoconf.
+* Automake:: Building Automake.
+* Bash:: Building Bash.
+* Bzip2:: Building Bzip2.
+* DHCPCD:: Building DHCPCD.
+* Diffutils:: Building Diffutils.
+* File:: Building File.
+* Findutils:: Building Findutils.
+* Flex:: Building Flex.
+* Gawk:: Building Gawk.
+* Gettext:: Building Gettext.
+* Grep:: Building Grep.
+* Groff:: Building Groff.
+* Gzip:: Building Gzip.
+* Inetutils:: Building Inetutils.
+* Iproute2:: Building Iproute2.
+* Kbd:: Building Kbd.
+* Kmod:: Building Kmod.
+* Less:: Building Less.
+* Make:: Building Make.
+* Man:: Building Man.
+* Nano:: Building Nano.
+* Patch:: Building Patch.
+* Psmisc:: Building Psmisc.
+* Rsyslog:: Building Rsyslog.
+* Shadow:: Building Shadow.
+* Sysvinit:: Building Sysvinit.
+* Tar:: Building Tar.
+* Texinfo:: Building Texinfo.
+* Udev:: Building Udev.
+* Util-Linux:: Building Util-Linux.
+* XZ-Utils:: Building XZ-Utils.
+* Bootscripts:: Building Bootscripts.
+* Kernel:: Building the Kernel.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Environment Setup
+@section Setting up the Environment
+
+Because this chapter is about the build of the target system and not
+the build of the cross-compilation toolchain and tools anymore, we
+need to update some environment variables.
+
+For more convenience, we can set environment variables up in the
+@file{~/.bashrc} file, so that this setup is preserved when logging
+in:
+
+
+@verbatim
+cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF
+export CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"
+export CXX="${CROSS_TARGET}-g++ -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"
+export AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar"
+export AS="${CROSS_TARGET}-as"
+export RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
+export LD="${CROSS_TARGET}-ld"
+export STRIP="${CROSS_TARGET}-strip"
+EOF
+source ~/.bash_profile
+@end verbatim
+
+@env{CC} is the flag that indicates the C compiler to be used,
+@env{CXX} the C++ compiler, @env{AR} the archiver, @env{AS} the
+assembler, @env{RANLIB} the archives' index generator, @env{LD} the
+linker and @env{STRIP} the program for stripping.
+
+All the programs to be used are prefixed with
+@samp{$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-} in order to use the cross-compilation
+toolchain instead of the toolchain of the host.
+
+
+@node Man Pages
+@section Man Pages
+
+The man-pages package documents the kernel Linux and C library's
+interfaces that are used by user-space programs.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-pages-3.52.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-pages-3.52
+#tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-pages-3.46.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+#pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-pages-3.46
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
+cd ..
+rm -rf man-pages-3.52
+#rm -rf man-pages-3.46
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The option @option{prefix=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr} is used to install the
+man pages on the target partition's @env{TARGET_DIR} instead of the
+@file{/usr} directory of the host.
+
+
+@node Zlib
+@section Zlib
+
+Zlib is a compression/decompression library.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.8
+./configure \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make AR="${AR}"
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libz.so.* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libz.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libz.so
+cd ..
+rm -rf zlib-1.2.8
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+In order to build zlib by cross-compilation, the flag @env{AR} has to
+be equal to @samp{$@{AR@}}.
+
+
+@node Binutils
+@section Binutils
+
+@verbatim
+# 15 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.23.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/binutils-2.23.2
+mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
+cd ../binutils-build
+../binutils-2.23.2/configure \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-64-bit-bfd \
+ --enable-shared
+make configure-host
+make tooldir=/usr
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} tooldir=/usr install
+cp -v ../binutils-2.23.2/include/libiberty.h ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
+cd ..
+rm -rf binutils-build
+rm -rf binutils-2.23.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The option @option{--host} is now set to @env{CROSS_TARGET} because
+the host that will run this build will be the target system.
+
+@c @samp{make tooldir=/usr}
+@c @samp{make DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} tooldir=/usr install}
+
+
+@node GMP
+@section GMP
+
+@acronym{GMP} (GNU multiple precision arithmetic library) is required
+to build GCC.
+
+@verbatim
+# 10 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.2
+./configure \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --enable-cxx
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{gmp,gmpxx,mp}.la
+cd ..
+rm -rf gmp-5.1.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The option @option{--enable-cxx} enables support for the C++ language.
+
+The files @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/lib@{gmp,gmpxx,mp@}.la} are
+removed to avoid the following error when building MPFR:
+@samp{/usr/lib/libgmp.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong
+format}.
+
+
+@node MPFR
+@section MPFR
+
+GNU @acronym{MPFR} (Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliably) is a
+portable C library for arbitrary-precision binary floating-point
+computation with correct rounding.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2
+./configure \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmpfr.la
+cd ..
+rm -rf mpfr-3.1.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/libmpfr.la} is removed to
+avoid the following error when building MPC:
+@samp{/usr/lib/libmpfr.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong
+format}.
+
+
+@node MPC
+@section MPC
+
+GNU @acronym{MPC} (Multiple Precision Complex Library) is a C library
+for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision
+and correct rounding of the result.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1
+./configure \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf mpc-1.0.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node GCC
+@section GCC
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 hours and 30 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
+sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in
+sed -i.orig 's@\./fixinc\.sh@-c true@' gcc/Makefile.in
+mkdir -v ../gcc-build
+cd ../gcc-build
+../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/lib \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-shared \
+ --enable-threads=posix \
+ --enable-__cxa_atexit \
+ --enable-c99 \
+ --enable-long-long \
+ --disable-multilib \
+ --with-abi=${MABI} \
+ --enable-clocale=gnu \
+ --enable-languages=c,c++ \
+ --disable-libstdcxx-pch
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#ln -sv ../usr/bin/cpp ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
+ln -sv gcc ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/cc
+cd ..
+rm -rf gcc-build
+rm -rf gcc-4.7.3
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+# The following patch seems needless to me as it only replaces
+# {usr,}/lib32 with {usr,}/lib64 and we already have:
+# {usr,}/lib32 -> {usr,}/lib
+# {usr,}/lib64 -> {usr,}/lib
+#patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.6.0-pure64-1.patch
+@end ignore
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //'
+libiberty/Makefile.in} is used as we already installed the library
+@file{libiberty.a} with Binutils.
+
+@c We use @samp{sed -i.orig 's@@\./fixinc\.sh@@-c true@@'
+@c gcc/Makefile.in} to avoid using fixincludes that may output errors if
+@c headers have been modified.
+
+Using @option{--enable-clocale=gnu} option ensures that the correct
+locale will automatically be chosen.
+
+Option @option{--disable-libstdcxx-pch} disables support for
+precompiled headers (PCH).
+
+The line @samp{ln -sv gcc $@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/bin/cc} creates a
+symbolic link @file{cc} that points on @file{gcc}.
+
+
+@node Sed
+@section Sed
+
+GNU sed is a stream editor: it is used to perform basic text
+transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/sed-4.2.2
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf sed-4.2.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @option{--bindir=/bin} FHS?
+
+
+@node E2fsprogs
+@section E2fsprogs
+
+E2fsprogs is a package that contains tools to handle the ext2, ext3
+and ext4 filesystems.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.8
+mkdir -v build
+cd build
+../configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --with-root-prefix="" \
+ --enable-elf-shlibs
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-libs
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libblkid.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libblkid.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libcom_err.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcom_err.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libe2p.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libe2p.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libext2fs.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libext2fs.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libss.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libss.so
+ln -sv ../../lib/libuuid.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libuuid.so
+cd ../..
+rm -rf e2fsprogs-1.42.8
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--with-root-prefix=""} is used to put e2fsprogs binaries
+inside @file{/sbin} instead of @file{@var{PREFIX}/sbin} which would be
+@file{/usr/sbin}.
+
+Option @option{--enable-elf-shlibs} enables e2fsprogs shared
+libraries.
+
+@samp{make DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} install-libs} is used to install
+libraries, those are not installed with @samp{make
+DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} install}.
+
+The sequence of commands that follows first removes symbolic links
+@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/lib@{@/blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}
+which point on abolute paths
+@file{/lib/lib@{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}. In order to
+use the libraries of the target operating system, we need to symlink
+@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/lib/lib@{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}
+to their relative paths files.
+
+
+@node Coreutils
+@section Coreutils
+
+GNU coreutils (core utilities) includes the standard programs for text
+and file manipulation.
+
+On gNewSense Parkes, you need to install @file{xz-utils} to extract
+the package.
+
+@verbatim
+# 30 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+fu_cv_sys_stat_statfs2_bsize=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes
+gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_wctob_works=yes
+gl_cv_func_fstatat_zero_flag=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --enable-install-program=hostname \
+ --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{dd,df,echo,false,hostname,ls,mkdir} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{mv,pwd,rm,rmdir,stty,true,ln,uname} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/chroot ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/sbin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{[,basename,head,install,nice} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{readlink,sleep,sync,test,touch} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#ln -svf ../../bin/install ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf coreutils-8.19
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @samp{sed -i.orig '/strftime/s/\ LC_ALL//' man/help2man}
+
+The variables listed in the file @file{config.cache} are used in order
+to avoid that the @file{configure} script evaluate their values:
+otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.
+
+We use @option{--enable-install-program=hostname} to install the
+command @command{hostname} which is not built by default.
+
+We use @option{--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime} in order not
+to install commands @command{kill} and @command{uptime}. Those
+commands will be installed by the package procps.
+
+
+@node iana-etc
+@section iana-etc
+
+The iana-etc package installs services and protocols using data from
+the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf iana-etc-2.30
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node M4
+@section M4
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16
+sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf m4-1.4.16
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h} is used
+to fix the following error when issuing @samp{make}:
+@samp{./stdio.h:477:1: error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a
+function)}.
+
+@c It deletes the following line in lib/stdio.in.h:
+@c _GL_WARN_ON_USE (gets, ``gets is a security hole - use fgets instead'');
+
+
+@node Bison
+@section Bison
+
+GNU bison parser generator.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bison-2.7.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bison-2.7
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf bison-2.7
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h} is used to build
+@acronym{NLS} (native language support) inside bison.
+
+
+@node Ncurses
+@section Ncurses
+
+@verbatim
+# 7 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --with-shared \
+ --enable-widec \
+ --without-debug \
+ --without-ada \
+ --with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE" \
+ --libdir=/lib
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{panel,menu,form,ncurses,ncurses++}w.a \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib
+#rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{ncurses,menu,panel,form}w.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libncursesw.so.5 \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncursesw.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libmenuw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmenuw.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libpanelw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libpanelw.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libformw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libformw.so
+#for lib in curses ncurses form panel menu ; do
+# echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
+# ln -sfv lib${lib}w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.a
+# done
+ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libncurses.so
+#ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.so
+#ln -sfv libncursesw.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.a
+#ln -sfv libncurses++w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncurses++.a
+#ln -sfv ncursesw5-config ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/ncurses5-config
+#ln -sfv ../../usr/share/terminfo ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/terminfo
+cd ..
+rm -rf ncurses-5.9
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{--enable-widec} enables wide characters support in
+ncurses.
+
+@c Option @option{--without-debug}
+
+Option @option{--without-ada} disables support for the Ada programming
+language inside ncurses.
+
+@c Option @option{--with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE"}
+
+@c Option @option{--libdir=/lib}
+
+@ignore
+@verbatim
+for lib in curses ncurses form panel menu ; do
+ echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
+ ln -sfv lib${lib}w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.a
+ done
+ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.so
+ln -sfv libncursesw.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.a
+ln -sfv libncurses++w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncurses++.a
+ln -sfv ncursesw5-config ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/ncurses5-config
+@end verbatim
+
+The commands above create symlinks from libraries without support for
+wide characters to libraries with support for them.
+@end ignore
+
+@c PROCPS issue:
+The command @samp{ln -sfv libncursesw.so $@{TARGET_DIR@}/lib/libncurses.so}
+creates the symlink @file{libcurses.so} so that programs that do not
+know @file{libncursesw.so} can be linked against it.
+
+@c ln -sfv ../../usr/share/terminfo ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/terminfo
+
+
+@node Procps
+@section Procps
+
+The procps package contains utilities that give information about
+processes using the @file{/proc} filesystem. The package includes the
+commands @command{ps}, @command{top}, @command{vmstat}, @command{w},
+@command{kill}, @command{free}, @command{slabtop}, and
+@command{skill}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8
+make \
+ CPPFLAGS= \
+ lib64=lib
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ lib64=lib \
+ ldconfig= \
+ install="install -D" \
+ install
+cd ..
+rm -rf procps-3.2.8
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{CPPFLAGS= } is used so that the target system's ncurses
+library will be used, default value would have been
+@option{-I/usr/include/ncurses}.
+
+Option @option{lib64=lib} makes the directory @file{/lib} the one
+where to put 64 bit libraries, default would be @file{/lib64}.
+
+Option @option{ldconfig= } is used in order not to use current host's
+@command{ldconfig}.
+
+Option @option{install="install -D"} is used so that all the files
+installed are owned by the current user. By default, all installed
+files are owned by root.
+
+
+@node Libtool
+@section Libtool
+
+GNU libtool is a generic library support script. It hides the
+complexity of using shared libraries behind a consistent, portable
+interface.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libtool-2.4.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/libtool-2.4
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf libtool-2.4
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Readline
+@section Readline
+
+The GNU Readline library provides a set of functions for use by
+applications that allow users to edit command lines as they are typed
+in.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/readline-6.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/readline-6.2
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --libdir=/lib
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-doc
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{readline,history}.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib
+#rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{readline,history}.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libreadline.so.6 \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libreadline.so
+#ln -svf ../../lib/libhistory.so.6 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libhistory.so
+cd ..
+rm -rf readline-6.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c sed -i 's:^SHLIB_LIBS=:SHLIB_LIBS=-lncursesw:' support/shobj-conf
+
+
+@node Autoconf
+@section Autoconf
+
+GNU autoconf is an extensible package of M4 macros that produce shell
+scripts to automatically configure software source code
+packages. These scripts can adapt the packages to many kinds of
+UNIX-like systems without manual user intervention.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf autoconf-2.69
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Automake
+@section Automake
+
+GNU automake is a tool for automatically generating @file{Makefile.in}
+files compliant with the GNU Coding
+Standards@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/}}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/automake-1.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/automake-1.14
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf automake-1.14
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bash
+@section Bash
+
+GNU @acronym{Bash} (Bourne again shell) is an sh-compatible shell that
+incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell
+(csh).
+
+@verbatim
+# 7 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bash-4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bash-4.2
+cat > config.cache << "EOF"
+ac_cv_func_mmap_fixed_mapped=yes
+ac_cv_func_strcoll_works=yes
+ac_cv_func_working_mktime=yes
+bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp=present
+bash_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes
+bash_cv_job_control_missing=present
+bash_cv_printf_a_format=yes
+bash_cv_sys_named_pipes=present
+bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds=yes
+bash_cv_under_sys_siglist=yes
+bash_cv_unusable_rtsigs=no
+gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin \
+ --cache-file=config.cache \
+ --without-bash-malloc \
+ --with-installed-readline
+make
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ htmldir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.2 \
+ install
+ln -sv bash ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/sh
+cd ..
+rm -rf bash-4.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The variables listed in the file @file{config.cache} are used in order
+to avoid that the @file{configure} script evaluate their values:
+otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.
+
+@c --bindir=/bin instead of /usr/bin, FHS?
+
+Option @option{--without-bash-malloc} tells the @file{configure}
+script not to use the @code{malloc} function shipped with
+Bash. Glibc's version will be used instead.
+
+Option @option{--with-installed-readline} tells the configure script
+to use the installed readline library instead of the one shipped with
+Bash.
+
+@c htmldir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.2
+
+@samp{ln -sv bash $@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin/sh} creates a symlink @file{sh}
+to @file{bash}.
+
+
+@node Bzip2
+@section Bzip2
+
+Bzip2 is a package that contains utilities to compress and decompress
+files with a better original size/compressed size ratio than gzip.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6
+sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile
+sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile
+make \
+ -f Makefile-libbz2_so \
+ CC="${CC}" \
+ AR="${AR}" \
+ RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
+make clean
+make \
+ CC="${CC}" \
+ AR="${AR}" \
+ RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
+make \
+ PREFIX=${TARGET_DIR}/usr \
+ install
+cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2
+cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
+ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libbz2.so
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat
+cd ..
+rm -rf bzip2-1.0.6
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile} is used to skip
+tests when building.
+
+@samp{sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile} is used
+in order to have relative path symlinks instead of absolute ones.
+
+Option @option{-f Makefile-libbz2_so} is used to build shared
+libraries.
+
+Flags @env{CC}, @env{AR} and @env{RANLIB} are used so that bzip2 is
+built using cross-compilation tools instead of the host's ones.
+
+@samp{make clean} is used to clean up temporary files.
+
+The second build commands are used to build static libraries.
+
+@ignore
+cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2
+cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
+ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libbz2.so
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node DHCPCD
+@section DHCPCD
+
+DHCPCD is a wrapper for the @acronym{DHCP} (Dynamic Host Configuration
+Protocol) client daemon.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/dhcpcd-6.0.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/dhcpcd-6.0.2
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/sbin \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc \
+ --dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/lib/dhcpcd
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf dhcpcd-6.0.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c Option @option{--bindir=/sbin} is used to comply with FHS?
+@c @option{--sysconfdir=/etc} @file{/etc} instead of ?
+@c @option{--dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd} @file{/var/lib/dhcpcd} instead of?
+@c @option{--libexecdir=/usr/lib/dhcpcd} @file{/usr/lib/dhcpcd} instead of ?
+
+
+@node Diffutils
+@section Diffutils
+
+GNU Diffutils is a package of several programs related to finding
+differences between files.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/diffutils-3.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/diffutils-3.2
+sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf diffutils-3.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h} is used
+to fix the following error when issuing @samp{make}:
+@samp{./stdio.h:1012:1: error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a
+function)}.
+
+@c It deletes the following line in lib/stdio.in.h:
+@c _GL_WARN_ON_USE (gets, ``gets is a security hole - use fgets instead'');
+
+
+@node File
+@section File
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.14
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf file-5.14
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Findutils
+@section Findutils
+
+The GNU Find Utilities are typically used to provide directory search
+and file locating capabilities.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
+gl_cv_header_working_fcntl_h=yes
+ac_cv_func_fnmatch_gnu=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/lib/locate \
+ --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/find ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#sed -i.orig 's@find:=${BINDIR}@find:=/bin@' \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/updatedb
+cd ..
+rm -rf findutils-4.4.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c --libexecdir=/usr/lib/locate
+@c --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate
+
+
+@node Flex
+@section Flex
+
+Flex is a tool for generating scanners. A scanner, sometimes called a
+tokenizer, is a program which recognizes lexical patterns in text.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_path_M4="/usr/bin/m4"
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+ln -sv libfl.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libl.a
+cd ..
+rm -r flex-2.5.37
+popd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/lex << "EOF"
+#!/bin/sh
+exec /usr/bin/flex -l "$@"
+EOF
+chmod -v 755 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/lex
+@end verbatim
+
+@file{config.cache} forces flex to use @file{/usr/bin/m4} instead of
+@file{/gllfsc/cross-tools/bin/m4} on the target machine.
+
+For compatibility issues, we create the symlink @file{libl.a}.
+
+We then create target system's @file{/usr/bin/lex} that will execute
+@command{flex} with option @option{-l} in order to behave with maximal
+compatibility like @command{lex}.
+
+@ignore
+@samp{sed -i.orig "s/-I@@includedir@@//g" Makefile.in} is used in
+order not to use host's headers in @file{/usr/include} during
+cross-compilation.
+@end ignore
+
+@c Variables @samp{ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes} and
+@c @samp{ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes} are used to get rid of
+@c error message: @samp{}.
+
+@c We use option @option{-fPIC} passed to the cross-compiler in order to
+@c generate position-independent code (PIC).
+
+
+@node Gawk
+@section Gawk
+
+GNU awk (Gawk) is a program used to select particular records in a
+file and perform operations upon them.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gawk-4.1.0
+sed -i.orig \
+ '/check-recursive all-recursive/s/ check-for-shared-lib-support//' \
+ extension/Makefile.in
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/lib
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -r gawk-4.1.0
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The sed expression is used to avoid the error @samp{Building the
+extensions is not supported on this platform}.
+
+
+@node Gettext
+@section Gettext
+
+GNU gettext utilities are a set of tools that provides a framework to
+help packages produce multi-lingual messages.
+
+@verbatim
+# 20 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.3.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.3
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+am_cv_func_iconv_works=yes
+gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
+gt_cv_func_printf_posix=yes
+gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+#cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i}
+#cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i}
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf gettext-0.18.3
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i} ?
+@c cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i} ?
+
+
+@node Grep
+@section Grep
+
+GNU @command{grep} command searches one or more input files for lines
+containing a match to a specified pattern.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/grep-2.14.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/grep-2.14
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin \
+ --disable-perl-regexp
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf grep-2.14
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{--disable-perl-regexp} disables support of Perl-style
+regular expressions (regexp).
+
+
+@node Groff
+@section Groff
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2
+PAGE=A4 \
+ ./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make \
+ TROFFBIN=troff \
+ GROFFBIN=groff \
+ GROFF_BIN_PATH=
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
+ln -sv soelim ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/zsoelim
+ln -sv eqn ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/geqn
+ln -sv tbl ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/gtbl
+cd ..
+rm -rf groff-1.22.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The variables @env{TROFFBIN=troff} and @env{GROFFBIN=groff} tell
+@command{make} to use @command{troff} and @command{groff} commands
+installed in the @ref{Building Cross-Compilation Tools} to build
+documentation.
+
+The variable @env{GROFF_BIN_PATH} before @env{PATH} is checked for
+programs @command{groff} is calling (preprocessors, troff, and output
+devices). If not set, it defaults to the directory where the
+@file{groff} binary is located.
+
+The symlinks are used for compatibility.
+
+
+@node Gzip
+@section Gzip
+
+GNU Gzip is a data compression program.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gzip-1.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gzip-1.6
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/z{egrep,cmp,diff,fgrep,force,grep,less,more} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/znew \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf gzip-1.6
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Inetutils
+@section Inetutils
+
+Inetutils is a collection of common network programs.
+
+@verbatim
+# 6 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1
+sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h
+sed -i.orig -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf inetutils-1.9.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h} is used
+to fix the following error when issuing @samp{make}:
+@samp{./stdio.h:1030:1: error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a
+function)}.
+
+@c It deletes the following line in lib/stdio.in.h:
+@c _GL_WARN_ON_USE (gets, ``gets is a security hole - use fgets instead'');
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths} is used to
+fix the following error when issuing @samp{make}:
+@samp{'PATH_PROCNET_DEV' undeclared (first use in this function)}.
+
+
+@node Iproute2
+@section Iproute2
+
+Iproute2 is a collection of utilities for controlling TCP and UDP IP
+networking and traffic.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iproute2-3.10.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iproute2-3.10.0
+sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ CC="${CC}" \
+ DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2 \
+ MANDIR=/usr/share/man
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2 \
+ MANDIR=/usr/share/man \
+ install
+cd ..
+rm -rf iproute2-3.10.0
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@@arpd@@@@g' misc/Makefile} is used to
+disable the build of @command{arpd} as it requires Berkeley DB to be
+installed.
+
+@env{DOCDIR} and @env{MANDIR} indicate the location in which the
+documentation and the manual pages will be installed,
+respectively. Those are no absolute paths but use the value of
+@env{DESTDIR} as a prefix.
+
+
+@node Kbd
+@section Kbd
+
+Kbd contains keytable files and keyboard utilities.
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kbd-1.15.5.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/kbd-1.15.5
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes
+ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
+ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --cache-file=config.cache \
+ --disable-vlock
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{kbd_mode,dumpkeys,loadkeys,openvt} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/setfont \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf kbd-1.15.5
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{--disable-vlock} disables the build of vlock. vlock
+needs PAM library headers to be present on the build system and is not
+necessary for us, so we do not build it.
+
+
+@node Kmod
+@section Kmod
+
+Kmod (previously known as module-init-tools) provide userspace-side
+assistance in loading kernel modules and their dependencies.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kmod-14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/kmod-14
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin \
+ --sbindir=/sbin \
+ --with-zlib
+make
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ INSTALL=install \
+ install
+cd ..
+rm -rf kmod-14
+popd
+
+# For bootscripts:
+ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/lsmod
+ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/depmod
+ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/insmod
+ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/modprobe
+ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/modinfo
+ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/rmmod
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--with-zlib} enables support for modules compressed with
+zlib.
+
+By default, installation uses @env{INSTALL=install-with-care} which
+checks if old utilities have not been destroyed. To avoid this check,
+we use @env{INSTALL=install}.
+
+
+@node Less
+@section Less
+
+Less is a file pager. A file pager is used to view the content of a
+text file.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/less-458.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/less-458
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc
+make
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/less ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf less-458
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Make
+@section Make
+
+GNU @command{make} utility determines automatically which pieces of a
+large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to
+recompile them.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/make-3.82.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/make-3.82
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf make-3.82
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Man
+@section Man
+
+Man is an interface to the on-line reference manuals.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-1.6g.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-1.6g
+sed -i.orig -e "/PREPATH=/s@=.*@=\"$(eval echo \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/{,usr/}{sbin,bin})\"@g" -e 's@-is@&Rc@g' configure
+sed -i.orig -e 's@MANPATH./usr/man@#&@g' \
+ -e 's@MANPATH./usr/local/man@#&@g' src/man.conf.in
+./configure \
+ -confdir=/etc
+sed -i.orig "s@${TARGET_DIR}@@" conf_script
+gcc src/makemsg.c -o src/makemsg
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf man-1.6g
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+In the first use of @command{sed}, the first part replaces
+@env{PREPATH} default value
+@samp{/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/local/@/bin:$PATH} with
+@samp{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/@{,usr/@}@{sbin,bin@}}. The variable
+@env{TARGET_DIR} is used to avoid errors when running the
+@file{configure} script.
+
+The second part is used to replace default options of the man pager
+@option{-is} with @option{-isRc}. Option @option{-c} will cause
+@command{less} to display man pages faster as this option disables
+scrolling.
+
+@c What about -R?
+
+The second call of @command{sed} tells @command{man} where the cat
+pages corresponding to given man pages should not be stored:
+@file{/usr/man} and @file{/usr/local/man}.
+
+Option @option{-confdir} is used to define configuration files
+location to target system's @file{/etc}.
+
+The third call of @command{sed} is used in order to remove the
+presence of @env{TARGET_DIR} on the target system's programs.
+
+@command{makemsg} will be used during the build, but because using the
+cross-compiler may make its build fail, we use the host's compiler.
+
+
+@node Nano
+@section Nano
+
+GNU nano is a lightweight text editor.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/nano-2.3.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/nano-2.3.2
+#tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/nano-2.3.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+#pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/nano-2.3.1
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+sed -i.orig -e \
+ '/CPPFLAGS/s/\/usr\/include\/ncursesw/${TARGET_DIR}\/usr\/include/' \
+ `find . -iname 'Makefile'`
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf nano-2.3.2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The sed expression is used to replace @file{/usr/include/ncursesw}
+with @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/usr/include} in every file named
+@file{Makefile} in order to overcome the error
+@samp{/usr/include/ncursesw/ncurses.h:60:34: fatal error:
+ncursesw/ncurses_dll.h: No such file or directory}.
+
+@quotation Note
+commands in nano are displayed as in `^X'. The `^' character means
+@key{CTRL} key, so `^X' means @kbd{CTRL-X}.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Patch
+@section Patch
+
+GNU patch takes a patch file containing a difference listing produced
+by the @command{diff} program and applies those differences to one or
+more original files, producing patched versions.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_path_ed_PROGRAM=ed
+ac_cv_func_strnlen_working=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
+cd ..
+rm -rf patch-2.7.1
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Psmisc
+@section Psmisc
+
+This package contains utilities that use the proc filesystem.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
+ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --exec-prefix="" \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/pstree* ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin
+#ln -sv killall ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/pidof
+cd ..
+rm -rf psmisc-22.20
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Rsyslog
+@section Rsyslog
+
+Rsyslog is an utility creating log messages.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/rsyslog-5.8.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/rsyslog-5.8.6
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
+ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
+EOF
+PKG_CONFIG_PATH="${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/pkgconfig" \
+ ./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --sbindir=/sbin \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.d
+cd ..
+rm -rf rsyslog-5.8.6
+popd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.conf << "EOF"
+$ModLoad imuxsock.so
+$ModLoad imklog.so
+
+$ActionFileDefaultTemplate RSYSLOG_TraditionalFileFormat
+
+$FileOwner root
+$FileGroup root
+$FileCreateMode 0640
+$DirCreateMode 0755
+
+$ModLoad imudp
+$UDPServerRun 514
+
+$RepeatedMsgReduction on
+
+$IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf
+
+auth,authpriv.* /var/log/auth.log
+*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/syslog
+daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log
+kern.* -/var/log/kern.log
+lpr.* -/var/log/lpr.log
+mail.* -/var/log/mail.log
+user.* -/var/log/user.log
+
+# Catch All Logs
+*.=debug;\
+ auth,authpriv.none;\
+ news.none;mail.none -/var/log/debug
+*.=info;*.=notice;*.=warn;\
+ auth,authpriv.none;\
+ cron,daemon.none;\
+ mail,news.none -/var/log/messages
+
+# Emergency are shown to everyone
+*.emerg *
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{install -dv $@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/rsyslog.d} is used to create
+target system's @file{/etc/rsyslog.d} directory. Rsyslog looks for
+user-defined configuration files in this directory. The line
+@samp{$IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf} in the target system's
+configuration file @file{/etc/rsyslog.conf} has this purpose.
+
+We then create the target system's configuration file
+@file{/etc/rsyslog.conf}.
+
+
+@node Shadow
+@section Shadow
+
+@verbatim
+# 4 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-man-ru.patch
+automake
+echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --libdir=/lib \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc \
+ --enable-shared \
+ --without-audit \
+ --without-libpam \
+ --without-selinux \
+ --cache-file=config.cache \
+ --enable-man
+sed -i.orig 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile
+for mkf in $(find man -name Makefile)
+ do
+ sed -i.orig -e '/groups.1.xml/d' -e 's/groups.1 //' ${mkf}
+ done
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+sed -i.orig -e 's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \
+ -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/login.defs
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/passwd ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+${CROSS_TARGET}-pwconv
+${CROSS_TARGET}-grpconv
+${CROSS_TARGET}-passwd root
+cd ..
+rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+ ${CROSS_TARGET}-passwd root
+gives the following message:
+ Cannot change ID to root.
+@end ignore
+
+The patch @file{shadow-4.1.4.3-man-ru.patch} contains a fix to
+@file{man/ru/Makefile.am} preventing @samp{make install} to
+complete. @command{automake-1.11} is then run to update the makefile
+prototype @file{Makefile.in}.
+
+@c echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache
+
+The option @option{--enable-man} is used to generate man pages.
+
+The first call of @command{sed} disables the build of command
+@command{groups}, as coreutils already installed it.
+
+The second call of @command{sed} enables support for MD5 encrypted
+passwords and changes the mail default directory from
+@file{/var/spool/mail} to @file{/var/mail}.
+
+The @command{pwconv} command creates @file{shadow} file from file
+@file{passwd} and an optionally existing @file{shadow} file.
+
+The @command{grpconv} command creates @file{gshadow} file from file
+@file{group} and an optionally existing @file{gshadow} file.
+
+The command @samp{passwd root} will create the password for the root
+user, you will need it when logging in as root on your new system.
+
+
+@node Sysvinit
+@section Sysvinit
+
+Sysvinit is the system-V style init process. Init is the first process
+started during booting. It is started by the kernel. Init continues
+running as a daemon until the system is shut down. It is the direct or
+indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all
+orphaned processes.
+
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf
+sed -i.orig -e 's@/dev/initctl@$(ROOT)&@g' \
+ -e 's@\(mknod \)-m \([0-9]* \)\(.* \)p@\1\3p; chmod \2\3@g' \
+ -e '/^ifeq/s/$(ROOT)//' \
+ -e 's@/usr/lib@$(ROOT)&@' \
+ src/Makefile
+make -C src clobber
+make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} CC="${CC}"
+make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} INSTALL="install" install
+cd ..
+rm -rf sysvinit-2.88dsf
+popd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inittab << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/inittab
+
+id:3:initdefault:
+
+si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc sysinit
+
+l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
+l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
+l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
+l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
+l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
+l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
+l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6
+
+ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
+
+su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin
+
+1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty1 9600
+2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
+3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
+4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
+5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
+6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600
+
+#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100
+
+# End /etc/inittab
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The first call of @command{sed} replaces @file{/dev/initctl} with
+@file{$(ROOT)/dev/initctl}, and @file{/usr/lib} with
+@file{$(ROOT)/usr/lib} among other things in order to install sysvinit
+on the target system.
+
+@samp{make -C src clobber} is used to clean up the @file{src}
+directory.
+
+Then, we create the @file{inittab} file that describes which processes
+are started at bootup and during normal operation.
+
+The line @samp{#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100} is
+commented out (with @code{#}) in order to avoid the message:
+@samp{INIT: Id "c0" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes} on
+the target system.
+
+
+@node Tar
+@section Tar
+
+GNU tar is an archiving utility: it stores and extracts files from a
+tape or disk archive.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tar-1.26.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/tar-1.26
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes
+ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
+ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes
+EOF
+sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' gnu/stdio.in.h
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --bindir=/bin \
+ --libexecdir=/usr/sbin \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf tar-1.26
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The sed expression is use to avoid the error @samp{./stdio.h:479:1:
+error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a function)}.
+
+
+@node Texinfo
+@section Texinfo
+
+GNU Texinfo is a documentation system that can produce both online
+information and a printed manual from a single source.
+
+@verbatim
+# 10 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/texinfo-5.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/texinfo-5.1
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make -C tools/gnulib/lib
+make -C tools
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf texinfo-5.1
+popd
+
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/share/info
+rm dir
+for f in *
+ do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null
+done
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+The first three calls of @command{make} make it possible to build
+Texinfo by cross-compilation.
+
+For Info to work, the @file{info} directory must contain a file that
+serves as a top level directory for the Info system. By convention,
+this file is called @file{dir}. We update this file for the target
+system.
+
+
+@node Udev
+@section Udev
+
+Udev is the dynamic device management of the kernel Linux.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/udev-175.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/udev-175
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc \
+ --sbindir=/sbin \
+ --with-rootlibdir=/lib \
+ --libexecdir=/lib/udev \
+ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/udev-175 \
+ --disable-introspection \
+ --with-pci-ids-path=no \
+ --with-usb-ids-path=no \
+ --disable-gudev
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/firmware
+ln -sv ../lib/udev/udevd ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/udevd
+cd ..
+rm -rf udev-175
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Util-Linux
+@section Util-Linux
+
+util-linux is a random collection of utilities for use with the kernel
+Linux.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/util-linux-2.23.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/util-linux-2.23
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-partx \
+ --disable-wall \
+ --enable-write \
+ --disable-makeinstall-chown
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/logger ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+cd ..
+rm -r util-linux-2.23
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{--enable-partx} enables the build and installation of
+the @command{addpart}, @command{delpart} and @command{partx} commands.
+
+Option @option{--disable-wall} disables the build of the
+@command{wall} command which is already provided by sysvinit.
+
+Option @option{--enable-write} enables the build and installation of
+the @command{write} command.
+
+Option @option{--disable-makeinstall-chown} disables the change of
+owner to root for installed programs.
+
+
+@node XZ-Utils
+@section XZ-Utils
+
+XZ Utils is a general-purpose data compression software with high
+compression ratio.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/xz-5.0.5.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/xz-5.0.5
+#tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/xz-5.0.4.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+#pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/xz-5.0.4
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+# For FHS compatibility:
+#mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{xz,lzma,lzcat,unlzma,unxz,xzcat} \
+# ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf xz-5.0.5
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bootscripts
+@section Bootscripts
+
+The bootscript archive contains scripts that manage services during
+system's bootup and shutdown.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0.0.tar.xz \
+ -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-bootscripts
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-network
+cd ..
+rm -rf bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+This installs basic bootscripts required for bootup and shutdown, and
+network-related bootscripts.
+
+
+@node Kernel
+@section The Kernel
+
+@verbatim
+# 40 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-3.9-loongson3a-deblobbed.tar \
+ -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-official
+#tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-2.6.36-21-loongson3a-deblobbed.tar \
+# -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+#pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-3A
+patch -Np1 -i $DOWNLOAD_DIR/linux-3.9-firmware-timeout.patch
+patch -Np1 -i $DOWNLOAD_DIR/linux-3.9-kernel-panic.patch
+#patch -Np1 -i $DOWNLOAD_DIR/linux-2.6.36-firmware-timeout.patch
+#patch -Np1 -i $DOWNLOAD_DIR/linux-2.6.36-kernel-panic.patch
+make mrproper
+@end verbatim
+
+@file{linux-3.9-firmware-timeout.patch} is used to avoid waiting 60
+seconds for the binary-blob firmware to load, as those have been
+removed by the @file{deblob} script.
+
+@file{linux-3.9-kernel-panic.patch} is used in order to avoid a kernel
+panic that may occur frequently at boot with the deblobbed kernel.
+
+Then:
+
+@verbatim
+#cp arch/mips/configs/loongson3a_defconfig .config
+cp arch/mips/configs/loongson3_defconfig .config
+#cp arch/mips/configs/loongson3_config .config
+#Skip the following as, with 4 CPUs, the result is ugly:
+#patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/100gnu+freedo.patch
+@end verbatim
+
+Then, if you want to change the configuration:
+
+@verbatim
+#make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- config
+make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- menuconfig
+@end verbatim
+
+@verbatim
+make \
+ ARCH=mips \
+ CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}-
+make \
+ ARCH=mips \
+ CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
+ INSTALL_MOD_PATH=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ modules_install
+cp vmlinuz ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/vmlinuz
+cp System.map ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/System.map
+cp .config ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/config
+cd ..
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Tip
+because future compilation may need kernel sources, the compilation
+directory of the kernel should be preserved.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Configuration Files
+@chapter Creating Required Configuration Files for the New System
+
+@menu
+* Time Setup File:: File for time setup.
+* Bash Keyboard Setup:: Setting up keyboard function keys
+ for the Shell.
+* Bash Startup Files:: Setting up Bash shell startup files.
+* Localhost Setup:: Setting up localhost.
+* hosts Setup:: Setting up @file{hosts} file.
+* Network Address Setup:: Setting up network address.
+* DNS Setup:: Setting up DNS.
+* fstab File Creation:: Creating @file{fstab} file.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Time Setup File
+@section File for Time Setup
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/clock << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock
+
+UTC=1
+
+# End /etc/sysconfig/clock
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bash Keyboard Setup
+@section Setting up Keyboard Function keys for the Shell
+
+Readline default configuration file is set:
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inputrc << "EOF"
+set bell-style none
+set convert-meta Off
+set horizontal-scroll-mode Off
+set input-meta On
+set output-meta On
+"\eOd": backward-word
+"\eOc": forward-word
+"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
+"\e[4~": end-of-line
+"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
+"\e[6~": end-of-history
+"\e[3~": delete-char
+"\e[2~": quoted-insert
+"\eOH": beginning-of-line
+"\eOF": end-of-line
+"\e[H": beginning-of-line
+"\e[F": end-of-line
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+If @option{convert-meta} is set to @samp{on}, Readline will convert
+characters with the eighth bit set to an @sc{ascii} key sequence by
+stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an @key{ESC} character,
+converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
+
+@option{horizontal-scroll-mode} set to @samp{off} means that the text
+of the lines being edited will be wrapped onto a new screen line when
+they are longer than the width of the screen, instead of being
+scrolled horizontally on a single screen line.
+
+@c set meta-flag On
+
+@option{input-meta} If set to @samp{on}, Readline will enable
+eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it
+reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
+
+If @option{output-meta} is set to @samp{on}, Readline will display
+characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a
+meta-prefixed escape sequence.
+
+@ignore
+"\eOd": backward-word
+"\eOc": forward-word
+"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
+"\e[4~": end-of-line
+"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
+"\e[6~": end-of-history
+"\e[3~": delete-char
+"\e[2~": quoted-insert
+"\eOH": beginning-of-line
+"\eOF": end-of-line
+"\e[H": beginning-of-line
+"\e[F": end-of-line
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node Bash Startup Files
+@section Setting up Bash Shell Startup Files
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/profile << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/profile
+
+export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
+export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
+export PS1='\[\e[31m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '
+
+# End /etc/profile
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The environement variable @env{LANG} defines the default language that
+should be used on the system. @samp{en_US.UTF-8} means ``english''
+language, country ``US'' and @acronym{UTF-8} (UCS Transformation
+Format—8-bit) encoding (Unicode).
+
+@c For a full list, see???
+
+For explanations on @env{PS1}, @pxref{Environment Variables Setup}.
+
+
+@node Localhost Setup
+@section Localhost Setup
+
+@verbatim
+echo "HOSTNAME=gllfsc" > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node hosts Setup
+@section Setting up @file{hosts} File
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/hosts << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/hosts
+
+127.0.0.1 gllfsc localhost
+
+# End /etc/hosts
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Network Address Setup
+@section Setting up Network Address
+
+You can choose to have a network static or dynamic address.
+
+@menu
+* Network Static Address Setup:: Setting up Network Static Address.
+* Network Dynamic Address Setup:: Setting up Network Dynamic
+ Address.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Network Static Address Setup
+@subsection Setting up Network Static Address
+
+@verbatim
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
+mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
+cat > ifconfig.eth0/ipv4 << "EOF"
+ONBOOT=yes
+SERVICE=ipv4-static
+IP=192.168.1.1
+GATEWAY=192.168.1.2
+PREFIX=24
+BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
+EOF
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Warning
+@code{IP}, @code{GATEWAY}, @code{BROADCAST} addresses are set up
+according to one's situation.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Network Dynamic Address Setup
+@subsection Setting up Network Dynamic Address
+
+@verbatim
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
+mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
+cat > ifconfig.eth0/dhcpcd << "EOF"
+ONBOOT=yes
+SERVICE=dhcpcd
+DHCP_START="-q"
+DHCP_STOP="-k"
+EOF
+popd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node DNS Setup
+@section Setting up DNS
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/resolv.conf << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/resolv.conf
+
+nameserver your-main-DNS-address
+nameserver your-secondary-DNS-address
+
+# End /etc/resolv.conf
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node fstab File Creation
+@section @file{fstab} File Creation
+
+The file @file{/etc/fstab} is used at boot to mount partitions under
+the requested directories.
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/fstab << "EOF"
+# Begin /etc/fstab
+
+# file system mount-point type options dump fsck order
+
+/dev/sda8 / ext3 defaults 1 1
+/dev/sda3 swap swap pri=1 0 0
+proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
+sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
+devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=4,mode=620 0 0
+shm /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
+
+# End /etc/fstab
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Warning
+the name of the hard drive and the name of filesystem used here have
+to be modified to reflect @emph{your} real situation.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node End
+@chapter The End
+
+@menu
+* Archiving:: All the system archived in one
+ package.
+* Recommendations:: Some tips.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Archiving
+@section Archiving the System
+
+After the system has been completed, we use the command @command{exit}
+to logout as the @emph{gllfsc} user.
+
+Now, login as the @emph{root} user.
+
+Then fix the permissions on the new system:
+
+@verbatim
+export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
+pushd ${TARGET_DIR}
+mknod -m 600 dev/console c 5 1
+mknod -m 666 dev/null c 1 3
+cp -a dev/{console,null} lib/udev/devices/
+chown -R root:root *
+@end verbatim
+
+We archive the entire system by using the following command:
+
+@verbatim
+# 20 minutes without kernel sources nor cross-tools
+#tar -cjf gllfsc-20130723.tar.bz2 bin boot dev etc home lib* media \
+# mnt opt proc root sbin srv sys tmp usr var
+
+# 20 minutes without kernel sources
+tar -cjf gllfsc-20130723.tar.bz2 bin boot cross-tools dev etc home \
+ lib* media mnt opt proc root sbin srv sys tmp usr var
+
+# 60 minutes with kernel sources + cross-tools
+#tar -cjf gllfsc-20130723.tar.bz2 *
+@end verbatim
+
+It is then easy to copy the archive to the target machine and extract.
+
+
+@node Recommendations
+@section Some Recommendations
+
+We recommend extracting the system to an empty partition. Moreover,
+the filesystem of the chosen partition has to be a filesystem
+supported by the kernel you compiled. Finally, this partition has to
+be consistent with the system description in the file
+@file{/etc/fstab} you created during setup (@pxref{fstab File
+Creation}).
+
+Then, you will have to edit the PMON BIOS configuration file of the
+target machine: @file{/boot.cfg}. This file has to be put on the first
+partition of the hard
+drive@footnote{@uref{http://gnewsense.org/Projects/Lemote#Updating_of_the_PMON_configuration}}. A
+minimal @file{/boot.cfg} could be:
+
+On the Yeeloong 8133, vmlinuz must be on the first primary partition
+to be able to boot.
+
+@verbatim
+default 0
+timeout 2
+showmenu 1
+
+title GLLFSC
+kernel /dev/fs/ext2@wd0/vmlinuz
+args console=tty1 root=/dev/sda8
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Further Readings
+@chapter Further Readings
+
+Haiyong Sun's website (in Chinese):
+@uref{http://youbest.cublog.cn}. It includes documents on building a
+GNU/Linux system for Loongson and a GNU/Hurd system for x86.
+
+Cross [GNU/]Linux from scratch: @uref{http://www.cross-lfs.org}.
+Includes a lot of documentation to build a GNU/Linux system by
+cross-compilation on a variety of hardware, no information (yet) for
+cross-compiling with sysroot on MIPS though. There is also a
+Community-driven Beyond [GNU/]Linux From Scratch on
+@uref{http://cblfs.cross-lfs.org}. It documents the building of Xorg
+and TeXLive among other things.
+
+@c Some patches from the above project are available for download on
+@c @uref{http://svn.cross-lfs.org/svn/repos/patches/}.
+
+@uref{http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_@/man.txt}
+documents an interesting way of managing packages. Quotation from the
+file:
+
+@quotation
+DESCRIPTION:
+@itemize
+
+@item
+You want to know which packages your files belong to?
+
+@item
+You want to deinstall software that doesn't have make uninstall?
+
+@item
+You are bothered by programs installed setuid root behind your back?
+
+@item
+You don't like packages quietly overwriting files from other packages?
+
+@item
+You don't like package managers like RPM?
+
+@item
+YOU WANT TOTAL CONTROL USING ONLY UNIX BUILTINS?
+@end itemize
+@end quotation
+
+The suckless team@footnote{@uref{http://suckless.org}} is a group of
+programmers that share the following
+philosophy@footnote{@uref{http://suckless.org/philosophy}}:
+
+@quotation
+Focus on simplicity, clarity and frugality. Our philosophy is about
+keeping things simple, minimal and usable. We believe this should
+become the mainstream philosophy in the IT sector. Unfortunately, the
+tendency for complex, error-prone and slow software seems to be
+prevalent in the present-day software industry. We intend to prove the
+opposite with our software projects.
+@end quotation
+
+The simple and lightweight programs released by this team are
+interesting for machines based on Loongson 3A processor as performance
+is limited compared to current x86 processors.
+
+
+@node Thanks
+@chapter Thanks
+
+I thank Lemote and particularily the CEO, Fuxin Zhang, for offering me
+a Yeeloong 8133, Huacai Chen and Haiyong Sun for their help in fixing
+the bugs I found in the deblobbed kernel.
+
+I am particularily grateful to Haiyong Sun for having shared his
+knowledge on building a free operating system for Loongson 2F
+machines, this document is heavily based on this.
+
+
+@node GNU Free Documentation License
+@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
+@include fdl-1.3.texi
+
+
+@node GNU General Public License
+@appendix GNU General Public License
+@include gpl.texi
+
+@bye
--- /dev/null
+\input texinfo
+@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename gllfsc-pentium4-1.7.info
+@settitle GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Pentium 4
+@c Comment the following if you want Letter format instead of A4 for
+@c PDF output
+@afourpaper
+@c %**end of header
+@c Book headers for PDF version
+@setchapternewpage odd
+@documentencoding UTF-8
+
+@copying
+This is edition 1.7 (last updated April 2020) of
+@cite{GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Pentium 4}.
+
+Copyright @copyright{} 2020 Christophe Jarry.
+
+@ignore
+This document is based on the Chinese page
+@url{http://zdbr.net.cn/download/Loongson64-@/2.0.htm}, which is
+copyright @copyright{} 2009
+@c Because TeX does not handle Chinese fonts automatically, we need to
+@c do the following:
+@ifnottex
+Haiyong Sun (å™æµ·å‹‡).
+@end ifnottex
+@iftex
+Haiyong Sun.
+@end iftex
+His blog is on @url{http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid/436750.html}.
+@end ignore
+
+Various formats of this manual as well as its texinfo source are
+available on
+@uref{http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/pentium4/}.
+
+@quotation
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+Free Documentation License''.
+@end quotation
+
+@quotation
+Computer instructions in this manual are free software: you can
+redistribute them and/or modify them under the terms of the GNU
+General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
+either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+version.
+
+Those instructions are distributed in the hope that they will be
+useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this manual. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+@end quotation
+
+@end copying
+
+@c @setchapternewpage odd
+
+@titlepage
+@title GNU/Linux-libre from source code
+@subtitle for Pentium 4
+@c @subtitle SUBTITLE-IF-ANY
+@c @subtitle SECOND-SUBTITLE
+@author Christophe Jarry
+
+@c The following two commands
+@c start the copyright page.
+@page
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+@insertcopying
+
+@c Published by ...
+@end titlepage
+
+@c Short table of contents
+@shortcontents
+
+@c So the toc is printed at the start.
+@contents
+
+@ifnottex
+@node Top
+@top GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Pentium 4
+
+This manual describes how to build a GNU/Linux-libre system from
+source for Pentium 4 processor.
+
+@insertcopying
+@end ifnottex
+
+@menu
+* Introduction:: What this document is all about.
+* Prerequisites:: Useful knowledge before proceeding.
+* Preliminary Work:: Preparing the build.
+* Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain:: Building the cross-
+ compilation Toolchain.
+* Building the Cross-Compilation Tools:: Building the
+ cross-compilation Tools.
+* Building the Target System:: How to build the target system.
+* Configuration Files:: Creating configuration files
+ needed by the new system.
+* Before Booting GLLFSC:: Final things to do before booting
+ into the new system.
+* After Booting GLLFSC:: Some packages to install and
+ configuration to tweek in order
+ to extend the system.
+* Further Readings:: Websites useful to know more.
+@c * Thanks:: Thanks.
+* GNU Free Documentation License:: Your rights and freedoms with the
+ text.
+* GNU General Public License:: Your rights and freedoms with the
+ commands.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Introduction
+@chapter Introduction
+
+@menu
+* GNU/Linux History:: A brief history of GNU/Linux.
+* Purpose of this Document:: What this document is all about.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node GNU/Linux History
+@section GNU/Linux History
+
+@menu
+* GNU:: Presentation of the GNU project
+* HURD:: Presentation of the HURD
+* Linux:: Presentation of the kernel Linux
+* Linux-libre:: Presentation of the kernel Linux-libre
+* References:: Where to get more information
+@end menu
+
+@node GNU
+@subsection GNU
+
+@acronym{GNU} (GNU's Not Unix) is a project launched by Richard
+Stallman in 1984 with the goal of building an entirely free operating
+system compatible with Unix@footnote{See
+@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix}}. ``Free'' here means ``free
+as in freedom''. In this context, a free operating system is an
+operating system you can use and share in freedom. A core part of his
+motivation is given in the GNU
+Manifesto@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html}}:
+
+@quotation
+I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
+divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
+with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
+way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
+software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
+Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
+but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
+institution where such things are done for me against my will.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
+decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
+will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
+have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
+me from giving GNU away.
+@end quotation
+
+A program is free software if the program's user has the four
+essential freedoms:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).
+
+@item
+The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does
+her computing as she wishes (freedom 1). Access to the source code is
+a precondition for this.
+
+@item
+The freedom to redistribute copies so she can help her neighbor
+(freedom 2).
+
+@item
+The freedom to distribute copies of her modified versions to others
+(freedom 3). By doing this she can give the whole community a chance
+to benefit from her changes. Access to the source code is a
+precondition for this.
+@end itemize
+
+One of the most popular free software license is the GNU General
+Public License (GNU
+GPL@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html}}).
+
+The free software movement is supported by the Free Software
+Foundation (FSF@footnote{@uref{http://www.fsf.org}}).
+
+
+@node HURD
+@subsection HURD
+
+The @acronym{HURD} is an acronym for @acronym{HIRD} (HURD of
+interfaces representing depth) of Unix-replacing daemons. It is the
+GNU project's replacement for the Unix kernel. It is a collection of
+servers that run on the Mach microkernel to implement file systems,
+network protocols, file access control, and other features that are
+implemented by the Unix kernel or similar kernels (such as Linux).
+
+The purpose of the GNU HURD is to improve the user's freedom on her
+operating system by allowing her to either add or remove a feature of
+the kernel on the fly.
+
+From early on, the HURD was developed to use GNU Mach as the
+microkernel. This was a technical decision made by Richard Stallman,
+who thought it would speed up the work by saving a large part of
+it. He has admitted that he was wrong about that.
+
+Nevertheless, development of the HURD is increasingly attracting
+developers and GNU/HURD systems exist and are usable.
+
+
+@node Linux
+@subsection Linux
+
+Linux is a monolithic kernel created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linus
+Torvalds initially wrote a terminal emulator, which he used to access
+the large UNIX servers of his university. He wrote the program
+specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an
+operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC
+with an 80386 processor. This later became the kernel Linux.
+
+Initially, Torvalds first published the kernel Linux under its own
+licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.
+
+In the notes for the first release of the kernel Linux, Torvalds lists
+the GNU software that is required to run Linux:
+
+@quotation
+Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system
+you need a shell, compilers, a library etc. [...] Most of the tools
+used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft.
+@end quotation
+
+In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General
+Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes
+of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version
+0.99 using the GNU GPL.
+
+The kernel Linux is now a contribution of many professionals and
+volonteers around the world.
+
+
+@node Linux-libre
+@subsection Linux-libre
+
+Linux, the kernel developed and distributed by Linus Torvalds et al,
+contains non-Free Software@footnote{For more information about the
+presence of proprietary firmware in the kernel Linux, read
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre.en}
+and
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/@/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html#nonfree-firmware}.},
+i.e., software that does not respect your essential freedoms, and it
+induces you to install additional non-Free Software that it doesn't
+contain.
+
+GNU
+Linux-libre@footnote{@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html}}
+is a project to maintain and publish 100% Free distributions of Linux,
+suitable for use in Free System Distributions@footnote{For a full list
+of free as in freedom GNU/Linux distributions, see
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/distros/}.}, removing software that is
+included without source code, with obfuscated or obscured source code,
+under non-Free Software licenses, that do not permit you to change the
+software so that it does what you wish, and that induces or requires
+you to install additional pieces of non-Free Software.
+
+
+@node References
+@subsection References
+
+For more information on the GNU project and its relation with the
+kernel Linux, you can read @uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html}
+and @uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html}.
+
+For more information on the history of the HURD, I recommend you to
+read @uref{http://www.h-online.com/open/features/GNU-HURD-Altered-visions-and-lost-promise@/-1030942.html}.
+
+For more information on the HURD, read @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/}.
+
+For more information on the early versions of the kernel Linux, read
+@uref{https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/linux.history.html}.
+
+
+@node Purpose of this Document
+@section Purpose of this Document
+
+One day I found a Dell Optiplex 745 minitower with a Pentium 4 CPU in
+a municipal waste. I just replaced the button battery and the computer
+was able to boot. I decided to adapt the work I did for the Lemote
+Yeeloong 8133: GNU/Linux@footnote{Note: in this document, we use the
+term ``GNU/Linux'' to name the entire system and ``Linux'' to name the
+kernel. For more information, read
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html}.} Libre from Source
+Code for Pentium 4 was born.
+
+
+@node Prerequisites
+@chapter Prerequisites
+
+@menu
+* Definitions:: Definitions of important notions used to build the
+ system
+* Commands:: Help on commands
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Definitions
+@section Definitions
+
+@menu
+* sysroot:: @option{sysroot}
+* Toolchain:: What a Toolchain is.
+* build host target:: Understanding the meaning of the
+ @option{build}-@option{host}-@option{target}
+ triplet.
+* FHS:: The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node sysroot
+@subsection @option{sysroot}
+
+The traditional way of building a GNU/Linux operating system consists
+on building a (cross-) compilation toolchain to build a temporary
+operating system which in turn will be used to build the target
+system@footnote{@pxref{Further Readings} for more details}. This
+requires almost as much time to complete the temporary system as to
+build the target one. Using sysroot resolves this problem.
+
+From GCC installation manual, under Cross-Compiler-Specific Options:
+
+@table @code
+@item --with-sysroot
+@itemx --with-sysroot=@var{dir}
+Tells GCC to consider @var{dir} as the root of a tree that contains (a
+subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system. Target
+system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched
+in there. More specifically, this acts as if
+@option{--sysroot=@var{dir}} was added to the default options of the
+built compiler. The specified directory is not copied into the
+install tree, unlike the options @option{--with-headers} and
+@option{--with-libs} that this option obsoletes. The default value,
+in case @option{--with-sysroot} is not given an argument, is
+@option{$@{gcc_tooldir@}/sys-root}. If the specified directory is a
+subdirectory of @option{$@{exec_prefix@}}, then it will be found
+relative to the GCC binaries if the installation tree is moved.
+
+This option affects the system root for the compiler used to build
+target libraries (which runs on the build system) and the compiler
+newly installed with @code{make install}; it does not affect the
+compiler which is used to build GCC itself.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Toolchain
+@subsection Toolchain
+
+According to
+Wikipedia@footnote{@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolchain}}:
+
+@quotation
+In software, a toolchain is the set of programming tools that are used
+to create a product (typically another computer program or system of
+programs). The tools may be used in a chain, so that the output of
+each tool becomes the input for the next, but the term is used widely
+to refer to any set of linked development tools.
+
+A simple software development toolchain consists of a text editor for
+editing source code, a compiler and linker to transform the source
+code into an executable program, libraries to provide interfaces to
+the operating system, and a debugger.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node build host target
+@subsection @option{build}, @option{host} and @option{target}
+
+During a cross-compilation, @option{build} @option{host} and
+@option{target} are among the most used options: understanding the
+precise meaning of those parameters is very important. We could define
+them thus:
+
+@itemize
+@item @option{--build=@var{platform on which the program is
+compiled}},
+@item @option{--host=@var{platform on which the program will run}},
+@item @option{--target=@var{platform for which the program will create
+output}}.
+@end itemize
+
+Let's use GCC as an example to explain the role of those three
+parameters.
+
+During GCC compilation, we use:
+
+@samp{./configure --build=@var{build-platform}
+--host=@var{host-platform} --target=@var{target-platform} [various
+compilation parameters]}
+
+So in those configuration parameters:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@option{--build} provides the name of the platform currently running.
+If we were using an Intel Pentium processor to compile the system, our
+@var{build-platform} would be something like @samp{i686-pc-linux-gnu}.
+
+If this parameter is not specified, it will be guessed automatically.
+
+@item
+@option{--host} represents the type of machine we are going to run GCC
+on after the compilation succeeds. During a cross-compilation this has
+to be specified, because the current machine can not know which
+architecture we wish to target. We want to produce executables to run
+on @emph{Pentium4}, but there is currently no way we can specify
+@samp{Pentium4} directly; because of this we specify
+@samp{i386-unknown-linux-gnu}.
+
+@option{--host} can also be left unspecified, in that case,
+@var{host-platform} would automatically define itself as
+@var{build-platform}, but this is not cross-compilation anymore.
+
+@quotation Note
+when @option{--build} and @option{--host} are different, configuration
+files will maintain the cross-compilation mode.
+@end quotation
+
+@item
+@option{--target} defines the system for which compiler tools will
+create output.
+
+@var{target-platform} parameter is useful only for a limited number of
+programs. Although this parameter is often present when issuing
+@samp{./configure --help}, hardly any packages will need it.
+
+This parameter is only useful for performing tasks with different
+platforms; for instance, executable files compiled for different
+platforms can have a totally different code.
+@end itemize
+
+If we summarize, we have:
+
+@itemize
+@item @var{build-platform}: automatically guessed from platform in
+use; has to be specified if not guessed.
+
+@item @var{host-platform}: if unspecified, automatically equals
+@var{build-platform}. When @var{build-platform} and
+@var{host-platform} values are identical, it is a local compilation;
+otherwise it is a cross-compilation.
+
+@item @var{target-platform}: defines the system for which compiler
+tools will create output; it equals @var{host-platform} if
+unspecified. GCC, binutils, and programs related to the platform's
+instructions have this parameter; most programs do not use this
+parameter.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node FHS
+@subsection FHS
+
+The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) has been created to specify
+the location and use of main directories on a GNU/Linux operating
+system. Common commands, user data, libraries have to be put inside a
+specific directory given in the standard. During the build process,
+some commands are used to comply with FHS.
+
+
+@node Commands
+@section Commands
+
+Because most commands are common for a regular Unix user, only
+uncommon commands are explained in this document. If you do not
+understand a command that is not explained, you can use the
+documentation available on your computer; in a terminal, typing
+@samp{man @var{command}} should give you enough information. For GNU
+software, @samp{info @var{package}} can also give additional
+information.
+
+To know more about command line, I suggest you read "Introduction to
+the Command Line" which is available on
+@uref{http://flossmanuals.net/command-line/}.
+
+
+@node Preliminary Work
+@chapter Preliminary Work
+
+@quotation Important
+In order to complete the first steps of this chapter, you will need to
+have root permissions.
+@end quotation
+
+@menu
+* Build Partition Creation:: Creating a partition for the build.
+* Build User Creation:: Creating a user account dedicated to
+ the build.
+* Work Directory Creation:: Creating the parent directory for the
+ build.
+* Partition Mount:: Mounting the partition dedicated to the
+ build.
+* Useful Directories Creation:: Creating the directories for downloads
+ and compilations.
+* User Switch:: Switching to the user dedicated to the
+ build.
+* Environment Variables Setup:: Setting up the environment variables
+ of the target system.
+* Downloads:: Downloading needed packages and
+ patches.
+* Final Preparations:: Preparing the system for the build.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Build Partition Creation
+@section Build Partition Creation
+
+To dedicate the partition @file{/dev/sda1} to the system build, and to
+define the filesystem to be used for it as @samp{ext3}:
+
+@verbatim
+mke2fs -t ext3 /dev/sda1
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{-t} is followed by the type of filesystem to be
+used. The filesystem @samp{ext3} is used as it is one of the most
+common filesystem used with the kernel Linux.
+
+
+@node Build User Creation
+@section Build User Creation
+
+To create the builder group, user and password:
+
+@verbatim
+groupadd gllfsc
+useradd -s /bin/bash -g gllfsc -m -k /dev/null gllfsc
+passwd gllfsc
+@end verbatim
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Option @option{-s} (or @option{--shell}) is used to define the created
+user's default shell, here @file{/bin/bash}.
+
+@item
+Option @option{-g} (or @option{--gid}) is used to define the group
+name or number of the created user's initial login group, here
+@samp{gllfsc}.
+
+@item
+Option @option{-m} (or @option{--create-home}) does create the user's
+home directory if it does not exist (@file{/home/@var{username}}).
+
+@item
+Option @option{-k} (or @option{--skel}) is used to define the skeleton
+directory to be copied in the user's home directory, here
+@file{/dev/null}. @file{/dev/null} is a special file which, in this
+case, will give no skeleton at all to @command{useradd}.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Work Directory Creation
+@section Work Directory Creation
+
+To create the directory @file{/gllfsc} in which the system will be
+built:
+
+@verbatim
+export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"
+mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"} sets the value of the variable
+@env{TARGET_DIR} to @file{/gllfsc}, the directory in which the system
+will be built.
+
+
+@node Partition Mount
+@section Mounting Partition
+
+To mount the hard drive partition, for instance @file{/dev/sda1}, used
+to build the system:
+
+@verbatim
+mount /dev/sda1 ${TARGET_DIR}
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Useful Directories Creation
+@section Creating Compilation and Download Directories
+
+@verbatim
+mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}/{build,download}
+chown -Rv gllfsc ${TARGET_DIR}
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node User Switch
+@section Switching to the Build User
+
+To login as the user that will build the system:
+
+@verbatim
+su - gllfsc
+@end verbatim
+
+With the command @command{su}, it is possible to change the user
+ID. The option @option{-} provides an environment similar to what the
+user would expect had the user logged in directly.
+
+
+@node Environment Variables Setup
+@section Setting up Required Environment Variables
+
+@file{~/.bash_profile} is a personal initialization file that is read
+when Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell (@file{~} is the
+location of the user's home directory). To write the content of the
+file @file{~/.bash_profile}:
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ~/.bash_profile << 'EOF'
+exec env -i HOME=${HOME} TERM=${TERM} PS1=${PS1} /bin/bash
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The first line creates the file @file{~/.bash_profile} and opens it
+for writing until @samp{@acronym{EOF}} (End Of File) is written in it.
+
+The second line tells Bash to execute @file{/bin/bash} with the option
+@option{-i} (or @option{--ignore-environment}) which will make Bash
+start with an empty environment. Variables @env{HOME}, @env{TERM} and
+@env{PS1} define respectively the home directory of the current user,
+the terminal used and the primary prompt string displayed.
+
+@file{~/.bashrc} is a personal initialization file that is read when
+Bash is invoked as an interactive shell but not a login one. To write
+the content of the file @file{~/.bashrc}:
+
+@verbatim
+export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
+cat > ~/.bashrc << EOF
+set +h
+umask 022
+#alias make='make -j5'
+export PS1='\[\e[35m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]$ '
+export LC_ALL=POSIX
+export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
+export BUILD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/build"
+export DOWNLOAD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/download"
+export CROSS_HOST="$(echo $MACHTYPE |\
+ sed "s/$(echo $MACHTYPE | cut -d- -f2)/cross/")"
+export CROSS_TARGET="i686-unknown-linux-gnu"
+#export MABI="n32"
+#export MABI="64"
+export MARCH="pentium4"
+export PATH=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
+unset CFLAGS
+unset CXXFLAGS
+EOF
+source ~/.bash_profile
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{set +h} tells Bash to not locate nor remember commands (hash) as
+they are looked up for execution.
+
+@samp{umask 022} sets Bash process' file creation mask to
+@samp{022}. This results in permissions of `755' for those files.
+
+@samp{alias make='make -j5'} tells Bash to replace every call of
+@samp{make} by @samp{make -j5}. This is useful for multiple-cores CPUs
+as it parallelizes tasks.
+
+@samp{export PS1='\[\e[35m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]$ '} sets the primary
+prompt strings. The primary prompt strings are the strings you see
+before the commands you type in the terminal. The part @samp{\A-\W}
+means that the time, in 24-hour HH:MM format and the basename of
+@env{$PWD} will be displayed separated by a `-', as in
+@samp{19:33-bin}. The part @samp{\$} adds a dollar sign at the end,
+@samp{\[\e[35m\]} colors the strings in purple and @samp{\[\e[00m\]}
+gets the original color back. For other colors, you can browse
+@uref{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code}.
+
+@env{LC_ALL} is a macro used to define a single locale to overwrite
+other @env{LC_*} and @env{LANG} environment variables so that
+language, numeric values, time and other locale-dependant values have
+all the same value. It is set to the standard POSIX locale.
+
+@samp{export BUILD_DIR="$@{TARGET_DIR@}/build"} sets the environment
+variable @env{BUILD_DIR} to the value of @samp{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/build}
+which is @samp{/gllfsc/build} in this document.
+
+The value of variable @env{CROSS_HOST} equals the value of variable
+@env{MACHTYPE} of the current machine (for instance
+@samp{i686-pc-linux-gnu}) modulo the second word, which is replaced by
+@samp{cross} (i.e. @samp{i486-cross-linux-gnu}).
+
+The value of variable @env{CROSS_TARGET} equals the value of variable
+@env{MACHTYPE} of the machine for which the system is built (i.e.
+@samp{i686-unknown-linux-gnu}).
+
+The variable @env{MABI} defines the @acronym{ABI} (Application Binary
+Interface) for which the system will be built. @option{-mabi} is an
+option of GCC. n32/64 are for 64-bit CPUs only. 64 has 64-bit pointers
+and long integers, whereas n32 has 32-bit pointers and long integers.
+This does not apply to pentium 4 machines.
+
+The variable @env{MARCH} defines the architecture for which the system
+will be built. @option{-march} is an option of @acronym{GCC} (GNU
+Compiler Collection).
+
+The variable @env{PATH} contains a colon-separated list of directories
+in which the shell looks for commands. The shell will first look for
+commands in @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}, then, if the
+command was not found, in @file{/bin} and finally in @file{/usr/bin}.
+
+@command{unset} command removes the variable associated, here
+@env{CFLAGS} and @env{CXXFLAGS}. Those variables are used by GCC as
+extra flags given to the C compiler and the C++ compiler
+respectively.
+
+Finally @samp{source ~/.bash_profile} reads and executes the content
+of the file @file{~/.bash_profile}.
+
+
+@node Downloads
+@section Downloads
+
+@menu
+* Packages Download:: List of packages to be downloaded.
+* Patches Download:: List of patches to be downloaded.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Packages Download
+@subsection Downloading Packages
+
+The packages listed below are those used in this document. You can try
+other versions but you will need a recent version of Binutils, GCC and
+the kernel Linux in order to build GLLFSC.
+
+Download those files under @env{$@{DOWNLOAD_DIR@}} (which is
+@file{/gllfsc/download} in this document).
+
+@quotation Note
+If you have trouble with a savannah mirror, you can have a full list
+of them at @uref{http://download.savannah.gnu.org/mirmon/savannah/}.
+If you have trouble with a GNU mirror, you can have a full list
+of them at @uref{http://www.gnu.org/prep/ftp.html}.
+@end quotation
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Autoconf: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Automake: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/automake/automake-1.14.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Bash: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Binutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/binutils/binutils-2.24.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Bison: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bison/bison-2.7.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Bootscripts: @uref{http://ftp.clfs.org/pub/clfs/conglomeration/bootscripts@/-cross@/-lfs/@/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0.0.tar.xz}.
+
+@item
+Bzip2: @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/bzip2/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+CA-Certificates: @uref{http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/sources/other/certdata.txt}.
+
+@item
+Coreutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/coreutils/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz}.
+
+@item
+DHCPCD: @uref{https://roy.marples.name/downloads/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-6.1.0.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Diffutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/diffutils/diffutils-3.3.tar.xz}.
+
+@item
+E2fsprogs: @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.42.8.tar@/.gz}.
+
+@item
+File: @uref{ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.16.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Findutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/findutils/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Flex: @uref{http://downloads.sourceforge.net/flex/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Gawk: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gawk/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+GCC: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gcc/gcc-4.7.3/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Gdbm: @uref{http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm/gdbm-1.11.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Gettext: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gettext/gettext-0.18.3.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Glibc: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-2.18.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Gmp: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gmp/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Grep: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/grep/grep-2.15.tar.xz}.
+
+@item
+Groff: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/groff/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+GRUB: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/grub/grub-2.00.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Gzip: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gzip/gzip-1.6.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Iana-Etc: @uref{http://sethwklein.net/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Inetutils: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/inetutils/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Iproute2: @uref{https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-3.10.0@/.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Kbd: @uref{http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd/kbd-2.0.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Kmod: @uref{https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-15.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Less: @uref{http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-458.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Libpipeline: @uref{http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/libpipeline/@/libpipeline-1.3.0.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Libtasn1: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/libtasn1/libtasn1-3.4.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Libtool: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/libtool/libtool-2.4.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Linux-Libre @footnote{The kernel Linux is shipped with proprietary
+firmware. The version called Linux-Libre exists without them, it is
+available for download at
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/}.}.
+@uref{http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/3.10-gnu/@/linux-libre-3.10-gnu.tar.xz}.
+
+@item
+Lynx: @uref{http://invisible-mirror.net/archives/lynx/tarballs/lynx2.8.8dev.16.tar@/.bz2}.
+
+@item
+M4: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/m4/m4-1.4.17.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Make: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/make/make-4.0.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Man-db: @uref{http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/man-db/man-db-2.6.7.1.tar@/.xz}.
+
+@item
+Man-Pages: @uref{https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/Archive/man-pages-@/3.54.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Mpc: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/mpc/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Mpfr: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/mpfr/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Nano: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/nano/nano-2.3.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Ncurses: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/ncurses/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Openssl: @uref{ftp://ftp.openssl.org/source/old/1.0.1/openssl-1.0.1i.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Patch: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/patch/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Perl: @uref{http://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.18.1.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Procps: @uref{http://procps.sourceforge.net/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Psmisc: @uref{https://sourceforge.net/projects/psmisc/files/psmisc/psmisc-22.20.tar@/.gz}.
+
+@item
+Readline: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/readline/readline-6.2.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Runit: @uref{http://smarden.org/runit/runit-2.1.2.tar.gz}
+
+@item
+Sed: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/sed/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Shadow: @uref{https://src.fedoraproject.org/repo/pkgs/shadow-utils/shadow-4.1.4.3@/.tar.bz2/b8608d8294ac88974f27b20f991c0e79/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Sysvinit: @uref{http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.88dsf@/.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Tar: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/tar/tar-1.27.1.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Texinfo: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/texinfo-4.13a.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Tzcode: @uref{http://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/releases/tzcode2013h.tar@/.gz}.
+
+@item
+Tzdata: @uref{http://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/releases/tzdata2013h.tar@/.gz}.
+
+@item
+Udev: @uref{https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev-175.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Util-Linux: @uref{https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.24/util-@/linux-2.24.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Wireless_tools: @uref{http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/wireless_tools.29.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Wpa_supplicant: @uref{http://w1.fi/releases/wpa_supplicant-2.0.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+Wget: @uref{http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/wget/wget-1.14.tar.gz}.
+
+@item
+XZ-Utils: @uref{https://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.0.8.tar.bz2}.
+
+@item
+Zlib: @uref{http://www.zlib.net/fossils/zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz}.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Patches Download
+@subsection Downloading Patches
+
+Patches and configuration files location:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@uref{http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/pentium4/gllfsc-pentium4-1.7-patches@/.tar.gz}. After
+having downloaded this file under @env{$@{DOWNLOAD_DIR@}}, execute
+the following commands to extract its content:
+
+@verbatim
+cd ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}
+tar xvf gllfsc-pentium4-1.7-patches.tar.gz
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+@item
+The page
+@uref{http://dev.lemote.com/cgit/linux-official.git/commit/?h=linux-3.6@/&id=94fe1f0a7d2e3042fa7fadfd15da71b9d0c11809}
+describes the changes to be made to the kernel in order to add support
+for Chinese fonts in console. The patch applies to Linux 3.6.
+Be aware though that applying this patch to the kernel may make
+characters that are both non-@acronym{CJK} (Chinese Japanese Korean)
+and non-ASCII unreadable (accented letters, cyrillic, etc.).
+
+@item
+The page
+@uref{http://microcai.gsalex.net/old/archives/2011/01/fbcon_UNICODE_font_support.html}
+is useful for users who want support for @acronym{CJK} (Chinese
+Japanese Korean) characters under the (non-graphical) terminal. It
+gives access to a git@footnote{@uref{http://git-scm.com/}} repository
+with kernel patches@footnote{The patches to use with version 3.5 of
+the kernel are the first four on
+@uref{http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/cjktty.git/shortlog/refs/heads/3.5-utf8}.}
+that permit direct rendering of UTF-8 characters under the framebuffer
+environment. Be aware though that applying those CJK patches to the
+kernel may make characters that are both non-CJK and non-ASCII
+unreadable (accented letters, cyrillic, etc.).
+@end ignore
+
+@item
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/lemote/gnewsense/tags/@/2.6.36-libre-lemote_0lxo/100gnu+freedo.patch}
+this patch adds a picture of a GNU beside Freedo, Freedo being the
+mascot of Linux-Libre. The image can be seen on
+@uref{http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/100gnu+freedo}.
+
+@item
+@uref{http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/3.10.7-gnu/patch-3.10-@/gnu-3.10.7-gnu.xz}
+this patch updates linux-libre-3.10 to linux-libre-3.10.7.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Final Preparations
+@section Final Preparations
+
+@menu
+* Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation:: Creating the directories of
+ the target system.
+* Needed Files Creation:: Creating files for needed
+ user, groups and log.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation
+@subsection Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation
+
+@verbatim
+cd ${TARGET_DIR}
+
+# /usr is required for cmake, python and ruby at least
+mkdir -v usr
+cd usr
+mkdir -v bin include lib share src
+ln -sv bin sbin
+ln -sv lib lib32
+ln -sv lib lib64
+cd ..
+
+mkdir -v boot dev etc home local mnt proc root run static sys var
+mkdir -v cross-tools libexec
+
+ln -sv usr/bin bin
+ln -sv usr/bin sbin
+ln -sv usr/include include
+ln -sv usr/lib lib
+ln -sv usr/lib lib32
+ln -sv usr/lib lib64
+ln -sv usr/share share
+ln -sv usr/src src
+install -dv -m 0777 tmp
+
+install -dv -m 1777 var
+cd var
+mkdir -v cache local lock log mail run spool
+mkdir -pv lib/misc lib/locate
+cd ..
+
+install -dv -m 0750 root
+
+cd local
+mkdir -v bin include lib src
+ln -sv bin sbin
+ln -sv lib lib32
+mkdir -v share
+cd share
+mkdir -v doc info locale man misc terminfo zoneinfo
+mkdir -v man/man{1..8}
+cd ../..
+ln -sv share/man man
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The command @samp{install -dv -m 1777 var} creates the directory
+@file{var} with the permissions to read, write and execute for
+everyone. The '1' in @samp{1777} is the sticky bit which allows
+deletion of the file or directory having this attribute only for the
+owner of the file or directory.
+
+The command @samp{ln -svf lib lib64} creates a symbolic link (option
+@option{-s}) with the name @file{lib64} which will point to
+@file{lib}.
+
+
+@node Needed Files Creation
+@subsection Creating needed user, groups and log files
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/passwd << EOF
+root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The file @file{/etc/passwd} contains one line for each user account,
+with seven fields delimited by colons. These fields are:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+login name;
+
+@item
+optional encrypted password;
+
+@item
+numerical user ID;
+
+@item
+numerical group ID;
+
+@item
+user name or comment field;
+
+@item
+user home directory;
+
+@item
+optional user command interpreter.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/group << EOF
+root:x:0:
+bin:x:1:
+sys:x:2:
+kmem:x:3:
+tty:x:4:
+tape:x:5:
+daemon:x:6:
+floppy:x:7:
+disk:x:8:
+lp:x:9:
+dialout:x:10:
+audio:x:11:
+video:x:12:
+utmp:x:13:
+usb:x:14:
+cdrom:x:15:
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The file @file{/etc/group} is a text file which defines the groups on
+the system. There is one entry per line, with the following format:
+@samp{group_name:password:GID:user_list}.
+
+
+@verbatim
+touch ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
+chmod -v 664 ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/lastlog
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain
+@chapter Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain
+
+In this chapter, the cross-compilation toolchain is built as well as
+core components of the target system. Those will then be used to build
+the target system.
+
+@menu
+* Target Linux-Header:: Linux-Header for target system.
+* Cross Binutils:: Binutils for cross-compilation.
+* Cross GCC:: GCC for cross-compilation (C support only).
+* Target glibc:: glibc for target system.
+* Cross GCC CXX:: GCC for cross-compilation (C and C++ support).
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Target Linux-Header
+@section Target Linux-Header
+
+In this document, the kernel used is version 3.10.7 of Linux-libre. I
+stick to this version because some changes made in the kernel since
+3.14 require the non-free firmware of the radeon driver earlier at
+boot: without the firmware, the screen will remain blank on a machine
+that requires it, making the computer unusable.@footnote{See
+@uref{https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=77861} for details.}
+I think version 3.10.7 of Linux-libre is usable on such a machine
+without the non-free firmware of the radeon driver.
+
+You need Patch, Make and GCC on your system to compile this program
+from source. Under gNewSense 4.0, try @samp{sudo apt-get install patch
+make gcc-4.4} and then @samp{sudo ln -sv gcc-4.4 /usr/bin/gcc}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 14 minutes mostly to compress the kernel with xz
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}
+
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-libre-3.10-gnu.tar.xz \
+ -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-3.10
+unxz ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/patch-3.10-gnu-3.10.7-gnu.xz
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/patch-3.10-gnu-3.10.7-gnu
+cd ..
+
+# About 2 minutes for the following command (490 MB)
+tar -cf linux-libre-3.10.7-gnu.tar linux-3.10
+
+# About 12 minutes for the following command (68 MB)
+# (requires ~800 MB of RAM)
+xz -9 linux-libre-3.10.7-gnu.tar
+
+mv linux-libre-3.10.7-gnu.tar.xz ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}
+
+cd linux-3.10
+
+make mrproper
+make ARCH=i386 headers_check
+make ARCH=i386 INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install
+cp -rv dest/include/* ${TARGET_DIR}/include
+cd ..
+rm -rf linux-3.10
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{14 minutes} is the time it takes to build the package on Dell
+Optiplex 745 with a Pentium 4 processor.
+
+The command @samp{make mrproper} cleans the sources.
+
+We need to specify @samp{ARCH=i386} as we are cross-compiling.
+
+
+@node Cross Binutils
+@section Cross Binutils
+
+GNU Binutils (GNU binary utilities) is a collection of programs for
+manipulating binaries.
+
+@verbatim
+# 4 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.24.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd $BUILD_DIR/binutils-2.24
+mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
+cd ../binutils-build
+CC="gcc" AR="ar" \
+ ../binutils-2.24/configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-64-bit-bfd \
+ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ --disable-nls \
+ --enable-shared
+make configure-host
+make
+make install
+cp -v ../binutils-2.24/include/libiberty.h \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/include
+cd ..
+rm -rf binutils-build
+rm -rf binutils-2.24
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{CC="gcc"} and @samp{AR="ar"} are flags that tell the
+@file{configure} script to use the local commands @command{gcc} as the
+C compiler and @command{ar} as the program that handles archives.
+
+@option{--prefix=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools} tells the configure
+script to install architecture-independant files in
+@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools}.
+
+The option @option{--enable-64-bit-bfd} enables 64 bit for
+@acronym{BFD} (the Binary File Descriptor).
+
+@option{--with-sysroot=@env{$@{TARGET_DIR@}}} tells Binutils to
+consider @env{$@{TARGET_DIR@}} as the root of a tree that contains (a
+subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system. Target
+system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched
+in there.
+
+The @option{--enable-nls} option enables Native Language Support
+(NLS), which lets Binutils output diagnostics in languages other than
+American English. Native Language Support is enabled by default if not
+doing a canadian cross build. The @option{--disable-nls} option
+disables NLS.
+
+The option @option{--enable-shared} is used to build shared versions
+of libraries, if shared libraries are supported on the target
+platform. Use @option{--disable-shared} to build only static
+libraries.
+
+@c cp -v ../binutils-2.22/include/libiberty.h \
+@c ${TARGET_DIR}/include
+
+
+@node Cross GCC
+@section Cross GCC (C support only)
+
+GCC is the GNU compiler collection. It can compile many languages, of
+which only C and C++ will be enabled in this document.
+
+In this section, we build a minimal GCC in order to build glibc.
+
+@quotation Warning
+to build GMP (a GCC dependency), you need a version of GCC different
+from 4.3.2 on your system@footnote{@uref{https://gmplib.org/#STATUS}}:
+@end quotation
+
+@quotation
+GCC 4.3.2 miscompiles GMP on 64-bit machines; please use a different
+gcc version (e.g., gcc 4.3.1 and gcc 4.3.3 both work properly). We
+have not been able to find any workaround for this gcc bug.
+Unfortunately, Debian 5.0 has decided to stay with this trouble gcc
+version, resulting in that many users strike this bug.
+@end quotation
+
+I recommend installing @samp{gcc-4.4} on gNewSense 4.0 to avoid this
+issue.
+
+@verbatim
+# 20 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2
+mv gmp-5.1.3 gmp
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
+mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2
+mv mpfr-3.1.2 mpfr
+# Fix undefined reference to `__stack_check_guard' when compiling glibc:
+sed -i '/k prot/agcc_cv_libc_provides_ssp=yes' gcc/configure
+mkdir -pv ../gcc-build
+cd ../gcc-build
+../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ --disable-multilib \
+ --with-newlib \
+ --disable-nls \
+ --disable-shared \
+ --disable-threads \
+ --enable-languages=c \
+ --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
+ --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs" \
+ --disable-decimal-float
+# fixes bid_decimal_globals: fenv.h: No such file or directory
+
+make all-gcc
+make all-target-libgcc
+make install-gcc
+make install-target-libgcc
+cd ..
+rm -r gcc-build
+rm -r gcc-4.7.3
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--disable-multilib} specifies that multiple target libraries
+to support different target variants@footnote{Such as different ABI,
+for instance n32 and 64.}, calling conventions, etc@:. should not be
+built. The default is to build a predefined set of them.
+
+@option{--with-newlib} specifies that @samp{newlib} is being used as
+the target C library.
+
+@option{--disable-threads} specifies that threading support should be
+disabled.
+
+@option{--enable-languages=c} specifies that only the C compiler and
+its runtime libraries should be built.
+
+@c --with-abi=${MABI}
+
+@c --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
+@c --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
+@c to avoid error: libmpfr not found or uses a different ABI (including static vs shared).
+
+GCC provides a low-level runtime library, @file{libgcc.a} or
+@file{libgcc_s.so.1} on some platforms. GCC generates calls to
+routines in this library automatically, whenever it needs to perform
+some operation that is too complicated to emit inline code for. This
+is built with @samp{make all-target-libgcc} and installed with
+@samp{make install-target-libgcc}
+
+
+@node Target glibc
+@section Target glibc
+
+Glibc is the GNU C library. It provides macros, type definitions, and
+functions for tasks like string handling, mathematical computations,
+input/output processing, memory allocation and several other operating
+system services.
+
+You need Gawk on your system to compile this program from
+source. Under gNewSense 4.0, try @samp{sudo apt-get install gawk}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 20 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.18.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/glibc-2.18
+sed -i.orig '4775s/3.79\* | 3.\[89\]\*/& | 4.0/' configure
+sed -i.orig "s/ -lgcc_eh\| -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig
+#echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
+#echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
+#echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
+#sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
+# ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
+mkdir -pv ../glibc-build
+cd ../glibc-build
+
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes
+libc_cv_slibdir=/lib
+EOF
+
+cat > configparms << EOF
+install_root=${TARGET_DIR}
+libdir=/lib
+EOF
+
+BUILD_CC="gcc" \
+ CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH}" \
+ AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
+ RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib" \
+ ../glibc-2.18/configure \
+ --prefix= \
+ --libexecdir=/lib/glibc \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --disable-profile \
+ --enable-add-ons \
+ --with-tls \
+ --enable-kernel=3.10 \
+ --with-__thread \
+ --with-binutils=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
+ --with-headers=${TARGET_DIR}/include \
+ --enable-obsolete-rpc \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+
+make
+
+make install
+
+cd ..
+rm -rf glibc-build
+rm -rf glibc-2.18
+cd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/nsswitch.conf << EOF
+# Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf
+
+passwd: files
+group: files
+shadow: files
+
+hosts: files dns
+networks: files
+
+protocols: files
+services: files
+ethers: files
+rpc: files
+
+# End /etc/nsswitch.conf
+EOF
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/ld.so.conf << EOF
+# Begin /etc/ld.so.conf
+
+/local/lib
+
+# End /etc/ld.so.conf
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @samp{sed -i.orig "s/\ -lgcc_eh\|\ -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig}
+
+@c Glibc uses @samp{n32} ABI by default with MIPS. To use @env{MABI}
+@c instead, we do the following:
+@c
+@c @verbatim
+@c echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
+@c echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
+@c echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
+@c sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
+@c ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
+@c @end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+Contents of the files above.
+
+cat mips64/n64/Makefile
+# `long double' is a distinct type we support.
+long-double-fcts = yes
+
+ifeq ($(filter -mabi=64,$(CC)),)
+CC += -mabi=64
+endif
+
+cat mips64/n32/Makefile
+# `long double' is a distinct type we support.
+long-double-fcts = yes
+
+ifeq ($(filter -mabi=n32,$(CC)),)
+CC += -mabi=n32
+endif
+
+cat mips32/Makefile
+ifeq ($(filter -mabi=32,$(CC)),)
+CC += -mabi=32
+endif
+
+grep 'default)' preconfigure
+
+ default) machine=mips/mips64/n32 mips_config_abi=n32 ;;
+
+@end ignore
+
+The file @file{config.cache} is used to attribute values to variables
+of the configure script.
+
+@samp{libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes} is used to avoid the error message
+@samp{error: forced unwind support is required}.
+
+@samp{libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes} is used to avoid the error message
+@samp{error: the compiler must support C cleanup handling}.
+
+@samp{libc_cv_slibdir=/lib} defines @file{/lib} as the directory in
+which the C library of the target system will be installed, instead of
+@file{/lib64} or @file{/lib32}.
+
+You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it to
+go by setting the @code{install_root} variable on the command line for
+@samp{make install}. The value of this variable is prepended to all
+the paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot
+environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should
+be specified with an absolute file name.
+
+Files listed in @samp{install-lib} are installed in the directory
+specified by @samp{libdir} in @file{configparms} or @file{Makeconfig}.
+
+@verbatim
+BUILD_CC="gcc" \
+ CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH}" \
+ AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
+ RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{CC="$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-gcc -march=$@{MARCH@}"}
+sets @code{CC} to the cross-compiler for the target's architecture,
+processor and ABI we configured the library for. @code{AR} and
+@code{RANLIB} are set to cross-compiling versions of @code{ar} and
+@code{ranlib} as the native tools are not configured to work with
+object files for the target we configured for.
+
+@option{--prefix=} tells the @file{configure} script to install
+glibc in the root directory (@file{/}) of the target system.
+
+@c @option{--libexecdir=/lib/glibc} tells the configure script to
+@c install glibc executables inside @file{/lib/glibc}.
+
+Unlike previous builds, @option{--host} now equals
+@env{$@{CROSS_TARGET@}} instead of @env{$@{CROSS_HOST@}}. This is
+because we are building the glibc version that the target system will
+use. We won't have to build it later.
+
+Profiling can be of help to optimize a program by analysing memory
+use, the usage of particular instructions, etc. Option
+@option{--disable-profile} is used to disable this.
+
+Option @option{--enable-add-ons} is used to enable all the add-on
+packages in the main source directory, which includes the glibc-ports
+used to support the MIPS architecture.
+
+The option @option{--with-tls} tells the configure script to use
+@acronym{TLS} (thread-local storage). Thread-local storage is a
+computer programming method that uses memory local to a thread.
+
+The @samp{3.10} parameter given to option @option{--enable-kernel}
+describes the smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated
+library is expected to support. The higher the version number is, the
+less compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets.
+
+Option @option{--with-__thread} enables threads in glibc.
+
+The option @option{--with-binutils=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}
+tells the @file{configure} script to use the binutils (assembler and
+linker) built in the cross-compilation toolchain process.
+
+@option{--with-headers=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/include} indicates the
+location of the kernel Linux' headers.
+
+@option{--enable-obsolete-rpc} tells the @file{configure} script to
+install remote procedure call (RPC) headers. Those may be required by
+some programs.
+
+@option{--cache-file=config.cache} specifies the file in which cache
+variables are listed for @file{configure}.
+
+The file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/nsswitch.conf} contains the
+configuration of @acronym{NSS} (Name Service Switch). NSS is a facility
+in Unix-like operating systems that provides a variety of sources for
+common configuration databases and name resolution mechanisms. These
+sources include local operating system files (such as
+@file{/etc/passwd}, @file{/etc/group}, and @file{/etc/hosts}), the
+Domain Name System (DNS), the Network Information Service (NIS), and
+LDAP.
+
+@c Purpose of the file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc/ld.so.conf}
+
+
+@node Cross GCC CXX
+@section Cross GCC (C and C++ support)
+
+In this section, we build a complete cross-compiler with support for C
+and C++ languages.
+
+@verbatim
+# 35 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2
+mv gmp-5.1.3 gmp
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
+mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2
+mv mpfr-3.1.2 mpfr
+mkdir -v ../gcc-build
+cd ../gcc-build
+../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ --disable-nls \
+ --enable-shared \
+ --enable-__cxa_atexit \
+ --disable-multilib \
+ --enable-c99 \
+ --enable-long-long \
+ --enable-threads=posix \
+ --enable-languages=c,c++ \
+ --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
+ --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf gcc-build
+rm -rf gcc-4.7.3
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--enable-__cxa_atexit} enables @code{__cxa_atexit}, rather
+than @code{atexit}, to register C++ destructors for local statics and
+global objects. This is essential for fully standards-compliant
+handling of destructors, but requires @code{__cxa_atexit} in libc.
+
+@option{--enable-c99} enables support for the C99 standard.
+
+@option{--enable-long-long} enables support for @code{long long int}
+types.
+
+@c @option{--enable-threads=posix}
+
+
+@node Building the Cross-Compilation Tools
+@chapter Building the Cross-Compilation Tools
+
+@menu
+* Cross File:: File for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Groff:: Groff for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Shadow:: Shadow for cross-compilation.
+* Cross M4:: M4 for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Ncurses:: Ncurses for cross-compilation.
+* Cross Cleaning:: Cleaning up the cross-compilation toolchain.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Cross File
+@section File
+
+The command @command{file} is used to determine the type of a file:
+text, executable or data.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.16.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.16
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf file-5.16
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Cross Groff
+@section Groff
+
+Groff is the GNU version of the roff document formatting system which
+is used to produce man pages.
+
+You need G++ on your system to compile this program from source. Under
+gNewSense 4.0, try @samp{sudo apt-get install g++-4.4} and then
+@samp{sudo ln -sv g++-4.4 /usr/bin/g++}.
+
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2
+PAGE=A4 \
+ ./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --without-x
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf groff-1.22.2
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{PAGE=A4} defines the default format of pages for printed output.
+
+@option{--without-x} disables the dependancy on the X window system.
+
+
+@node Cross Shadow
+@section Shadow
+
+The package contains programs to handle users, groups and passwords in
+a secure way: passwords are encrypted.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
+patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch
+#sed -i.orig \
+# 's/bindir)\/\$\$i/bindir)\/mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu-\$\$i/' \
+# src/Makefile.am
+#automake-1.11
+echo "shadow_cv_passwd_dir=${TARGET_DIR}/bin" > config.cache
+echo "ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no" >> config.cache
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --sbindir=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
+ --sysconfdir=${TARGET_DIR}/etc \
+ --disable-shared \
+ --without-audit \
+ --without-libpam \
+ --without-selinux \
+ --program-prefix=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/${CROSS_TARGET}-&/" config.h
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @samp{shadow_cv_passwd_dir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin}
+@c @samp{ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no}
+
+The patch @file{shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch} is used so that
+shadow can be built with the sysroot method. Because we use this
+patch, @samp{shadow_cv_passwd_dir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin} and
+@samp{ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no} have to be added in @file{config.cache}
+in order for the @file{configure} script not to test the
+functionalities associated.
+
+@c @option{--sbindir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/cross-tools/bin}
+
+@c @option{--sysconfdir=$@{TARGET_DIR@}/etc}
+
+@option{--without-audit}, @option{--without-libpam} and
+@option{--without-selinux} disable support for auditing, @acronym{PAM}
+(Pluggable authentication modules) and @acronym{SELinux}
+(Security-Enhanced Linux). We do not need those extra features.
+
+@option{--program-prefix=$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-} prepends the value of
+@env{CROSS_TARGET} (that is @samp{i386-unknown-linux-gnu} in this
+document) to installed program names for cross-compilation.
+
+@c @samp{sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-&/"
+@c config.h} is used to avoid the error message
+
+
+@node Cross M4
+@section M4
+
+Bison 2.5 requires M4 to be built.
+
+GNU M4 is a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro
+language. GNU M4 is used in GNU Autoconf' @file{configure} files.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf m4-1.4.17
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Cross Ncurses
+@section Ncurses
+
+GNU ncurses contains a library used to write text-based user
+interfaces in a terminal-independent manner.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
+./configure \
+ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
+ --without-shared
+make -C include
+make -C progs tic
+install -m755 progs/tic ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin
+cd ..
+rm -rf ncurses-5.9
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--without-shared} is used to avoid building the whole library
+as only @command{tic} is installed.
+
+
+@node Cross Cleaning
+@section Cleaning up Cross-Compilation Toolchain
+
+In order to save some space, binaries and libraries of
+cross-compilation tools can be stripped out.
+
+@quotation Warning
+incorrect cleaning arguments used against library files can lead to
+library files breaking. For this reason, be careful of the command
+arguments. If you are not comfortable with this, you can skip this
+section as it will have no effect on the process of building the
+target system.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@verbatim
+cd ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
+strip --strip-all bin/*
+strip --strip-debug lib/*
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--strip-all} removes all symbols. This command reduces the
+size of the @file{bin} directory's content from 26Â MB to 9Â MB.
+
+@option{--strip-debug} removes debugging symbols only. This command
+reduces the size of the @file{lib} directory's content from 13Â MB to
+13Â MB.
+
+
+@node Building the Target System
+@chapter Building the Target System
+
+After having set up the cross-compilation toolchain and tools, the
+operating system for the target machine is built in this chapter.
+
+@menu
+* Environment Setup:: Setting up the environment.
+* Man Pages:: Building Man Pages.
+* Zlib:: Building Zlib.
+* Binutils:: Building Binutils.
+* GMP:: Building GMP.
+* MPFR:: Building MPFR.
+* MPC:: Building MPC.
+* GCC:: Building GCC.
+* Sed:: Building Sed.
+* E2fsprogs:: Building E2fsprogs.
+* Coreutils:: Building Coreutils.
+* iana-etc:: Building iana-etc.
+* M4:: Building M4.
+* Bison:: Building Bison.
+* Ncurses:: Building Ncurses.
+* Procps:: Building Procps.
+* Libtool:: Building Libtool.
+* Readline:: Building Readline.
+* Autoconf:: Building Autoconf.
+* Automake:: Building Automake.
+* Bash:: Building Bash.
+* Bzip2:: Building Bzip2.
+* DHCPCD:: Building DHCPCD.
+* Diffutils:: Building Diffutils.
+* File:: Building File.
+* Findutils:: Building Findutils.
+* Flex:: Building Flex.
+* Gawk:: Building Gawk.
+* Gdbm:: Building Gdbm.
+* Gettext:: Building Gettext.
+* Grep:: Building Grep.
+* Groff:: Building Groff.
+* Gzip:: Building Gzip.
+* Inetutils:: Building Inetutils.
+* Iproute2:: Building Iproute2.
+* Kbd:: Building Kbd.
+* Kmod:: Building Kmod.
+* Less:: Building Less.
+* Libpipeline:: Building Libpipeline.
+* Make:: Building Make.
+* Man-db:: Building Man-db.
+* Nano:: Building Nano.
+* Patch:: Building Patch.
+* Psmisc:: Building Psmisc.
+* Shadow:: Building Shadow.
+* Sysvinit:: Building Sysvinit.
+* Tar:: Building Tar.
+* Texinfo:: Building Texinfo.
+* Udev:: Building Udev.
+* Util-Linux:: Building Util-Linux.
+* XZ-Utils:: Building XZ-Utils.
+* Bootscripts:: Building Bootscripts.
+* Kernel:: Building the Kernel.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Environment Setup
+@section Setting up the Environment
+
+Because this chapter is about the build of the target system and not
+the build of the cross-compilation toolchain and tools anymore, we
+need to update some environment variables.
+
+For more convenience, we can set environment variables up in the
+@file{~/.bashrc} file, so that this setup is preserved when logging
+in:
+
+
+@verbatim
+cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF
+export CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH}"
+export CXX="${CROSS_TARGET}-g++ -march=${MARCH}"
+export AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar"
+export AS="${CROSS_TARGET}-as"
+export RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
+export LD="${CROSS_TARGET}-ld"
+export STRIP="${CROSS_TARGET}-strip"
+EOF
+source ~/.bash_profile
+@end verbatim
+
+@env{CC} is the flag that indicates the C compiler to be used,
+@env{CXX} the C++ compiler, @env{AR} the archiver, @env{AS} the
+assembler, @env{RANLIB} the archives' index generator, @env{LD} the
+linker and @env{STRIP} the program for stripping.
+
+All the programs to be used are prefixed with
+@samp{$@{CROSS_TARGET@}-} in order to use the cross-compilation
+toolchain instead of the toolchain of the host.
+
+
+@node Man Pages
+@section Man Pages
+
+The man-pages package documents the kernel Linux and C library's
+interfaces that are used by user-space programs.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-pages-3.54.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-pages-3.54
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf man-pages-3.54
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The option @option{prefix=$@{TARGET_DIR@}} is used to install the man
+pages on the target directory instead of the @file{/usr} directory of
+the host.
+
+
+@node Zlib
+@section Zlib
+
+Zlib is a compression/decompression library.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.8
+./configure \
+ --prefix=
+make AR="${AR}"
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf zlib-1.2.8
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+In order to build zlib by cross-compilation, the flag @env{AR} has to
+be equal to @samp{$@{AR@}}.
+
+
+@node Binutils
+@section Binutils
+
+GNU Binutils (GNU binary utilities) is a collection of programs for
+manipulating binaries.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.24.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/binutils-2.24
+mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
+cd ../binutils-build
+../binutils-2.24/configure \
+ --prefix= \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-64-bit-bfd \
+ --enable-shared
+make configure-host
+make tooldir=
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} tooldir= install
+cp -v ../binutils-2.24/include/libiberty.h ${TARGET_DIR}/include
+cd ..
+rm -rf binutils-build
+rm -rf binutils-2.24
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The option @option{--host} is now set to @env{CROSS_TARGET} because
+the host that will run this build will be the target system.
+
+@c @samp{make tooldir=}
+@c @samp{make DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} tooldir= install}
+
+
+@node GMP
+@section GMP
+
+@acronym{GMP} (GNU multiple precision arithmetic library) is required
+to build GCC.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3
+./configure \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --enable-cxx
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{gmp,gmpxx}.la
+cd ..
+rm -rf gmp-5.1.3
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The option @option{--enable-cxx} enables support for the C++ language.
+
+The files @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/lib/lib@{gmp,gmpxx@}.la} are removed
+to avoid the following error when building MPFR:
+@samp{/lib/libgmp.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong format}.
+
+
+@node MPFR
+@section MPFR
+
+GNU @acronym{MPFR} (Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliably) is a
+portable C library for arbitrary-precision binary floating-point
+computation with correct rounding.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2
+./configure \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libmpfr.la
+cd ..
+rm -rf mpfr-3.1.2
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The file @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/lib/libmpfr.la} is removed to avoid the
+following error when building MPC:
+@samp{/lib/libmpfr.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong format}.
+
+
+@node MPC
+@section MPC
+
+GNU @acronym{MPC} (Multiple Precision Complex Library) is a C library
+for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision
+and correct rounding of the result.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1
+./configure \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf mpc-1.0.1
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node GCC
+@section GCC
+
+GCC is the GNU Compiler Collection.
+
+@verbatim
+# 25 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
+sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in
+sed -i.orig 's@\./fixinc\.sh@-c true@' gcc/Makefile.in
+mkdir -v ../gcc-build
+cd ../gcc-build
+../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
+ --prefix= \
+ --libexecdir=/lib \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-shared \
+ --enable-threads=posix \
+ --enable-__cxa_atexit \
+ --enable-c99 \
+ --enable-long-long \
+ --disable-multilib \
+ --enable-clocale=gnu \
+ --enable-languages=c,c++ \
+ --disable-libstdcxx-pch
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+ln -sv gcc ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/cc
+cd ..
+rm -rf gcc-build
+rm -rf gcc-4.7.3
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //'
+libiberty/Makefile.in} is used as we already installed the library
+@file{libiberty.a} with Binutils.
+
+@c We use @samp{sed -i.orig 's@@\./fixinc\.sh@@-c true@@'
+@c gcc/Makefile.in} to avoid using fixincludes that may output errors if
+@c headers have been modified.
+
+Using @option{--enable-clocale=gnu} option ensures that the correct
+locale will automatically be chosen.
+
+Option @option{--disable-libstdcxx-pch} disables support for
+precompiled headers (PCH).
+
+The line @samp{ln -sv gcc $@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin/cc} creates a
+symbolic link @file{cc} that points on @file{gcc}.
+
+
+@node Sed
+@section Sed
+
+GNU sed is a stream editor: it is used to perform basic text
+transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/sed-4.2.2
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --bindir=/bin
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf sed-4.2.2
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @option{--bindir=/bin} FHS?
+
+
+@node E2fsprogs
+@section E2fsprogs
+
+E2fsprogs is a package that contains tools to handle the ext2, ext3
+and ext4 filesystems.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.8
+mkdir -v build
+cd build
+../configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --with-root-prefix="" \
+ --enable-elf-shlibs
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-libs
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so
+cd ../..
+rm -rf e2fsprogs-1.42.8
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@option{--with-root-prefix=""} is used to put e2fsprogs binaries
+inside @file{/sbin} instead of @file{@var{PREFIX}/sbin} which would be
+@file{/sbin}.
+
+Option @option{--enable-elf-shlibs} enables e2fsprogs shared
+libraries.
+
+@samp{make DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} install-libs} is used to install
+libraries, those are not installed with @samp{make
+DESTDIR=$@{TARGET_DIR@} install}.
+
+The sequence of commands that follows first removes symbolic links
+@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/lib/lib@{@/blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}
+which point on abolute paths
+@file{/lib/lib@{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}. In order to
+use the libraries of the target operating system, we need to symlink
+@file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/lib/lib@{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid@}.so}
+to their relative paths files.
+
+
+@node Coreutils
+@section Coreutils
+
+GNU coreutils (core utilities) includes the standard programs for text
+and file manipulation.
+
+On gNewSense Parkes, you need to install @file{xz-utils} to extract
+the package.
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+fu_cv_sys_stat_statfs2_bsize=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes
+gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes
+gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes
+gl_cv_func_wctob_works=yes
+gl_cv_func_fstatat_zero_flag=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --enable-install-program=hostname \
+ --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf coreutils-8.19
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c @samp{sed -i.orig '/strftime/s/\ LC_ALL//' man/help2man}
+
+The variables listed in the file @file{config.cache} are used in order
+to avoid that the @file{configure} script evaluate their values:
+otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.
+
+We use @option{--enable-install-program=hostname} to install the
+command @command{hostname} which is not built by default.
+
+We use @option{--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime} in order not
+to install commands @command{kill} and @command{uptime}. Those
+commands will be installed by the package procps.
+
+
+@node iana-etc
+@section iana-etc
+
+The iana-etc package installs services and protocols using data from
+the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf iana-etc-2.30
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node M4
+@section M4
+
+GNU M4 is a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro
+language. GNU M4 is used in GNU Autoconf' @file{configure} files.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf m4-1.4.17
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bison
+@section Bison
+
+GNU bison parser generator.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bison-2.7.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/bison-2.7
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf bison-2.7
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h} is used to build
+@acronym{NLS} (native language support) inside bison.
+
+
+@node Ncurses
+@section Ncurses
+
+@verbatim
+# 4 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --with-shared \
+ --enable-widec \
+ --without-debug \
+ --without-ada \
+ --with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE" \
+ --libdir=/lib
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf ncurses-5.9
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{--enable-widec} enables wide characters support in
+ncurses.
+
+@c Option @option{--without-debug}
+
+Option @option{--without-ada} disables support for the Ada programming
+language inside ncurses.
+
+@c Option @option{--with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE"}
+
+@c Option @option{--libdir=/lib}
+
+@ignore
+@c PROCPS issue:
+The command @samp{ln -sfv libncursesw.so $@{TARGET_DIR@}/lib/libncurses.so}
+creates the symlink @file{libcurses.so} so that programs that do not
+know @file{libncursesw.so} can be linked against it.
+@end ignore
+
+@c ln -sfv ../../share/terminfo ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/terminfo
+
+
+@node Procps
+@section Procps
+
+The procps package contains utilities that give information about
+processes using the @file{/proc} filesystem. The package includes the
+commands @command{ps}, @command{top}, @command{vmstat}, @command{w},
+@command{kill}, @command{free}, @command{slabtop}, and
+@command{skill}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+ln -sv ncursesw/curses.h ${TARGET_DIR}/include/curses.h
+ln -sv ncursesw/ncurses.h ${TARGET_DIR}/include/ncurses.h
+ln -sv ncursesw/term.h ${TARGET_DIR}/include/term.h
+ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libncurses.so
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8
+
+# From http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-make/2010-07/msg00153.html
+sed '177s,\*/module.mk,proc/module.mk ps/proc.mk,' -i.orig Makefile
+
+make \
+ CPPFLAGS= \
+ lib64=lib
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ lib64=lib \
+ ldconfig= \
+ install="install -D" \
+ install
+cd ..
+rm -rf procps-3.2.8
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+Option @option{CPPFLAGS= } is used so that the target system's ncurses
+library will be used, default value would have been
+@option{-I/include/ncurses}.
+@end ignore
+
+Option @option{lib64=lib} makes the directory @file{/lib} the one
+where to put 64 bit libraries, default would be @file{/lib64}.
+
+Option @option{ldconfig= } is used in order not to use current host's
+@command{ldconfig}.
+
+Option @option{install="install -D"} is used so that all the files
+installed are owned by the current user. By default, all installed
+files are owned by root.
+
+
+@node Libtool
+@section Libtool
+
+GNU libtool is a generic library support script. It hides the
+complexity of using shared libraries behind a consistent, portable
+interface.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libtool-2.4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/libtool-2.4.2
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf libtool-2.4.2
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Readline
+@section Readline
+
+The GNU Readline library provides a set of functions for use by
+applications that allow users to edit command lines as they are typed
+in.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/readline-6.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/readline-6.2
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --libdir=/lib
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-doc
+cd ..
+rm -rf readline-6.2
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c sed -i 's:^SHLIB_LIBS=:SHLIB_LIBS=-lncursesw:' support/shobj-conf
+
+
+@node Autoconf
+@section Autoconf
+
+GNU autoconf is an extensible package of M4 macros that produce shell
+scripts to automatically configure software source code
+packages. These scripts can adapt the packages to many kinds of
+UNIX-like systems without manual user intervention.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf autoconf-2.69
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Automake
+@section Automake
+
+GNU automake is a tool for automatically generating @file{Makefile.in}
+files compliant with the GNU Coding
+Standards@footnote{@uref{http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/}}.
+
+You need Autoconf on your system to compile this program from
+source. Under gNewSense 4.0, try @samp{sudo apt-get install autoconf}
+(version 2.69 here).
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/automake-1.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/automake-1.14
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf automake-1.14
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bash
+@section Bash
+
+GNU @acronym{Bash} (Bourne again shell) is an sh-compatible shell that
+incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell
+(csh).
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bash-4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/bash-4.2
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_func_mmap_fixed_mapped=yes
+ac_cv_func_strcoll_works=yes
+ac_cv_func_working_mktime=yes
+bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp=present
+bash_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes
+bash_cv_job_control_missing=present
+bash_cv_printf_a_format=yes
+bash_cv_sys_named_pipes=present
+bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds=yes
+bash_cv_under_sys_siglist=yes
+bash_cv_unusable_rtsigs=no
+gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --bindir=/bin \
+ --cache-file=config.cache \
+ --without-bash-malloc \
+ --with-installed-readline
+make
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ htmldir=/share/doc/bash-4.2 \
+ install
+ln -sv bash ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/sh
+cd ..
+rm -rf bash-4.2
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The variables listed in the file @file{config.cache} are used in order
+to avoid that the @file{configure} script evaluate their values:
+otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.
+
+Option @option{--without-bash-malloc} tells the @file{configure}
+script not to use the @code{malloc} function shipped with
+Bash. Glibc's version will be used instead.
+
+Option @option{--with-installed-readline} tells the configure script
+to use the installed readline library instead of the one shipped with
+Bash.
+
+@samp{ln -sv bash $@{TARGET_DIR@}/bin/sh} creates a symlink @file{sh}
+to @file{bash}.
+
+
+@node Bzip2
+@section Bzip2
+
+Bzip2 is a package that contains utilities to compress and decompress
+files with a better original size/compressed size ratio than gzip.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6
+sed -i -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile
+sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile
+make \
+ -f Makefile-libbz2_so \
+ CC="${CC}" \
+ AR="${AR}" \
+ RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
+make clean
+make \
+ CC="${CC}" \
+ AR="${AR}" \
+ RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
+make \
+ PREFIX=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ install
+cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
+ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libbz2.so
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
+cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat
+cd ..
+rm -rf bzip2-1.0.6
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile} is used to skip
+tests when building.
+
+@samp{sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile} is used
+in order to have relative path symlinks instead of absolute ones.
+
+Option @option{-f Makefile-libbz2_so} is used to build shared
+libraries.
+
+Flags @env{CC}, @env{AR} and @env{RANLIB} are used so that bzip2 is
+built using cross-compilation tools instead of the host's ones.
+
+@samp{make clean} is used to clean up temporary files.
+
+The second build commands are used to build static libraries.
+
+@ignore
+cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2
+cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
+ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libbz2.so
+rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2
+ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node DHCPCD
+@section DHCPCD
+
+DHCPCD is a wrapper for the @acronym{DHCP} (Dynamic Host Configuration
+Protocol) client daemon.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/dhcpcd-6.1.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/dhcpcd-6.1.0
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --bindir=/sbin \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc \
+ --dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd \
+ --libexecdir=/lib/dhcpcd
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf dhcpcd-6.1.0
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c Option @option{--bindir=/sbin} is used to comply with FHS?
+@c @option{--sysconfdir=/etc} @file{/etc} instead of ?
+@c @option{--dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd} @file{/var/lib/dhcpcd} instead of?
+@c @option{--libexecdir=/lib/dhcpcd} @file{/lib/dhcpcd} instead of ?
+
+
+@node Diffutils
+@section Diffutils
+
+GNU Diffutils is a package of several programs related to finding
+differences between files.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/diffutils-3.3.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/diffutils-3.3
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf diffutils-3.3
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node File
+@section File
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.16.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.16
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf file-5.16
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Findutils
+@section Findutils
+
+The GNU Find Utilities are typically used to provide directory search
+and file locating capabilities.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
+gl_cv_header_working_fcntl_h=yes
+ac_cv_func_fnmatch_gnu=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --libexecdir=/lib/locate \
+ --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf findutils-4.4.2
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c --libexecdir=/lib/locate
+@c --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate
+
+
+@node Flex
+@section Flex
+
+Flex is a tool for generating scanners. A scanner, sometimes called a
+tokenizer, is a program which recognizes lexical patterns in text.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37
+# From http://sourceforge.net/p/flex/bugs/151/
+sed '1s/$/\n#undef malloc\n#undef realloc/' \
+ -i.orig lib/realloc.c
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_path_M4="/bin/m4"
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+ln -sv libfl.a ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libl.a
+cd ..
+rm -r flex-2.5.37
+cd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/lex << EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+exec /bin/flex -l \$@
+EOF
+chmod -v 755 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/lex
+@end verbatim
+
+@file{config.cache} forces flex to use @file{/bin/m4} instead of
+@file{/gllfsc/cross-tools/bin/m4} on the target machine.
+
+For compatibility issues, we create the symlink @file{libl.a}.
+
+We then create target system's @file{/bin/lex} that will execute
+@command{flex} with option @option{-l} in order to behave with maximal
+compatibility like @command{lex}.
+
+@ignore
+@samp{sed -i.orig "s/-I@@includedir@@//g" Makefile.in} is used in
+order not to use host's headers in @file{/include} during
+cross-compilation.
+@end ignore
+
+@c Variables @samp{ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes} and
+@c @samp{ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes} are used to get rid of
+@c error message: @samp{}.
+
+@c We use option @option{-fPIC} passed to the cross-compiler in order to
+@c generate position-independent code (PIC).
+
+
+@node Gawk
+@section Gawk
+
+GNU awk (Gawk) is a program used to select particular records in a
+file and perform operations upon them.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gawk-4.1.0
+sed -i.orig \
+ '/check-recursive all-recursive/s/ check-for-shared-lib-support//' \
+ extension/Makefile.in
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --libexecdir=/lib
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -r gawk-4.1.0
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The sed expression is used to avoid the error @samp{Building the
+extensions is not supported on this platform}.
+
+
+@node Gdbm
+@section Gdbm
+
+GNU dbm is a library of database functions.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gdbm-1.11.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gdbm-1.11
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -r gdbm-1.11
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Gettext
+@section Gettext
+
+GNU gettext utilities are a set of tools that provides a framework to
+help packages produce multi-lingual messages.
+
+@verbatim
+# 7 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.3.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.3.1
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+am_cv_func_iconv_works=yes
+gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
+gt_cv_func_printf_posix=yes
+gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+#cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i}
+#cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i}
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf gettext-0.18.3.1
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i} ?
+@c cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i} ?
+
+
+@node Grep
+@section Grep
+
+GNU @command{grep} command searches one or more input files for lines
+containing a match to a specified pattern.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/grep-2.15.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/grep-2.15
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --bindir=/bin \
+ --disable-perl-regexp
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf grep-2.15
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{--disable-perl-regexp} disables support of Perl-style
+regular expressions (regexp).
+
+
+@node Groff
+@section Groff
+
+Groff is the GNU version of the roff document formatting system which
+is used to produce man pages.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2
+PAGE=A4 \
+ ./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make \
+ TROFFBIN=troff \
+ GROFFBIN=groff \
+ GROFF_BIN_PATH=
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
+ln -sv soelim ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/zsoelim
+ln -sv eqn ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/geqn
+ln -sv tbl ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/gtbl
+cd ..
+rm -rf groff-1.22.2
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The variables @env{TROFFBIN=troff} and @env{GROFFBIN=groff} tell
+@command{make} to use @command{troff} and @command{groff} commands
+installed in the @ref{Building the Cross-Compilation Tools} to build
+documentation.
+
+The variable @env{GROFF_BIN_PATH} before @env{PATH} is checked for
+programs @command{groff} is calling (preprocessors, @command{troff},
+and output devices). If not set, it defaults to the directory where
+the @file{groff} binary is located.
+
+The symlinks are used for compatibility.
+
+
+@node Gzip
+@section Gzip
+
+GNU Gzip is a data compression program.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gzip-1.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gzip-1.6
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf gzip-1.6
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Inetutils
+@section Inetutils
+
+Inetutils is a collection of common network programs.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1
+sed -i '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h
+sed -i -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf inetutils-1.9.1
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h} is used
+to fix the following error when issuing @samp{make}:
+@samp{./stdio.h:1030:1: error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a
+function)}.
+
+@c It deletes the following line in lib/stdio.in.h:
+@c _GL_WARN_ON_USE (gets, ``gets is a security hole - use fgets instead'');
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths} is used to
+fix the following error when issuing @samp{make}:
+@samp{'PATH_PROCNET_DEV' undeclared (first use in this function)}.
+
+
+@node Iproute2
+@section Iproute2
+
+Iproute2 is a collection of utilities for controlling TCP and UDP IP
+networking and traffic.
+
+You need Bison and Flex on your system to compile this program from
+source. Under gNewSense 4.0, try @samp{sudo apt-get install bison flex}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iproute2-3.10.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/iproute2-3.10.0
+sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ CC="${CC}" \
+ DOCDIR=/share/doc/iproute2 \
+ MANDIR=/share/man
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ DOCDIR=/share/doc/iproute2 \
+ MANDIR=/share/man \
+ install
+cd ..
+rm -rf iproute2-3.10.0
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@@arpd@@@@g' misc/Makefile} is used to
+disable the build of @command{arpd} as it requires Berkeley DB to be
+installed.
+
+@env{DOCDIR} and @env{MANDIR} indicate the location in which the
+documentation and the manual pages will be installed,
+respectively. Those are no absolute paths but use the value of
+@env{DESTDIR} as a prefix.
+
+
+@node Kbd
+@section Kbd
+
+Kbd contains keytable files and keyboard utilities.
+
+You need Check on your system to compile this program from
+source. Under gNewSense 4.0, try @samp{sudo apt-get install check}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 3 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kbd-2.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/kbd-2.0.1
+
+# Do not check for CHECK:
+sed '14s/^/#/' -i.orig configure.ac
+autoconf configure.ac > configure
+
+sed -i.orig '/^SUBDIRS/s/ tests//' Makefile.am
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --disable-vlock
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf kbd-2.0.1
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{sed -i.orig '/SUBDIRS/s/ tests//' Makefile.in} is used to
+prevent files in the @file{tests} directory to be built.
+
+Option @option{--disable-vlock} disables the build of vlock. vlock
+needs PAM library headers to be present on the build system and is not
+necessary for us, so we do not build it.
+
+
+@node Kmod
+@section Kmod
+
+Kmod (previously known as module-init-tools) provide userspace-side
+assistance in loading kernel modules and their dependencies.
+
+You need Xsltproc on your system to compile this program from
+source. Under gNewSense 4.0, try @samp{sudo apt-get install xsltproc}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kmod-15.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/kmod-15
+zlib_CFLAGS="-I${TARGET_DIR}/include" \
+ zlib_LIBS="-L${TARGET_DIR}/lib -lz" \
+ ./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --with-zlib
+make
+make \
+ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ INSTALL=install \
+ install
+cd ..
+rm -rf kmod-15
+cd
+
+# For bootscripts:
+ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/lsmod
+ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/depmod
+ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/insmod
+ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/modprobe
+ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/modinfo
+ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/rmmod
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{zlib_CFLAGS} and @samp{zlib_LIBS} are defined to avoid the error
+message: @samp{The pkg-config script could not be found or is too
+old. Make sure it is in your PATH or set the PKG_CONFIG environment
+variable to the full path to pkg-config. Alternatively, you may set
+the environment variables zlib_CFLAGS and zlib_LIBS to avoid the need
+to call pkg-config.}
+
+@option{--with-zlib} enables support for modules compressed with
+zlib.
+
+By default, installation uses @env{INSTALL=install-with-care} which
+checks if old utilities have not been destroyed. To avoid this check,
+we use @env{INSTALL=install}.
+
+
+@node Less
+@section Less
+
+Less is a file pager: it is used to view the content of a text file.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/less-458.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/less-458
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf less-458
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Libpipeline
+@section Libpipeline
+
+Libpipeline is a C library for manipulating pipelines of subprocesses
+in a flexible and convenient way.
+
+@verbatim
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libpipeline-1.3.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/libpipeline-1.3.0
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf libpipeline-1.3.0
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Make
+@section Make
+
+GNU @command{make} utility determines automatically which pieces of a
+large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to
+recompile them.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/make-4.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/make-4.0
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf make-4.0
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Man-db
+@section Man-db
+
+Man-db is an implementation of the standard Unix documentation system
+accessed using the man command. It uses a Berkeley DB database in
+place of the traditional flat-text whatis databases.
+
+@verbatim
+# fix /lib/libpipeline.so: error adding symbols: File in wrong format
+rm ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libgdbm.la
+rm ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libpipeline.la
+
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-db-2.6.7.1.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-db-2.6.7.1
+libpipeline_CFLAGS="-I${TARGET_DIR}/include" \
+ libpipeline_LIBS="-L${TARGET_DIR}/lib -lpipeline" \
+ ./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf man-db-2.6.7.1
+cd
+
+sed -i 's/#\(DEFINE.*pager.*\)less -s/\1 less -isRc/' \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/man_db.conf
+@end verbatim
+
+@samp{libpipeline_CFLAGS} and @samp{libpipeline_LIBS} are defined to
+avoid the error message: @samp{The pkg-config script could not be
+found or is too old. Make sure it is in your PATH or set the
+PKG_CONFIG environment variable to the full path to
+pkg-config. Alternatively, you may set the environment variables
+libpipeline_CFLAGS and libpipeline_LIBS to avoid the need to call
+pkg-config.}
+
+The @command{sed} command is used to replace default pager with
+@command{less}. Option @option{-c} will cause @command{less} to
+display man pages faster as this option disables scrolling. Option
+@option{-R} will cause @command{less} to render colors in the man
+pages.
+
+
+@node Nano
+@section Nano
+
+GNU nano is a lightweight text editor.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/nano-2.3.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/nano-2.3.2
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+sed -i.orig -e \
+ '/CPPFLAGS/s@/usr/include/ncursesw@${TARGET_DIR}/include@' \
+ `find . -iname 'Makefile'`
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf nano-2.3.2
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The sed expression is used to replace @file{/usr/include/ncursesw}
+with @file{$@{TARGET_DIR@}/include} in every file named
+@file{Makefile} in order to overcome the error
+@samp{/usr/include/ncursesw/ncurses.h:60:34: fatal error:
+ncursesw/ncurses_dll.h: No such file or directory}.
+
+@quotation Note
+commands in nano are displayed as in `^X'. The `^' character means
+@key{CTRL} key, so `^X' means @kbd{CTRL-X}.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Patch
+@section Patch
+
+GNU patch takes a patch file containing a difference listing produced
+by the @command{diff} program and applies those differences to one or
+more original files, producing patched versions.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_path_ed_PROGRAM=ed
+ac_cv_func_strnlen_working=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf patch-2.7.1
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Psmisc
+@section Psmisc
+
+This package contains utilities that use the proc filesystem.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20
+cat > config.cache << EOF
+ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
+ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
+EOF
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --cache-file=config.cache
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf psmisc-22.20
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Shadow
+@section Shadow
+
+@verbatim
+# 4 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
+#automake
+echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --libdir=/lib \
+ --sysconfdir=/etc \
+ --enable-shared \
+ --without-audit \
+ --without-libpam \
+ --without-selinux \
+ --cache-file=config.cache \
+ --enable-man
+sed -i.orig '/man_MANS/s/$(man_nopam) //' man/ru/Makefile
+sed -i.orig 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile
+for mkf in $(find man -name Makefile)
+ do
+ sed -i.orig -e '/groups.1.xml/d' -e 's/groups.1 //' ${mkf}
+ done
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+sed -i.orig -e 's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \
+ -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/login.defs
+${CROSS_TARGET}-pwconv
+${CROSS_TARGET}-grpconv
+cd ..
+rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@c echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache
+
+The option @option{--enable-man} is used to generate man pages.
+
+The first call of @command{sed} removes @var{$(man_nopam)} on the line
+with man_MANS in @file{man/ru/Makefile.am} in order for @samp{make
+install} to complete.
+
+The second call of @command{sed} disables the build of command
+@command{groups}, as coreutils already installed it.
+
+The last call of @command{sed} enables support for MD5 encrypted
+passwords and changes the mail default directory from
+@file{/var/spool/mail} to @file{/var/mail}.
+
+The @command{pwconv} command creates @file{shadow} file from file
+@file{passwd} and an optionally existing @file{shadow} file.
+
+The @command{grpconv} command creates @file{gshadow} file from file
+@file{group} and an optionally existing @file{gshadow} file.
+
+
+@node Sysvinit
+@section Sysvinit
+
+Sysvinit is the system-V style init process. Init is the first process
+started during booting. It is started by the kernel. Init continues
+running as a daemon until the system is shut down. It is the direct or
+indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all
+orphaned processes.
+
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf
+sed -i.orig -e 's@/dev/initctl@$(ROOT)&@g' \
+ -e 's@\(mknod \)-m \([0-9]* \)\(.* \)p@\1\3p; chmod \2\3@g' \
+ -e '/^ifeq/s/$(ROOT)//' \
+ -e 's@/usr/lib@$(ROOT)/lib@' \
+ src/Makefile
+make -C src clobber
+make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} CC="${CC}"
+make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} INSTALL="install" install
+cd ..
+rm -rf sysvinit-2.88dsf
+cd
+
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inittab << EOF
+# Begin /etc/inittab
+
+id:3:initdefault:
+
+si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc sysinit
+
+l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
+l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
+l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
+l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
+l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
+l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
+l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6
+
+ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
+
+su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin
+
+1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
+2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
+#3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
+#4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
+#5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
+#6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600
+
+#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100
+
+# End /etc/inittab
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The first call of @command{sed} replaces @file{/dev/initctl} with
+@file{$(ROOT)/dev/initctl}, and @file{/usr/lib} with
+@file{$(ROOT)/lib} among other things in order to install sysvinit
+on the target system.
+
+@samp{make -C src clobber} is used to clean up the @file{src}
+directory.
+
+Then, we create the @file{inittab} file that describes which processes
+are started at bootup and during normal operation.
+
+The line @samp{#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100} is
+commented out (with @code{#}) in order to avoid the message:
+@samp{INIT: Id "c0" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes} on
+the target system.
+
+
+@node Tar
+@section Tar
+
+GNU tar is an archiving utility: it stores and extracts files from a
+tape or disk archive.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tar-1.27.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/tar-1.27.1
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf tar-1.27.1
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Texinfo
+@section Texinfo
+
+GNU Texinfo is a documentation system that can produce both online
+information and a printed manual from a single source.
+
+You need Ncurses headers on your system to compile this program from
+source. Under gNewSense 4.0, try @samp{sudo apt-get install
+libncurses5-dev}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 10 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13a.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make -C tools/gnulib/lib
+make -C tools
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf texinfo-4.13
+cd
+
+cd ${TARGET_DIR}/share/info
+rm dir
+for f in *
+ do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null
+done
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The first three calls of @command{make} make it possible to build
+Texinfo by cross-compilation.
+
+For Info to work, the @file{info} directory must contain a file that
+serves as a top level directory for the Info system. By convention,
+this file is called @file{dir}. We update this file for the target
+system.
+
+
+@node Udev
+@section Udev
+
+Udev is the dynamic device management of the kernel Linux.
+
+You need Gperf on your system to compile this program from
+source. Under gNewSense 4.0, try @samp{sudo apt-get install gperf}.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/udev-175.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/udev-175
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix= \
+ --with-rootlibdir=/lib \
+ --libexecdir=/lib/udev \
+ --docdir=/share/doc/udev-175 \
+ --disable-introspection \
+ --with-pci-ids-path=no \
+ --with-usb-ids-path=no \
+ --disable-gudev
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/firmware
+ln -sv ../lib/udev/udevd ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/udevd
+cd ..
+rm -rf udev-175
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Util-Linux
+@section Util-Linux
+
+util-linux is a random collection of utilities for use with the kernel
+Linux.
+
+@quotation Warning
+If you have trouble building util-linux, try to uninstall the package
+named libtinfo-dev. Then remove @file{$@{BUILD_DIR@}/util-linux-2.24}
+and build it again.
+@end quotation
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+# fix /lib/libudev.so: error adding symbols: File in wrong format
+rm ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libudev.la
+
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/util-linux-2.24.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/util-linux-2.24
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --enable-partx \
+ --disable-wall \
+ --enable-write \
+ --disable-makeinstall-chown
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -r util-linux-2.24
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+Option @option{--enable-partx} enables the build and installation of
+the @command{addpart}, @command{delpart} and @command{partx} commands.
+
+Option @option{--disable-wall} disables the build of the
+@command{wall} command which is already provided by sysvinit.
+
+Option @option{--enable-write} enables the build and installation of
+the @command{write} command.
+
+Option @option{--disable-makeinstall-chown} disables the change of
+owner to root for installed programs.
+
+
+@node XZ-Utils
+@section XZ-Utils
+
+XZ Utils is a general-purpose data compression software with high
+compression ratio.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/xz-5.0.8.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/xz-5.0.8
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf xz-5.0.8
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bootscripts
+@section Bootscripts
+
+The bootscript archive contains scripts that manage services during
+system's bootup and shutdown.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0.0.tar.xz \
+ -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-bootscripts
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-network
+cd ..
+rm -rf bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+This installs basic bootscripts required for bootup and shutdown, and
+network-related bootscripts.
+
+
+@node Kernel
+@section The Kernel
+
+Linux is a kernel aimed towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification
+compliance.
+
+You need Bc and Lzma on your system to compile this program from
+source. Under gNewSense 4.0, try @samp{sudo apt-get install bc lzma}.
+
+@ignore
+@quotation Warning
+You may need to install the package libncurses5-dev to build the
+Kernel.
+@end quotation
+@end ignore
+
+@verbatim
+# 35 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-libre-3.10.7-gnu.tar.xz \
+ -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-3.10
+make mrproper
+@end verbatim
+
+The @command{sed} expression is used to avoid waiting 60 seconds for
+the binary-blob firmware to load at boot time, as those have been
+removed by the @file{deblob} script.
+
+Then:
+
+@verbatim
+cp arch/x86/configs/i386_defconfig .config
+#patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/100gnu+freedo.patch
+@end verbatim
+
+Then, if you want to change the configuration:
+
+@verbatim
+make ARCH=i386 CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- menuconfig
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Note
+In order for GLLFSC to boot properly, you have to activate the two options
+below:
+
+@verbatim
+Device Drivers
+ > Generic Driver Options
+ > [*] Maintain a devtmpfs fs to mount on /dev
+ > [*] Automount devtmpfs at /dev, after the kernel mounted the rootfs.
+@end verbatim
+
+@ignore
+The second option is for runit
+
+You can also disable bootup logos in
+_D_evice drivers > _G_raphics support > _B_ootup logo.
+
+# _F_ile systems : stay with ext4 even with an ext3 partition
+@end ignore
+@end quotation
+
+Then:
+
+@verbatim
+make \
+ ARCH=i386 \
+ CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}-
+make \
+ ARCH=i386 \
+ CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
+ INSTALL_MOD_PATH=${TARGET_DIR} \
+ modules_install
+cp arch/x86/boot/bzImage ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/vmlinuz-3.10.7-gnu
+cp System.map ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/System.map
+cp .config ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/config
+cd ..
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Tip
+because future compilation may need kernel sources, the compilation
+directory of the kernel should be preserved.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Configuration Files
+@chapter Creating Required Configuration Files for the New System
+
+@menu
+* Time Setup File:: File for time setup.
+* Bash Keyboard Setup:: Setting up keyboard function keys
+ for the Shell.
+* Bash Startup Files:: Setting up Bash shell startup files.
+* Localhost Setup:: Setting up localhost.
+* hosts Setup:: Setting up @file{hosts} file.
+* Network Address Setup:: Setting up network address.
+* DNS Setup:: Setting up DNS.
+* fstab File Creation:: Creating @file{fstab} file.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Time Setup File
+@section File for Time Setup
+
+@verbatim
+#mkdir ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/clock << EOF
+# Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock
+
+UTC=1
+
+# End /etc/sysconfig/clock
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+If you have trouble with the clock behaviour, do:
+
+@verbatim
+mv ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rc.d/rcsysinit.d/S15setclock \
+ ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rc.d/rcsysinit.d/K15setclock
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Bash Keyboard Setup
+@section Setting up Keyboard Function keys for the Shell
+
+Readline default configuration file is set:
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inputrc << EOF
+set bell-style none
+set convert-meta Off
+set horizontal-scroll-mode Off
+set input-meta On
+set output-meta On
+"\eOd": backward-word
+"\eOc": forward-word
+"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
+"\e[4~": end-of-line
+"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
+"\e[6~": end-of-history
+"\e[3~": delete-char
+"\e[2~": quoted-insert
+"\eOH": beginning-of-line
+"\eOF": end-of-line
+"\e[H": beginning-of-line
+"\e[F": end-of-line
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+If @option{convert-meta} is set to @samp{on}, Readline will convert
+characters with the eighth bit set to an @sc{ascii} key sequence by
+stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an @key{ESC} character,
+converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
+
+@option{horizontal-scroll-mode} set to @samp{off} means that the text
+of the lines being edited will be wrapped onto a new screen line when
+they are longer than the width of the screen, instead of being
+scrolled horizontally on a single screen line.
+
+@c set meta-flag On
+
+@option{input-meta} If set to @samp{on}, Readline will enable
+eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it
+reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
+
+If @option{output-meta} is set to @samp{on}, Readline will display
+characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a
+meta-prefixed escape sequence.
+
+@ignore
+"\eOd": backward-word
+"\eOc": forward-word
+"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
+"\e[4~": end-of-line
+"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
+"\e[6~": end-of-history
+"\e[3~": delete-char
+"\e[2~": quoted-insert
+"\eOH": beginning-of-line
+"\eOF": end-of-line
+"\e[H": beginning-of-line
+"\e[F": end-of-line
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node Bash Startup Files
+@section Setting up Bash Shell Startup Files
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/profile << 'EOF'
+# Begin /etc/profile
+
+export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
+export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
+export PS1='\[\e[31m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]# '
+
+# End /etc/profile
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+The environment variable @env{LANG} defines the default language that
+should be used on the system. @samp{en_US.UTF-8} means ``english''
+language, country ``US'' and @acronym{UTF-8} (UCS Transformation
+Format—8-bit) encoding (Unicode).
+
+@c For a full list, see???
+
+For explanations on @env{PS1}, @pxref{Environment Variables Setup}.
+
+
+@node Localhost Setup
+@section Localhost Setup
+
+@verbatim
+echo "HOSTNAME=gllfsc" > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node hosts Setup
+@section Setting up @file{hosts} File
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/hosts << EOF
+# Begin /etc/hosts
+
+127.0.0.1 gllfsc localhost
+
+# End /etc/hosts
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Network Address Setup
+@section Setting up Network Address
+
+You can choose to have a network static or dynamic address.
+
+@menu
+* Network Static Address Setup:: Setting up Network Static Address.
+* Network Dynamic Address Setup:: Setting up Network Dynamic
+ Address.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Network Static Address Setup
+@subsection Setting up Network Static Address
+
+@verbatim
+cd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
+mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
+cat > ifconfig.eth0/ipv4 << EOF
+ONBOOT=yes
+SERVICE=ipv4-static
+IP=192.168.1.1
+GATEWAY=192.168.1.2
+PREFIX=24
+BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
+EOF
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Warning
+@code{IP}, @code{GATEWAY}, @code{BROADCAST} addresses are set up
+according to one's situation.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Network Dynamic Address Setup
+@subsection Setting up Network Dynamic Address
+
+@verbatim
+cd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
+mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
+cat > ifconfig.eth0/dhcpcd << EOF
+ONBOOT=yes
+SERVICE=dhcpcd
+DHCP_START="-q"
+DHCP_STOP="-k"
+EOF
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node DNS Setup
+@section Setting up DNS
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/resolv.conf << EOF
+# Begin /etc/resolv.conf
+
+nameserver your-main-DNS-address
+nameserver your-secondary-DNS-address
+
+# End /etc/resolv.conf
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node fstab File Creation
+@section @file{fstab} File Creation
+
+The file @file{/etc/fstab} is used at boot to mount partitions under
+the requested directories.
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/fstab << EOF
+# Begin /etc/fstab
+
+# file system mount-point type options dump fsck order
+
+/dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults 0 0
+#/dev/sda7 /home ext3 defaults 0 0
+/dev/sda5 swap swap pri=1 0 0
+devtmpfs /dev dev defaults 0 0
+proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
+tmpfs /run run defaults 0 0
+sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
+devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=4,mode=620 0 0
+shm /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
+
+# End /etc/fstab
+EOF
+@end verbatim
+
+@quotation Warning
+the name of the hard drive and the name of filesystem used here have
+to be modified to reflect @emph{your} real situation.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Before Booting GLLFSC
+@chapter Before Booting GLLFSC
+
+@menu
+* Archiving:: All the system archived in one
+ package.
+* Recommendations:: Some tips.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Archiving
+@section Archiving the System
+
+After the system has been completed, we use the command @command{exit}
+to logout as the @emph{gllfsc} user.
+
+Now, login as the @emph{root} user.
+
+Then fix the permissions on the new system:
+
+@verbatim
+export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
+cd ${TARGET_DIR}
+mknod -m 600 dev/console c 5 1
+mknod -m 666 dev/null c 1 3
+cp -a dev/{console,null} lib/udev/devices/
+#chown -R root:root *
+chown -R root:root \
+ bin boot dev etc home include lib* local man mnt proc root run \
+ sbin share src static sys tmp usr var
+@end verbatim
+
+Also copy packages to be built after reboot:
+
+@verbatim
+export DOWNLOAD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/download"
+for FILE in \
+ tzcode2013h.tar.gz \
+ tzdata2013h.tar.gz \
+ runit-2.1.2.tar.gz \
+ openssl-1.0.1i.tar.gz \
+ wpa_supplicant-2.0.tar.gz \
+ wireless_tools.29.tar.gz \
+ wget-1.14.tar.gz \
+ perl-5.18.1.tar.gz \
+ libtasn1-3.4.tar.gz \
+ lynx2.8.8dev.16.tar.bz2 \
+ certdata.txt \
+ inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz \
+ man-db-2.6.7.1.tar.xz; do
+cp -v ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/$FILE ${TARGET_DIR}/src
+done
+@end verbatim
+
+We archive the entire system by using the following command:
+
+@verbatim
+# 8 minutes
+tar -cjf gllfsc-pentium4-1.7.tar.bz2 \
+ bin boot dev etc home include lib* local man mnt proc root run \
+ sbin share src static sys tmp usr var
+@end verbatim
+
+It is then simple to copy the archive to the target machine and extract
+it.
+
+
+@node Recommendations
+@section Some Recommendations
+
+We recommend extracting the system to an empty partition. Moreover,
+the filesystem of the chosen partition has to be a filesystem
+supported by the kernel you compiled. Finally, this partition has to
+be consistent with the system description in the file
+@file{/etc/fstab} you created during setup (@pxref{fstab File
+Creation}).
+
+@ignore
+
+extlinux
+lilo
+
+@verbatim
+# ? minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/grub-2.00.tar.gz \
+ -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/grub-2.00
+sed -i '/gets is a security hole/d' grub-core/gnulib/stdio.in.h
+./configure \
+ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
+ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
+cd ..
+rm -rf grub-2.00
+cd
+
+mkdir ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/grub
+@end verbatim
+@end ignore
+
+Then, you will have to edit the GRUB configuration file of the target
+machine: @file{/boot/grub/grub.cfg}.
+
+@c ?This file has to be put on the first partition of the hard drive.
+
+@c GRUB sur /dev/sda1 >= 1MB
+@c mount ... /mnt/boot && grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/sda
+@c grub-script-check
+
+@ignore
+@quotation Note
+?On the Yeeloong 8133, vmlinuz @emph{must} be on the first primary
+partition to be able to boot.
+@end quotation
+
+# Install in the MBR
+#grub-install /dev/sda
+# Install in the OS partition
+grub-install /dev/sda1
+@end ignore
+
+A minimal @file{/boot/grub/grub.cfg} could be:
+
+@verbatim
+insmod ext2
+set default=0
+set root=(hd0,1)
+set timeout=5
+
+menuentry 'GLLFSC 1.7' {
+ echo 'Loading linux-libre-3.10.7-gnu...'
+ linux (hd0,1)/boot/vmlinuz-3.10.7-gnu root=/dev/sda1 quiet
+}
+@end verbatim
+
+@c Or use grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
+
+
+@node After Booting GLLFSC
+@chapter After Booting GLLFSC
+
+Some system configuration and package installation can only be made
+after booting onto the new system.
+
+@menu
+* Login:: Login onto GLLFSC.
+* Locales:: Configure the language of GLLFSC.
+* Timezone:: Building Tzcode, Tzdata and choosing timezone.
+* Runit:: Building Runit.
+* Perl:: Building Perl.
+* OpenSSL:: Building OpenSSL.
+* Wpa_supplicant:: Building Wpa_supplicant.
+* Wireless_tools:: Building Wireless_tools.
+* Wget:: Building Wget.
+* Libtasn1:: Building Libtasn1.
+* Lynx:: Building Lynx.
+* CA-Certificates:: Building CA-Certificates.
+* Inetutils 2:: Building Inetutils under GLLFSC.
+* Man-db 2:: Building Man-db under GLLFSC.
+* Archiving Complete System:: Archiving the Complete System.
+* Add User:: Creating a New User Account.
+* Halting Computer:: Halting the Computer
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Login
+@section Login
+
+To login as @emph{root}, just type @samp{root} when the system asks
+for your @samp{login:}. Then, update your bash profile:
+
+@quotation Note
+To use the french keyboard layout, type @samp{loadkeys -q fr}.
+@end quotation
+
+@verbatim
+cat > ~/.bash_profile << EOF
+export BUILD_DIR=/tmp
+export DOWNLOAD_DIR=/src
+EOF
+
+source ~/.bash_profile
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Locales
+@section Locales
+
+You may want to have your new system display messages in your native
+language. If you desire to have a system supporting german, US
+english, french and China mainland's chinese:
+
+@verbatim
+mkdir /lib/locale
+
+#localedef -i de_DE -f UTF-8 de_DE
+localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US
+#localedef -i fr_FR -f UTF-8 fr_FR
+#localedef -i zh_CN -f UTF-8 zh_CN
+@end verbatim
+
+Other locales are available:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+For available charmaps, see the content of @file{/share/i18n/charmaps}.
+
+@item
+For available locales, see the content of @file{/share/i18n/locales}.
+
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Timezone
+@section Timezone
+
+In order to have the time and date corresponding to the area where you
+live, you should build tzcode, tzdata and define your timezone.
+
+@verbatim
+mkdir ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tzcode2013h.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tzdata2013h.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
+
+make \
+ TOPDIR=/ \
+ TZDIR=/share/zoneinfo \
+ ETCDIR=/bin
+
+for TZ in africa antarctica asia australasia europe northamerica \
+ southamerica pacificnew etcetera backward systemv factory \
+ solar87 solar88 solar89; do
+ zic -y "sh yearistype.sh" \
+ -d /share/zoneinfo \
+ -L /dev/null $TZ
+done
+
+zic -y "bash yearistype.sh" \
+ -d /share/zoneinfo \
+ -l GMT \
+ -p America/New_York
+
+cp iso3166.tab zone.tab /share/zoneinfo
+cd ..
+rm -rf tz
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+Then, we define our timezone, in this case @file{Europe/Paris}:
+
+@verbatim
+cp -v --remove-destination \
+ /share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris \
+ /etc/localtime
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Runit
+@section Runit
+
+runit is a cross-platform Unix init scheme with service supervision, a
+replacement for sysvinit, and other init schemes.
+
+
+@verbatim
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/runit-2.1.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/admin/runit-2.1.2
+
+# On GLLFSC, sleep is not under /bin:
+sed -i 's,/bin/sleep,sleep,' etc/debian/ctrlaltdel
+
+cd src
+
+make
+make check
+
+install -s -m0755 \
+ chpst runit runit-init runsv runsvchdir runsvdir sv svlogd utmpset \
+ /sbin
+
+install -m0644 ../man/* \
+ /share/man/man8
+
+cd ..
+
+mkdir /etc/runit
+
+mkdir /service
+
+cp etc/debian/ctrlaltdel /etc/runit/
+
+mv /sbin/init /sbin/init.sysv
+ln -sv runit-init /sbin/init
+
+cd ../..
+rm -rf admin
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+The init-related programs have been installed. We need to create the
+boot scripts too: @file{/etc/runit/1} to boot the system,
+@file{/etc/runit/2} to launch 2 ttys and the service logging daemon
+and @file{/etc/runit/3} to halt or reboot the system.
+
+@verbatim
+cat > /etc/runit/1 << 'EOF'
+#!/bin/sh
+# system one time tasks
+
+# Exit on error:
+set -e
+
+PATH=/bin
+
+echo -n '16. Mounting kernel-based file systems:'
+echo -n ' /proc'
+mount -n -o nosuid,noexec,nodev -t proc proc /proc
+echo -n ' /sys'
+mount -n -o nosuid,noexec,nodev -t sysfs sys /sys
+echo ' /run'
+mount -n -o mode=0755,nosuid,nodev -t tmpfs run /run
+
+echo -n '15. Creating directories:'
+echo -n ' /run/lock'
+mkdir -m 1777 /run/lock
+echo -n ' /dev/pts'
+mkdir -p /dev/pts
+echo ' /dev/shm'
+mkdir -p /dev/shm
+
+echo '14. Mounting root file system in read-write mode.'
+mount -n -o remount,rw / >/dev/null
+
+# Remove fsck-related system watermarks.
+rm -f /fastboot /forcefsck
+
+echo '13. Recording existing mounts in /etc/mtab.'
+> /etc/mtab
+mount -f /
+mount -f /proc
+mount -f /sys
+mount -f /run
+mount -f /dev
+
+echo '12. Mounting remaining file systems.'
+mount -a -r >/dev/null
+
+echo '11. Cleaning file system /tmp.'
+cd /tmp && find . -xdev -mindepth 1 ! -name lost+found -delete
+
+echo '10. Creating /var/run/utmp.'
+if grep -q '^utmp:' /etc/group; then
+ chmod 664 /var/run/utmp
+ chgrp utmp /var/run/utmp
+fi
+
+echo '9. Starting udevd...'
+echo '' > /sys/kernel/uevent_helper
+
+/lib/udev/udevd --daemon
+
+echo '8. Performing Coldplugging...'
+/sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add --type=subsystems
+/sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add --type=devices
+
+/sbin/udevadm settle
+
+echo '7. Activating all swap files/partitions...'
+swapon -a
+
+echo '6. Setting Font...'
+setfont LatArCyrHeb-16 -C /dev/tty2
+setfont LatArCyrHeb-16 -C /dev/tty3
+
+echo '5. Setting keymap to UTF-8...'
+dumpkeys | loadkeys --unicode
+
+echo '4. Enabling Multibyte input...'
+kbd_mode -u
+
+echo '3. Setting up US Keymap...'
+loadkeys -q us
+
+echo '2. Setting encoding to UTF-8...'
+echo -ne $'\033%G' > /dev/tty2
+echo -ne $'\033%G' > /dev/tty3
+
+echo '1. Bringing up the loopback interface...'
+ip addr add 127.0.0.1/8 label lo dev lo
+ip link set lo up
+
+echo '0. Setting hostname to gllfsc...'
+hostname gllfsc
+
+echo
+echo To login, remember:
+echo your login is root
+echo with no password
+echo
+echo You can now login through tty2 by pressing simultaneously
+echo Ctrl, Alt and F2 keys
+echo
+echo You can then come back to this screen \(tty1\) by pressing
+echo simultaneously Ctrl, Alt and F1 keys
+echo
+echo Edit /etc/runit/1 if you want to remove this message
+echo
+
+touch /etc/runit/stopit
+chmod 0 /etc/runit/stopit
+
+exit 0
+EOF
+
+chmod +x /etc/runit/1
+@end verbatim
+
+@verbatim
+cat > /etc/runit/2 << EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+
+PATH=/bin
+
+exec env -i PATH=/bin \
+runsvdir -P /service 'log: ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................'
+EOF
+
+chmod +x /etc/runit/2
+@end verbatim
+
+@verbatim
+cat > /etc/runit/3 << EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# Exit on error:
+set -e
+
+exec 2>&1
+
+PATH=/bin
+
+echo '4. Waiting for services to stop...'
+sv down /service/*
+
+echo '3. Exiting services...'
+sv exit /service/*
+
+echo '2. Deactivating all swap files/partitions...'
+swapoff -a
+
+# Unmount everything but /:
+echo -n '1. Unmounting filesystems: /home'
+umount -r /home
+echo -n ' /proc'
+umount -r /proc
+echo -n ' /sys'
+umount -r /sys
+echo -n ' /dev/pts'
+umount -r /dev/pts
+echo ' /dev/shm'
+umount -r /dev/shm
+
+echo '0. Shutdown...'
+
+exit 0
+EOF
+
+chmod +x /etc/runit/3
+@end verbatim
+
+We now create useful services:
+
+@verbatim
+mkdir /etc/sv
+mkdir /etc/sv/getty-2
+
+cat > /etc/sv/getty-2/run << EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+exec /sbin/agetty tty2 9600
+EOF
+chmod +x /etc/sv/getty-2/run
+
+cat > /etc/sv/getty-2/finish << EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+exec utmpset -w tty2
+EOF
+chmod +x /etc/sv/getty-2/finish
+
+ln -sv /etc/sv/getty-2 /service/getty-2
+
+
+mkdir -p /etc/sv/getty-3
+
+cat > /etc/sv/getty-3/run << EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+exec /sbin/agetty tty3 9600
+EOF
+chmod +x /etc/sv/getty-3/run
+
+cat > /etc/sv/getty-3/finish << EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+exec utmpset -w tty3
+EOF
+chmod +x /etc/sv/getty-3/finish
+
+ln -sv /etc/sv/getty-3 /service/getty-3
+
+
+mkdir /etc/sv/svlogd
+
+cat > /etc/sv/svlogd/run << EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+exec svlogd
+EOF
+chmod +x /etc/sv/svlogd/run
+
+ln -sv /etc/sv/svlogd /service/svlogd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Perl
+@section Perl
+
+Perl is a high-level programming language.
+
+@quotation Note
+You may have to type @samp{exit} twice during the configure phase of
+the Perl installation.
+@end quotation
+
+@verbatim
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/perl-5.18.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/perl-5.18.1
+sh Configure -ds -e -Dprefix=
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf perl-5.18.1
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node OpenSSL
+@section OpenSSL
+
+OpenSSL is a toolkit implementing the Transport Layer Security (TLS)
+and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols as well as a cryptography
+library.
+
+@verbatim
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/openssl-1.0.1i.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/openssl-1.0.1i
+./config \
+ --prefix=/usr \
+ --openssldir=/etc/ssl \
+ shared
+make -j1
+# Install without the documentation:
+make install_sw
+cd ..
+rm -rf openssl-1.0.1i
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Wpa_supplicant
+@section Wpa_supplicant
+
+Wpa_supplicant is a user space IEEE 802.1X/WPA supplicant (wireless
+client) for many wireless drivers.
+
+@verbatim
+# 2 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/wpa_supplicant-2.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/wpa_supplicant-2.0/wpa_supplicant
+
+cat > .config << EOF
+CONFIG_DRIVER_HOSTAP=y
+CONFIG_DRIVER_WEXT=y
+#CONFIG_DRIVER_NL80211=y
+#CONFIG_DRIVER_WIRED=y
+
+#CONFIG_PKCS12=y
+#CONFIG_SMARTCARD=y
+
+CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE=y
+
+CONFIG_BACKEND=file
+CONFIG_PEERKEY=y
+#CONFIG_IEEE80211W=y
+
+CONFIG_TLS=openssl
+
+#CONFIG_IEEE80211N=y
+EOF
+
+sed -i.orig 's@local/@@g' Makefile
+make
+make install
+cd ../..
+rm -rf wpa_supplicant-2.0
+cd
+
+cat > /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf << EOF
+network={
+ ssid="MYESSID"
+ key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
+ pairwise=TKIP
+ group=TKIP
+ psk="MYPASSWORD"
+}
+EOF
+chmod 600 /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Wireless_tools
+@section Wireless_tools
+
+The Wireless Tools is a set of tools allowing to manipulate the
+Wireless Extensions.
+
+@verbatim
+# 1 minute
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/wireless_tools.29.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/wireless_tools.29
+make
+make PREFIX= install
+cd ..
+rm -rf wireless_tools.29
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@ignore
+Launch wireless connection:
+
+ifconfig wlan0 up
+iwconfig wlan0 essid MYESSID
+sleep 10s
+dhcpcd wlan0
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node Wget
+@section Wget
+
+GNU wget is an utility for downloading network data.
+
+@verbatim
+# 5 minutes
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/wget-1.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/wget-1.14
+sed -i.orig 's/item $thing/item C<$thing>/' doc/texi2pod.pl
+./configure \
+ --prefix= \
+ --with-ssl=openssl
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf wget-1.14
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Libtasn1
+@section Libtasn1
+
+GNU libtasn1 is a ASN.1 library.
+
+@verbatim
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libtasn1-3.4.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/libtasn1-3.4
+./configure \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf libtasn1-3.4
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Lynx
+@section Lynx
+
+Lynx is a text web browser.
+
+@verbatim
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/lynx2.8.8dev.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/lynx2-8-8
+./configure \
+ --prefix= \
+ --with-ssl=/lib \
+ --enable-nls \
+ --with-screen=ncursesw
+make
+make install
+cd ..
+rm -rf lynx2-8-8
+
+# Stop asking questions about certificates:
+sed -i s/#FORCE_SSL_PROMPT:PROMPT/FORCE_SSL_PROMPT:yes/ \
+ /etc/lynx.cfg
+
+# Display non-ascii characters:
+sed -i s/#CHARACTER_SET:iso-8859-1/CHARACTER_SET:utf-8/ \
+ /etc/lynx.cfg
+
+# I don't want cookies:
+sed -i 's/#SET_COOKIES:TRUE/SET_COOKIES:FALSE/' \
+ /etc/lynx.cfg
+sed -i 's/#ACCEPT_ALL_COOKIES:FALSE/ACCEPT_ALL_COOKIES:FALSE/' \
+ /etc/lynx.cfg
+sed -i 's/#PERSISTENT_COOKIES:FALSE/PERSISTENT_COOKIES:FALSE/' \
+ /etc/lynx.cfg
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node CA-Certificates
+@section CA-Certificates
+
+CA-Certificates are used for https web pages.
+
+@verbatim
+# Inspired from
+# http://linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/stable/postlfs/cacerts.html
+
+cp ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/certdata.txt ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}
+
+cat > /bin/make-cert.pl << 'EOF'
+#!/bin/perl -w
+
+# Used to generate PEM encoded files from Mozilla certdata.txt.
+# Run as ./make-cert.pl > certificate.crt
+#
+# Parts of this script courtesy of RedHat (mkcabundle.pl)
+#
+# This script modified for use with single file data (tempfile.cer)
+# extracted from certdata.txt, taken from the latest version in the
+# Mozilla NSS source.
+# mozilla/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt
+#
+# Authors: DJ Lucas
+# Bruce Dubbs
+#
+# Version 20120211
+
+my $certdata = './tempfile.cer';
+
+open( IN, "cat $certdata|" )
+ || die "could not open $certdata";
+
+my $incert = 0;
+
+while ( <IN> )
+{
+ if ( /^CKA_VALUE MULTILINE_OCTAL/ )
+ {
+ $incert = 1;
+ open( OUT, "|openssl x509 -text -inform DER -fingerprint" )
+ || die "could not pipe to openssl x509";
+ }
+
+ elsif ( /^END/ && $incert )
+ {
+ close( OUT );
+ $incert = 0;
+ print "\n\n";
+ }
+
+ elsif ($incert)
+ {
+ my @bs = split( /\\/ );
+ foreach my $b (@bs)
+ {
+ chomp $b;
+ printf( OUT "%c", oct($b) ) unless $b eq '';
+ }
+ }
+}
+EOF
+
+chmod +x /bin/make-cert.pl
+
+
+
+cat > /bin/make-ca.sh << 'EOF'
+#!/bin/sh
+# Begin make-ca.sh
+# Script to populate OpenSSL's CApath from a bundle of PEM formatted
+# CAs
+#
+# The file certdata.txt must exist in the local directory
+# Version number is obtained from the version of the data.
+#
+# Authors: DJ Lucas
+# Bruce Dubbs
+#
+# Version 20120211
+
+certdata="certdata.txt"
+
+if [ ! -r $certdata ]; then
+ echo "$certdata must be in the local directory"
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+REVISION=$(grep CVS_ID $certdata | cut -f4 -d'$')
+
+if [ -z "${REVISION}" ]; then
+ echo "$certfile has no 'Revision' in CVS_ID"
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+VERSION=$(echo $REVISION | cut -f2 -d" ")
+
+TEMPDIR=$(mktemp -d)
+TRUSTATTRIBUTES="CKA_TRUST_SERVER_AUTH"
+BUNDLE="BLFS-ca-bundle-${VERSION}.crt"
+CONVERTSCRIPT="/bin/make-cert.pl"
+SSLDIR="/etc/ssl"
+
+mkdir "${TEMPDIR}/certs"
+
+# Get a list of starting lines for each cert
+CERTBEGINLIST=$(grep -n "^# Certificate" "${certdata}" | cut -d ":" -f1)
+
+# Get a list of ending lines for each cert
+CERTENDLIST=$(grep -n "^CKA_TRUST_STEP_UP_APPROVED" "${certdata}" \
+ | cut -d ":" -f 1)
+
+# Start a loop
+for certbegin in ${CERTBEGINLIST}; do
+ for certend in ${CERTENDLIST}; do
+ if test "${certend}" -gt "${certbegin}"; then
+ break
+ fi
+ done
+
+ # Dump to a temp file with the name of the file as the beginning
+ # line number
+ sed -n "${certbegin},${certend}p" "${certdata}" \
+ > "${TEMPDIR}/certs/${certbegin}.tmp"
+done
+
+unset CERTBEGINLIST CERTDATA CERTENDLIST certbegin certend
+
+mkdir -p certs
+rm -f certs/* # Make sure the directory is clean
+
+for tempfile in ${TEMPDIR}/certs/*.tmp; do
+ # Make sure that the cert is trusted...
+ grep "CKA_TRUST_SERVER_AUTH" "${tempfile}" | \
+ egrep "TRUST_UNKNOWN|NOT_TRUSTED" > /dev/null
+
+ if test "${?}" = "0"; then
+ # Throw a meaningful error and remove the file
+ cp "${tempfile}" tempfile.cer
+ perl ${CONVERTSCRIPT} > tempfile.crt
+ keyhash=$(openssl x509 -noout -in tempfile.crt -hash)
+ echo "Certificate ${keyhash} is not trusted! Removing..."
+ rm -f tempfile.cer tempfile.crt "${tempfile}"
+ continue
+ fi
+
+ # If execution made it to here in the loop, the temp cert is trusted
+ # Find the cert data and generate a cert file for it
+
+ cp "${tempfile}" tempfile.cer
+ perl ${CONVERTSCRIPT} > tempfile.crt
+ keyhash=$(openssl x509 -noout -in tempfile.crt -hash)
+ mv tempfile.crt "certs/${keyhash}.pem"
+ rm -f tempfile.cer "${tempfile}"
+ echo "Created ${keyhash}.pem"
+done
+
+# Remove blacklisted files
+# MD5 Collision Proof of Concept CA
+if test -f certs/8f111d69.pem; then
+ echo "Certificate 8f111d69 is not trusted! Removing..."
+ rm -f certs/8f111d69.pem
+fi
+
+# Finally, generate the bundle and clean up.
+cat certs/*.pem > ${BUNDLE}
+rm -r "${TEMPDIR}"
+EOF
+
+chmod +x /bin/make-ca.sh
+
+
+
+cat > /bin/remove-expired-certs.sh << 'EOF'
+#!/bin/sh
+# Begin /bin/remove-expired-certs.sh
+#
+# Version 20120211
+
+# Make sure the date is parsed correctly on all systems
+mydate()
+{
+ local y=$( echo $1 | cut -d" " -f4 )
+ local M=$( echo $1 | cut -d" " -f1 )
+ local d=$( echo $1 | cut -d" " -f2 )
+ local m
+
+ if [ ${d} -lt 10 ]; then d="0${d}"; fi
+
+ case $M in
+ Jan) m="01";;
+ Feb) m="02";;
+ Mar) m="03";;
+ Apr) m="04";;
+ May) m="05";;
+ Jun) m="06";;
+ Jul) m="07";;
+ Aug) m="08";;
+ Sep) m="09";;
+ Oct) m="10";;
+ Nov) m="11";;
+ Dec) m="12";;
+ esac
+
+ certdate="${y}${m}${d}"
+}
+
+OPENSSL=/bin/openssl
+DIR=/etc/ssl/certs
+
+if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
+ DIR="$1"
+fi
+
+certs=$( find ${DIR} -type f -name "*.pem" -o -name "*.crt" )
+today=$( date +%Y%m%d )
+
+for cert in $certs; do
+ notafter=$( $OPENSSL x509 -enddate -in "${cert}" -noout )
+ date=$( echo ${notafter} | sed 's/^notAfter=//' )
+ mydate "$date"
+
+ if [ ${certdate} -lt ${today} ]; then
+ echo "${cert} expired on ${certdate}! Removing..."
+ rm -f "${cert}"
+ fi
+done
+EOF
+
+chmod +x /bin/remove-expired-certs.sh
+
+
+make-ca.sh
+remove-expired-certs.sh certs
+
+
+install -d /etc/ssl/certs
+cp -v certs/*.pem /etc/ssl/certs
+c_rehash
+install BLFS-ca-bundle*.crt /etc/ssl/ca-bundle.crt
+ln -sfv ../ca-bundle.crt /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
+
+rm BLFS-ca-bundle*.crt
+rm certdata.txt
+rm -rf certs
+
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Inetutils 2
+@section Inetutils 2
+
+Installed @samp{ifconfig} may hang. Reinstalling under GLLFSC to fix this:
+
+@verbatim
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1
+sed -i '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h
+#sed -i -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths
+./configure \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR= install
+cd ..
+rm -rf inetutils-1.9.1
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Man-db 2
+@section Man-db 2
+
+Installed @samp{man} is buggy. Reinstalling under GLLFSC to fix this:
+
+@verbatim
+tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-db-2.6.7.1.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
+cd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-db-2.6.7.1
+libpipeline_CFLAGS="-I/include" \
+ libpipeline_LIBS="-L/lib -lpipeline" \
+ ./configure \
+ --prefix=
+make
+make DESTDIR= install
+cd ..
+rm -rf man-db-2.6.7.1
+cd
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Archiving Complete System
+@section Archiving the Complete System
+
+@verbatim
+# Clean up:
+rm /src/*
+rm /root/*
+rm /root/.bash*
+rm -rf /share/doc
+mv /share/man/man* /share
+rm -rf /share/man/*
+mv /share/man[1-8] /share/man
+
+# Strip binaries
+# 109 MB before, 36 MB after
+strip --strip-all /bin/*
+
+# To be done outside GLLFSC:
+tar -cjf gllfsc-pentium4-1.7-completed.tar.bz2 \
+ bin boot dev etc home include lib* local man mnt proc root run \
+ sbin service share src sys tmp usr var
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Add User
+@section Add User
+
+To create a new user, without root rights:
+
+@verbatim
+useradd -m USER
+@end verbatim
+
+This will create a new user named @samp{USER}, with group
+@samp{USER} and user's home at @file{/home/USER}.
+
+To give a password to this user:
+
+@verbatim
+passwd USER
+@end verbatim
+
+You may want to change the color of this user's prompt:
+
+@verbatim
+cat > /home/USER/.bash_profile << EOF
+export PS1='\[\e[32m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]$ '
+EOF
+chown USER:USER /home/USER/.bash_profile
+@end verbatim
+
+
+@node Halting Computer
+@section Halting the Computer
+
+In order to halt the computer after this build process, type:
+
+@verbatim
+init.sysv 0
+@end verbatim
+
+If you prefer to reboot instead type:
+
+@verbatim
+init.sysv 6
+@end verbatim
+
+The next time you use GLLFSC, runit will be the default init system
+and you will have to type @samp{init 0} to halt the operating system
+and @samp{init 6} to reboot.
+
+
+@node Further Readings
+@chapter Further Readings
+
+On my personal website at
+@uref{http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc@//gllfsc.en.html},
+there is some information on how to extend GLLFSC, for instance
+instructions on how to build Xorg and programs on top of it.
+
+Haiyong Sun's website (in Chinese):
+@uref{http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid/436750.html}. It includes documents on building a
+GNU/Linux system for Loongson and a GNU/Hurd system for x86.
+
+Cross [GNU/]Linux from scratch: @uref{http://www.clfs.org} (PDF
+files may be downloaded from @uref{http://clfs.org/files/BOOK/}).
+Includes a lot of documentation to build a GNU/Linux system by
+cross-compilation on a variety of hardware, no information (yet) for
+cross-compiling with sysroot on MIPS though. There is also a
+Community-driven Beyond [GNU/]Linux From Scratch on
+@uref{http://cblfs.clfs.org/index.php/Main_Page}. It documents
+the building of Xorg and TeXLive among other things.
+
+@c Some patches from the above project are available for download on
+@c @uref{http://svn.clfs.org/svn/repos/patches/}.
+
+@uref{http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_@/man.txt}
+documents an interesting way of managing packages. Quotation from the
+file:
+
+@quotation
+DESCRIPTION:
+@itemize
+
+@item
+You want to know which packages your files belong to?
+
+@item
+You want to deinstall software that doesn't have make uninstall?
+
+@item
+You are bothered by programs installed setuid root behind your back?
+
+@item
+You don't like packages quietly overwriting files from other packages?
+
+@item
+You don't like package managers like RPM?
+
+@item
+YOU WANT TOTAL CONTROL USING ONLY UNIX BUILTINS?
+@end itemize
+@end quotation
+
+The suckless team@footnote{@uref{http://suckless.org}} is a group of
+programmers that share the following
+philosophy@footnote{@uref{http://suckless.org/philosophy}}:
+
+@quotation
+Focus on simplicity, clarity and frugality. Our philosophy is about
+keeping things simple, minimal and usable. We believe this should
+become the mainstream philosophy in the IT sector. Unfortunately, the
+tendency for complex, error-prone and slow software seems to be
+prevalent in the present-day software industry. We intend to prove the
+opposite with our software projects.
+@end quotation
+
+The simple and lightweight programs released by this team are
+interesting for everyone who like small, reactive and reliable
+programs.
+
+
+@ignore
+@node Thanks
+@chapter Thanks
+
+I thank Lemote and particularily the CEO, Fuxin Zhang, for offering me
+a Yeeloong 8133, Huacai Chen and Haiyong Sun for their help in fixing
+the bugs I found in the deblobbed kernel.
+
+I am particularily grateful to Haiyong Sun for having shared his
+knowledge on building a free operating system for Loongson 2F
+machines, this document is heavily based on this.
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node GNU Free Documentation License
+@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
+@include fdl-1.3.texi
+
+
+@node GNU General Public License
+@appendix GNU General Public License
+@include gpl.texi
+
+@bye
--- /dev/null
+ GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+ Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+ Preamble
+
+ The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
+software and other kinds of works.
+
+ The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
+to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
+the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
+share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
+software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
+GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
+any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to
+your programs, too.
+
+ When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
+price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
+have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
+them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
+want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
+free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
+
+ To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
+these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have
+certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
+you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
+
+ For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
+gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
+freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive
+or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they
+know their rights.
+
+ Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
+(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
+giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
+
+ For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
+that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and
+authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
+changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
+authors of previous versions.
+
+ Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
+modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
+can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of
+protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic
+pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to
+use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we
+have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
+products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we
+stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions
+of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
+
+ Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
+States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
+software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
+avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
+make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that
+patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
+
+ The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
+modification follow.
+
+ TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+ 0. Definitions.
+
+ "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
+
+ "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
+works, such as semiconductor masks.
+
+ "The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
+License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and
+"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
+
+ To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work
+in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an
+exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the
+earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
+
+ A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based
+on the Program.
+
+ To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
+permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
+infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a
+computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying,
+distribution (with or without modification), making available to the
+public, and in some countries other activities as well.
+
+ To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
+parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through
+a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
+
+ An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
+to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
+feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
+tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the
+extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the
+work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If
+the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a
+menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
+
+ 1. Source Code.
+
+ The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
+for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source
+form of a work.
+
+ A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official
+standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of
+interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that
+is widely used among developers working in that language.
+
+ The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other
+than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of
+packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major
+Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that
+Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an
+implementation is available to the public in source code form. A
+"Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component
+(kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system
+(if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to
+produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.
+
+ The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all
+the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable
+work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to
+control those activities. However, it does not include the work's
+System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free
+programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but
+which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source
+includes interface definition files associated with source files for
+the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically
+linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require,
+such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those
+subprograms and other parts of the work.
+
+ The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users
+can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding
+Source.
+
+ The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that
+same work.
+
+ 2. Basic Permissions.
+
+ All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
+copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated
+conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
+permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a
+covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its
+content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your
+rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
+
+ You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not
+convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains
+in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose
+of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you
+with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with
+the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do
+not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works
+for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction
+and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of
+your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
+
+ Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under
+the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10
+makes it unnecessary.
+
+ 3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.
+
+ No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological
+measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article
+11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or
+similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such
+measures.
+
+ When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
+circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention
+is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to
+the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or
+modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's
+users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of
+technological measures.
+
+ 4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.
+
+ You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
+receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
+appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice;
+keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
+non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code;
+keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all
+recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
+
+ You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
+and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
+
+ 5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.
+
+ You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
+produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the
+terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
+
+ a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified
+ it, and giving a relevant date.
+
+ b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is
+ released under this License and any conditions added under section
+ 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to
+ "keep intact all notices".
+
+ c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this
+ License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This
+ License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7
+ additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts,
+ regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no
+ permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not
+ invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.
+
+ d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
+ Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive
+ interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your
+ work need not make them do so.
+
+ A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
+works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work,
+and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program,
+in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
+"aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not
+used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users
+beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work
+in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other
+parts of the aggregate.
+
+ 6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
+
+ You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
+of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the
+machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License,
+in one of these ways:
+
+ a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
+ (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
+ Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
+ customarily used for software interchange.
+
+ b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
+ (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a
+ written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as
+ long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product
+ model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a
+ copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the
+ product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical
+ medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no
+ more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this
+ conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the
+ Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.
+
+ c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the
+ written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This
+ alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and
+ only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord
+ with subsection 6b.
+
+ d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
+ place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the
+ Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no
+ further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the
+ Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to
+ copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source
+ may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party)
+ that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain
+ clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the
+ Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the
+ Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is
+ available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.
+
+ e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided
+ you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding
+ Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no
+ charge under subsection 6d.
+
+ A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded
+from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be
+included in conveying the object code work.
+
+ A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any
+tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family,
+or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation
+into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product,
+doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular
+product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a
+typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status
+of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user
+actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product
+is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial
+commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent
+the only significant mode of use of the product.
+
+ "Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods,
+procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install
+and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from
+a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must
+suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object
+code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because
+modification has been made.
+
+ If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
+specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
+part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the
+User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
+fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the
+Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied
+by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply
+if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install
+modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has
+been installed in ROM).
+
+ The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
+requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates
+for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for
+the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a
+network may be denied when the modification itself materially and
+adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and
+protocols for communication across the network.
+
+ Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
+in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
+documented (and with an implementation available to the public in
+source code form), and must require no special password or key for
+unpacking, reading or copying.
+
+ 7. Additional Terms.
+
+ "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
+License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
+Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
+be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
+that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
+apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
+under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
+this License without regard to the additional permissions.
+
+ When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
+remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
+it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
+removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
+additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
+for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
+
+ Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
+add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of
+that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
+
+ a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
+ terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
+
+ b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or
+ author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
+ Notices displayed by works containing it; or
+
+ c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
+ requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
+ reasonable ways as different from the original version; or
+
+ d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or
+ authors of the material; or
+
+ e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some
+ trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or
+
+ f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that
+ material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of
+ it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for
+ any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on
+ those licensors and authors.
+
+ All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
+restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you
+received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
+governed by this License along with a term that is a further
+restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains
+a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
+License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms
+of that license document, provided that the further restriction does
+not survive such relicensing or conveying.
+
+ If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
+must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the
+additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating
+where to find the applicable terms.
+
+ Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
+form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
+the above requirements apply either way.
+
+ 8. Termination.
+
+ You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
+provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
+modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
+this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
+paragraph of section 11).
+
+ However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
+license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
+provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
+finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
+holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means
+prior to 60 days after the cessation.
+
+ Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
+copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
+your receipt of the notice.
+
+ Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
+licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
+this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
+reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
+material under section 10.
+
+ 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
+
+ You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
+run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
+occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
+to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,
+nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
+modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do
+not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
+covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
+
+ 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
+
+ Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
+receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
+propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible
+for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
+
+ An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
+organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
+organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered
+work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
+transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
+licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could
+give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
+Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
+the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
+
+ You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
+rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
+not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
+rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
+(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
+any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
+sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
+
+ 11. Patents.
+
+ A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
+License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
+work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
+
+ A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
+owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
+hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
+by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
+but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
+consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For
+purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
+patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
+this License.
+
+ Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
+patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
+make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
+propagate the contents of its contributor version.
+
+ In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
+agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
+(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
+sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a
+party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
+patent against the party.
+
+ If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
+and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
+to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
+publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
+then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
+available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
+patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
+consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
+license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have
+actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
+covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
+in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
+country that you have reason to believe are valid.
+
+ If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
+arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
+covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
+receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
+or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
+you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
+work and works based on it.
+
+ A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
+the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
+conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
+specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered
+work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
+in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
+to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
+the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
+parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
+patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
+conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
+for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
+contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
+or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+
+ Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
+any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
+otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
+
+ 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+
+ If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
+otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
+excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
+covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
+License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
+not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
+to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
+the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
+License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
+
+ 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+
+ Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
+permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
+under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
+combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
+License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
+but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
+section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
+combination as such.
+
+ 14. Revised Versions of this License.
+
+ The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
+the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
+be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
+address new problems or concerns.
+
+ Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
+Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
+Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
+option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
+version or of any later version published by the Free Software
+Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
+GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
+by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+ If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
+versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
+public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+ Later license versions may give you additional or different
+permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
+author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
+later version.
+
+ 15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+ THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
+APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
+OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
+IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+ 16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+ IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+ 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+ If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+ END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+ How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+ If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+ To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+ <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+ Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
+
+ This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+ If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+ <program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
+ This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+ This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+ under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+ You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+ The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.
projects / gllfsc.git / commitdiff