Add additional sections; fix formatting

diff --git a/Language/language.md b/Language/language.md
index 1b25c1c8032de3e296dcae7d46cfa8450d1665d6..274b9205ef83e4deb9a0e38ba0a68684ff42cbb9 100644 (file)
--- a/Language/language.md
+++ b/Language/language.md
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Natively known as Uju /ˈudʒu/
 Copyright & Licensing
 ---------------------
 
 Copyright & Licensing
 ---------------------
 

-You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the 
-GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software 
-Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any 
+You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the
+GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any

 later version.
 
 later version.
 

-This file makes use of International Phonetic Alphabet: 
+This file makes use of International Phonetic Alphabet:

 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet>
 
 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet>
 

-Uju is written in a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom of
-the page. The alphabet uses the Latin script.
+Uju is written in a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom
+of the page. The alphabet uses the Latin script.

 
 Phonology
 ---------
 
 Phonology
 ---------


@@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ Consonant inventory: /b dʒ h k l m n q r s v w x ð ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ θ/
 
 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
 | ↓Manner/Place→      | Dental | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
 
 +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+
 | ↓Manner/Place→      | Dental | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |

-+=====================+========+==========+=============+==========+==============+=======+=============+========+======================+
++=====================+========+==========+=============+==========+==============+=======+=============+========+============+=========+

 | Stop                |        | b        |             |          |              | k     |             | q      |            | ʔ       |
 | Stop                |        | b        |             |          |              | k     |             | q      |            | ʔ       |

-+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+

 | Nasal               |        | m        |             | n        |              |       |             |        |            |         |
 | Nasal               |        | m        |             | n        |              |       |             |        |            |         |

-+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+

 | Affricate           |        |          |             |          | dʒ           |       |             |        |            |         |
 | Affricate           |        |          |             |          | dʒ           |       |             |        |            |         |

-+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+

 | Fricative           | θ ð    |          | v           | s        | ʃ            | x ɣ   |             |        | ħ          | h       |
 | Fricative           | θ ð    |          | v           | s        | ʃ            | x ɣ   |             |        | ħ          | h       |

-+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+

 | Approximant         |        |          |             |          |              |       | w           |        | ʕ          |         |
 | Approximant         |        |          |             |          |              |       | w           |        | ʕ          |         |

-+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+

 | Trill               |        |          |             | r        |              |       |             |        |            |         |
 | Trill               |        |          |             | r        |              |       |             |        |            |         |

-+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+

 | Lateral approximant |        |          |             | l        |              |       |             |        |            |         |
 | Lateral approximant |        |          |             | l        |              |       |             |        |            |         |

-+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+
++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+

 
 Vowel inventory: /a e i u ɨ ʊ/
 
 
 Vowel inventory: /a e i u ɨ ʊ/
 


@@ -66,17 +66,17 @@ Vowel Chart:
 | Low       |       |            | a       |           |      |
 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
 
 | Low       |       |            | a       |           |      |
 +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+
 

-Syllable structure: Up to three consonants before and after a vowel: 
+Syllable structure: Up to three consonants before and after a vowel:

 (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
 
 (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
 

-Word stress: No fixed stress
+Stress pattern: No fixed stress

 
 

-Word initial consonants: b, dʒ, h, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x, ð, 
-                         ɣ, ʃ, θ
+Word initial consonants: b, dʒ, h, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x, ð, ɣ,
+                         ʃ, θ

 
 

-Mid-word consonants:     b, bl, dʒ, h, hw, k, ks, kw, l, m, mb, n, 
-                         nh, nl, ns, nv, r, rk, rm, rs, s, v, w, x, 
-                         ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ
+Mid-word consonants:     b, bl, dʒ, h, hw, k, ks, kw, l, m, mb, n, nh,
+                         nl, ns, nv, r, rk, rm, rs, s, v, w, x, ð, ɣ,
+                         ʃ, ʔ, θ

 
 Word final consonants:   b, dʒ, h, l, n, r, s, w, x, ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ
 
 
 Word final consonants:   b, dʒ, h, l, n, r, s, w, x, ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ
 


@@ -87,14 +87,14 @@ Phonological rules (in order of application):
 Grammar
 -------
 
 Grammar
 -------
 

-Sentence order: Sentence order is Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique.
+Sentence order is: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique.

 
 Adjectives: Adjectives (and modifying nouns) occur to the left of 
 the noun.
 
 Gender in nouns: Nouns have no gender.
 
 
 Adjectives: Adjectives (and modifying nouns) occur to the left of 
 the noun.
 
 Gender in nouns: Nouns have no gender.
 

-Adpositions: Postpositions. The preferential order of postpositional 
+Adpositions: Postpositions. The preferential order of postpositional

 phrases is Time-Manner-Place:
 
 > "I am travelling on Monday [time] by car [manner] to Seoul [place]."
 phrases is Time-Manner-Place:
 
 > "I am travelling on Monday [time] by car [manner] to Seoul [place]."


@@ -127,6 +127,121 @@ phrases is Time-Manner-Place:
 
 Plurals are optional for non-human nouns.
 
 
 Plurals are optional for non-human nouns.
 

+### Definite article
+
++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
+|            | Singular           |           | Plural             |            |
++============+====================+===========+====================+============+
+| Nominative | the [man]          | hih /hih/ | the [men]          | mush /mʊʃ/ |
++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
+| Accusative | the [man]          | xix /ɣiɣ/ | the [men]          | ib /ib/    |
++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
+| Genitive   | the [man's]        | xex /xex/ | the [men's]        | ub /ʊb/    |
++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
+| Dative     | to the [man]       | nux /nux/ | to the [men]       | ux /ʊɣ/    |
++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
+| Locative   | in/at/by the [man] | uh /uh/   | in/at/by the [men] | ax /aɣ/    |
++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+
+
+Uses of definite article that differ from English:
+
+-   Definite article can be omitted
+    Example: 'I am going to jacuzzi'
+
+-   Used to talk about countable nouns in general
+    Example: English's 'I like cats' would translate to 'I like the
+    cats'
+
+-   Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns
+    'Walking in the mud' would always translate to 'Walking in mud'.
+
+-   Used for personal names in third person: 'The Maria has left for
+    school'
+
+-   Used with place names: 'The London'
+
+### Indefinite article
+
++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
+|            | Singular           |            | Plural                |            |
++============+====================+============+=======================+============+
+| Nominative | a [man]            | xaj /ɣadʒ/ | some [men]            | haj /hadʒ/ |
++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
+| Accusative | a [man]            | haj /hadʒ/ | some [men]            | kex /kex/  |
++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
+| Genitive   | a [man's]          | ruj /rʊdʒ/ | some [men's]          | hix /hix/  |
++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
+| Dative     | to a [man]         | lux /lʊx/  | to some [men]         | jin /dʒin/ |
++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
+| Locative   | in/at/by a [man]   | kux /kɨx/  | in/at/by some [men]   | jun /dʒɨn/ |
++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+
+
+### Personal pronouns
+
++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
+|        | Nominative|            | Accusative |            | Genitive     |                  | Dative        |                  |
++========+===========+============+============+============+==============+==================+===============+==================+
+| 1st.sg | I         | i /i/      | me         | im /im/    | mine         | i ux /i uɣ/      | to me         | i ax /i aɣ/      |
++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
+| 2nd.sg | you       | xuj /ɣudʒ/ | you        | xudh /ɣuð/ | yours        | xuj ux /ɣudʒ uɣ/ | to you        | xuj ax /ɣudʒ aɣ/ |
++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
+| 3rd.sg | he/she/it | xax /ɣax/  | him/her/it | xus /ɣʊs/  | his/hers/its | xax ux /ɣax uɣ/  | to him/her/it | xax ax /ɣax aɣ/  |
++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
+| 1st.pl | we        | mi /mi/    | us         | mu /mɨ/    | ours         | mi ux /mi uɣ/    | to us         | mi ax /mi aɣ/    |
++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
+| 2nd.pl | you       | kun /kʊn/  | you        | kun /kun/  | yours        | kun ux /kʊn uɣ/  | to you        | kun ax /kʊn aɣ/  |
++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
+| 3rd.pl | they      | xan /xan/  | them       | xab /xab/  | theirs       | xan ux /xan uɣ/  | to them       | xan ax /xan aɣ/  |
++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+
+
+### Verbs
+
++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| ↓Perfective/Indicative mood→ | Past                         | Present                      | Future                       |
++==============================+==============================+==============================+==============================+
+|                              | studied                      | study                        | will study                   |
++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| 1st.sg                       | No affix                     | No affix                     | Suffix: -u /-ɨ/              |
+|                              | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/             | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/             | xakwuxu /ˈɣakwuɣɨ/           |
++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| 2nd.sg                       | No affix                     | No affix                     | Suffix: -(u)x /-(ɨ)ɣ/        |
+|                              | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/             | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/             | xakwuxux /ɣaˈkwuɣɨɣ/         |
++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| 3rd.sg                       | No affix                     | No affix                     | Suffix: -a /-a/              |
+|                              | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/             | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/             | xakwuxa /ˈɣakwuɣa/           |
++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| 1st.pl                       | No affix                     | No affix                     | Suffix: -(i)sh /-(i)ʃ/       |
+|                              | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/             | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/             | xakwuxish /ɣaˈkwuɣiʃ/        |
++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| 2nd.pl                       | No affix                     | No affix                     | Suffix: -(u)vu /ɨvɨ/         |
+|                              | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/             | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/             | xakwuxuvu /ɣakwuɣɨˈvɨ/       |
++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| 3rd.pl                       | No affix                     | No affix                     | Suffix: -(u)x /-(ɨ)ɣ/        |
+|                              | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/             | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/             | xakwuxux /ɣaˈkwuɣɨɣ/         |
++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
+
+### Perfect aspect
+
+'have studied'
+
+Uses the word for 'have' before main verb.
+
+### Progressive aspect
+
+'am studying'
+
+Uses the word 'do' before main verb.
+
+### Imperative
+
+'study!' (as a command)
+
+Uses the same conjugation as 2nd-person present-tense.
+
+### Negation
+
+Uses the particle rudh /rʊð/ before main verb phrase.
+

 ### Morphological derivations
 
 Entries follow the format of:
 ### Morphological derivations
 
 Entries follow the format of:


@@ -139,13 +254,19 @@ Pronunciation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet:
 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet>
 
 Noun-to-verb: Prefix: j(u)- /dʒ(u)-/
 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet>
 
 Noun-to-verb: Prefix: j(u)- /dʒ(u)-/

+

 Verb-to-noun: Suffix: -(i)x /-(i)x/
 Verb-to-noun: Suffix: -(i)x /-(i)x/

+

 Noun-to-adjective: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/
 Noun-to-adjective: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/

+

 Adjective-to-noun: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/
 Adjective-to-noun: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/

+

 Adjective-to-adverb: Suffix: -(e)b /-(e)b/
 Adjective-to-adverb: Suffix: -(e)b /-(e)b/

+

 Verb-to-adjective: Suffix: -(u)sh /-(ɨ)ʃ/
 
 Diminutive: Suffix: -(u)ne /ɨne/
 Verb-to-adjective: Suffix: -(u)sh /-(ɨ)ʃ/
 
 Diminutive: Suffix: -(u)ne /ɨne/

+

 Augmentative: Suffix: -(e)hu /ehɨ/
 
 Agent noun (e.g. paint to painter): Suffix: -(u)hu /uhʊ/
 Augmentative: Suffix: -(e)hu /ehɨ/
 
 Agent noun (e.g. paint to painter): Suffix: -(u)hu /uhʊ/