7 Intel Processor Trace (Intel PT) is an extension of Intel Architecture that
8 collects information about software execution such as control flow, execution
9 modes and timings and formats it into highly compressed binary packets.
10 Technical details are documented in the Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures
11 Software Developer Manuals, Chapter 36 Intel Processor Trace.
13 Intel PT is first supported in Intel Core M and 5th generation Intel Core
14 processors that are based on the Intel micro-architecture code name Broadwell.
16 Trace data is collected by 'perf record' and stored within the perf.data file.
17 See below for options to 'perf record'.
19 Trace data must be 'decoded' which involves walking the object code and matching
20 the trace data packets. For example a TNT packet only tells whether a
21 conditional branch was taken or not taken, so to make use of that packet the
22 decoder must know precisely which instruction was being executed.
24 Decoding is done on-the-fly. The decoder outputs samples in the same format as
25 samples output by perf hardware events, for example as though the "instructions"
26 or "branches" events had been recorded. Presently 3 tools support this:
27 'perf script', 'perf report' and 'perf inject'. See below for more information
30 The main distinguishing feature of Intel PT is that the decoder can determine
31 the exact flow of software execution. Intel PT can be used to understand why
32 and how did software get to a certain point, or behave a certain way. The
33 software does not have to be recompiled, so Intel PT works with debug or release
34 builds, however the executed images are needed - which makes use in JIT-compiled
35 environments, or with self-modified code, a challenge. Also symbols need to be
36 provided to make sense of addresses.
38 A limitation of Intel PT is that it produces huge amounts of trace data
39 (hundreds of megabytes per second per core) which takes a long time to decode,
40 for example two or three orders of magnitude longer than it took to collect.
41 Another limitation is the performance impact of tracing, something that will
42 vary depending on the use-case and architecture.
48 It is important to start small. That is because it is easy to capture vastly
49 more data than can possibly be processed.
51 The simplest thing to do with Intel PT is userspace profiling of small programs.
52 Data is captured with 'perf record' e.g. to trace 'ls' userspace-only:
54 perf record -e intel_pt//u ls
56 And profiled with 'perf report' e.g.
60 To also trace kernel space presents a problem, namely kernel self-modifying
61 code. A fairly good kernel image is available in /proc/kcore but to get an
62 accurate image a copy of /proc/kcore needs to be made under the same conditions
63 as the data capture. A script perf-with-kcore can do that, but beware that the
64 script makes use of 'sudo' to copy /proc/kcore. If you have perf installed
65 locally from the source tree you can do:
67 ~/libexec/perf-core/perf-with-kcore record pt_ls -e intel_pt// -- ls
69 which will create a directory named 'pt_ls' and put the perf.data file and
70 copies of /proc/kcore, /proc/kallsyms and /proc/modules into it. Then to use
71 'perf report' becomes:
73 ~/libexec/perf-core/perf-with-kcore report pt_ls
75 Because samples are synthesized after-the-fact, the sampling period can be
76 selected for reporting. e.g. sample every microsecond
78 ~/libexec/perf-core/perf-with-kcore report pt_ls --itrace=i1usge
80 See the sections below for more information about the --itrace option.
82 Beware the smaller the period, the more samples that are produced, and the
83 longer it takes to process them.
85 Also note that the coarseness of Intel PT timing information will start to
86 distort the statistical value of the sampling as the sampling period becomes
89 To represent software control flow, "branches" samples are produced. By default
90 a branch sample is synthesized for every single branch. To get an idea what
91 data is available you can use the 'perf script' tool with no parameters, which
92 will list all the samples.
94 perf record -e intel_pt//u ls
97 An interesting field that is not printed by default is 'flags' which can be
100 perf script -Fcomm,tid,pid,time,cpu,event,trace,ip,sym,dso,addr,symoff,flags
102 The flags are "bcrosyiABEx" which stand for branch, call, return, conditional,
103 system, asynchronous, interrupt, transaction abort, trace begin, trace end, and
104 in transaction, respectively.
106 While it is possible to create scripts to analyze the data, an alternative
107 approach is available to export the data to a sqlite or postgresql database.
108 Refer to script export-to-sqlite.py or export-to-postgresql.py for more details,
109 and to script call-graph-from-sql.py for an example of using the database.
111 There is also script intel-pt-events.py which provides an example of how to
112 unpack the raw data for power events and PTWRITE.
114 As mentioned above, it is easy to capture too much data. One way to limit the
115 data captured is to use 'snapshot' mode which is explained further below.
116 Refer to 'new snapshot option' and 'Intel PT modes of operation' further below.
118 Another problem that will be experienced is decoder errors. They can be caused
119 by inability to access the executed image, self-modified or JIT-ed code, or the
120 inability to match side-band information (such as context switches and mmaps)
121 which results in the decoder not knowing what code was executed.
123 There is also the problem of perf not being able to copy the data fast enough,
124 resulting in data lost because the buffer was full. See 'Buffer handling' below
134 The Intel PT kernel driver creates a new PMU for Intel PT. PMU events are
135 selected by providing the PMU name followed by the "config" separated by slashes.
136 An enhancement has been made to allow default "config" e.g. the option
140 will use a default config value. Currently that is the same as
142 -e intel_pt/tsc,noretcomp=0/
146 -e intel_pt/tsc=1,noretcomp=0/
148 Note there are now new config terms - see section 'config terms' further below.
150 The config terms are listed in /sys/devices/intel_pt/format. They are bit
151 fields within the config member of the struct perf_event_attr which is
152 passed to the kernel by the perf_event_open system call. They correspond to bit
153 fields in the IA32_RTIT_CTL MSR. Here is a list of them and their definitions:
155 $ grep -H . /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/format/*
156 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/format/cyc:config:1
157 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/format/cyc_thresh:config:19-22
158 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/format/mtc:config:9
159 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/format/mtc_period:config:14-17
160 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/format/noretcomp:config:11
161 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/format/psb_period:config:24-27
162 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/format/tsc:config:10
164 Note that the default config must be overridden for each term i.e.
166 -e intel_pt/noretcomp=0/
170 -e intel_pt/tsc=1,noretcomp=0/
172 So, to disable TSC packets use:
176 It is also possible to specify the config value explicitly:
178 -e intel_pt/config=0x400/
180 Note that, as with all events, the event is suffixed with event modifiers:
189 'h', 'G' and 'H' are for virtualization which is not supported by Intel PT.
190 'p' is also not relevant to Intel PT. So only options 'u' and 'k' are
191 meaningful for Intel PT.
193 perf_event_attr is displayed if the -vv option is used e.g.
195 ------------------------------------------------------------
200 { sample_period, sample_freq } 1
201 sample_type IP|TID|TIME|CPU|IDENTIFIER
209 ------------------------------------------------------------
210 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 0 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
211 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 1 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
212 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 2 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
213 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 3 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
214 ------------------------------------------------------------
220 The June 2015 version of Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer
221 Manuals, Chapter 36 Intel Processor Trace, defined new Intel PT features.
222 Some of the features are reflect in new config terms. All the config terms are
225 tsc Always supported. Produces TSC timestamp packets to provide
226 timing information. In some cases it is possible to decode
227 without timing information, for example a per-thread context
228 that does not overlap executable memory maps.
230 The default config selects tsc (i.e. tsc=1).
232 noretcomp Always supported. Disables "return compression" so a TIP packet
233 is produced when a function returns. Causes more packets to be
234 produced but might make decoding more reliable.
236 The default config does not select noretcomp (i.e. noretcomp=0).
238 psb_period Allows the frequency of PSB packets to be specified.
240 The PSB packet is a synchronization packet that provides a
241 starting point for decoding or recovery from errors.
243 Support for psb_period is indicated by:
245 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/caps/psb_cyc
247 which contains "1" if the feature is supported and "0"
250 Valid values are given by:
252 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/caps/psb_periods
254 which contains a hexadecimal value, the bits of which represent
255 valid values e.g. bit 2 set means value 2 is valid.
257 The psb_period value is converted to the approximate number of
258 trace bytes between PSB packets as:
262 e.g. value 3 means 16KiB bytes between PSBs
264 If an invalid value is entered, the error message
265 will give a list of valid values e.g.
267 $ perf record -e intel_pt/psb_period=15/u uname
268 Invalid psb_period for intel_pt. Valid values are: 0-5
270 If MTC packets are selected, the default config selects a value
271 of 3 (i.e. psb_period=3) or the nearest lower value that is
272 supported (0 is always supported). Otherwise the default is 0.
274 If decoding is expected to be reliable and the buffer is large
275 then a large PSB period can be used.
277 Because a TSC packet is produced with PSB, the PSB period can
278 also affect the granularity to timing information in the absence
281 mtc Produces MTC timing packets.
283 MTC packets provide finer grain timestamp information than TSC
284 packets. MTC packets record time using the hardware crystal
285 clock (CTC) which is related to TSC packets using a TMA packet.
287 Support for this feature is indicated by:
289 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/caps/mtc
291 which contains "1" if the feature is supported and
294 The frequency of MTC packets can also be specified - see
297 mtc_period Specifies how frequently MTC packets are produced - see mtc
298 above for how to determine if MTC packets are supported.
300 Valid values are given by:
302 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/caps/mtc_periods
304 which contains a hexadecimal value, the bits of which represent
305 valid values e.g. bit 2 set means value 2 is valid.
307 The mtc_period value is converted to the MTC frequency as:
309 CTC-frequency / (2 ^ value)
311 e.g. value 3 means one eighth of CTC-frequency
313 Where CTC is the hardware crystal clock, the frequency of which
314 can be related to TSC via values provided in cpuid leaf 0x15.
316 If an invalid value is entered, the error message
317 will give a list of valid values e.g.
319 $ perf record -e intel_pt/mtc_period=15/u uname
320 Invalid mtc_period for intel_pt. Valid values are: 0,3,6,9
322 The default value is 3 or the nearest lower value
323 that is supported (0 is always supported).
325 cyc Produces CYC timing packets.
327 CYC packets provide even finer grain timestamp information than
328 MTC and TSC packets. A CYC packet contains the number of CPU
329 cycles since the last CYC packet. Unlike MTC and TSC packets,
330 CYC packets are only sent when another packet is also sent.
332 Support for this feature is indicated by:
334 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/caps/psb_cyc
336 which contains "1" if the feature is supported and
339 The number of CYC packets produced can be reduced by specifying
340 a threshold - see cyc_thresh below.
342 cyc_thresh Specifies how frequently CYC packets are produced - see cyc
343 above for how to determine if CYC packets are supported.
345 Valid cyc_thresh values are given by:
347 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/caps/cycle_thresholds
349 which contains a hexadecimal value, the bits of which represent
350 valid values e.g. bit 2 set means value 2 is valid.
352 The cyc_thresh value represents the minimum number of CPU cycles
353 that must have passed before a CYC packet can be sent. The
354 number of CPU cycles is:
358 e.g. value 4 means 8 CPU cycles must pass before a CYC packet
359 can be sent. Note a CYC packet is still only sent when another
360 packet is sent, not at, e.g. every 8 CPU cycles.
362 If an invalid value is entered, the error message
363 will give a list of valid values e.g.
365 $ perf record -e intel_pt/cyc,cyc_thresh=15/u uname
366 Invalid cyc_thresh for intel_pt. Valid values are: 0-12
368 CYC packets are not requested by default.
370 pt Specifies pass-through which enables the 'branch' config term.
372 The default config selects 'pt' if it is available, so a user will
373 never need to specify this term.
375 branch Enable branch tracing. Branch tracing is enabled by default so to
376 disable branch tracing use 'branch=0'.
378 The default config selects 'branch' if it is available.
380 ptw Enable PTWRITE packets which are produced when a ptwrite instruction
383 Support for this feature is indicated by:
385 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/caps/ptwrite
387 which contains "1" if the feature is supported and
390 fup_on_ptw Enable a FUP packet to follow the PTWRITE packet. The FUP packet
391 provides the address of the ptwrite instruction. In the absence of
392 fup_on_ptw, the decoder will use the address of the previous branch
393 if branch tracing is enabled, otherwise the address will be zero.
394 Note that fup_on_ptw will work even when branch tracing is disabled.
396 pwr_evt Enable power events. The power events provide information about
397 changes to the CPU C-state.
399 Support for this feature is indicated by:
401 /sys/bus/event_source/devices/intel_pt/caps/power_event_trace
403 which contains "1" if the feature is supported and
410 The difference between full trace and snapshot from the kernel's perspective is
411 that in full trace we don't overwrite trace data that the user hasn't collected
412 yet (and indicated that by advancing aux_tail), whereas in snapshot mode we let
413 the trace run and overwrite older data in the buffer so that whenever something
414 interesting happens, we can stop it and grab a snapshot of what was going on
415 around that interesting moment.
417 To select snapshot mode a new option has been added:
421 Optionally it can be followed by the snapshot size e.g.
425 The default snapshot size is the auxtrace mmap size. If neither auxtrace mmap size
426 nor snapshot size is specified, then the default is 4MiB for privileged users
427 (or if /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid < 0), 128KiB for unprivileged users.
428 If an unprivileged user does not specify mmap pages, the mmap pages will be
429 reduced as described in the 'new auxtrace mmap size option' section below.
431 The snapshot size is displayed if the option -vv is used e.g.
433 Intel PT snapshot size: %zu
436 new auxtrace mmap size option
437 ---------------------------
439 Intel PT buffer size is specified by an addition to the -m option e.g.
443 selects a buffer size of 16 pages i.e. 64KiB.
445 Note that the existing functionality of -m is unchanged. The auxtrace mmap size
446 is specified by the optional addition of a comma and the value.
448 The default auxtrace mmap size for Intel PT is 4MiB/page_size for privileged users
449 (or if /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid < 0), 128KiB for unprivileged users.
450 If an unprivileged user does not specify mmap pages, the mmap pages will be
451 reduced from the default 512KiB/page_size to 256KiB/page_size, otherwise the
452 user is likely to get an error as they exceed their mlock limit (Max locked
453 memory as shown in /proc/self/limits). Note that perf does not count the first
454 512KiB (actually /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_mlock_kb minus 1 page) per cpu
455 against the mlock limit so an unprivileged user is allowed 512KiB per cpu plus
456 their mlock limit (which defaults to 64KiB but is not multiplied by the number
459 In full-trace mode, powers of two are allowed for buffer size, with a minimum
460 size of 2 pages. In snapshot mode, it is the same but the minimum size is
463 The mmap size and auxtrace mmap size are displayed if the -vv option is used e.g.
466 auxtrace mmap length 4198400
469 Intel PT modes of operation
470 ---------------------------
472 Intel PT can be used in 2 modes:
476 Full-trace mode traces continuously e.g.
478 perf record -e intel_pt//u uname
480 Snapshot mode captures the available data when a signal is sent e.g.
482 perf record -v -e intel_pt//u -S ./loopy 1000000000 &
485 Recording AUX area tracing snapshot
487 Note that the signal sent is SIGUSR2.
488 Note that "Recording AUX area tracing snapshot" is displayed because the -v
491 The 2 modes cannot be used together.
497 There may be buffer limitations (i.e. single ToPa entry) which means that actual
498 buffer sizes are limited to powers of 2 up to 4MiB (MAX_ORDER). In order to
499 provide other sizes, and in particular an arbitrarily large size, multiple
500 buffers are logically concatenated. However an interrupt must be used to switch
501 between buffers. That has two potential problems:
502 a) the interrupt may not be handled in time so that the current buffer
503 becomes full and some trace data is lost.
504 b) the interrupts may slow the system and affect the performance
507 If trace data is lost, the driver sets 'truncated' in the PERF_RECORD_AUX event
508 which the tools report as an error.
510 In full-trace mode, the driver waits for data to be copied out before allowing
511 the (logical) buffer to wrap-around. If data is not copied out quickly enough,
512 again 'truncated' is set in the PERF_RECORD_AUX event. If the driver has to
513 wait, the intel_pt event gets disabled. Because it is difficult to know when
514 that happens, perf tools always re-enable the intel_pt event after copying out
518 Intel PT and build ids
519 ----------------------
521 By default "perf record" post-processes the event stream to find all build ids
522 for executables for all addresses sampled. Deliberately, Intel PT is not
523 decoded for that purpose (it would take too long). Instead the build ids for
524 all executables encountered (due to mmap, comm or task events) are included
525 in the perf.data file.
527 To see buildids included in the perf.data file use the command:
531 If the perf.data file contains Intel PT data, that is the same as:
533 perf buildid-list --with-hits
536 Snapshot mode and event disabling
537 ---------------------------------
539 In order to make a snapshot, the intel_pt event is disabled using an IOCTL,
540 namely PERF_EVENT_IOC_DISABLE. However doing that can also disable the
541 collection of side-band information. In order to prevent that, a dummy
542 software event has been introduced that permits tracking events (like mmaps) to
543 continue to be recorded while intel_pt is disabled. That is important to ensure
544 there is complete side-band information to allow the decoding of subsequent
547 A test has been created for that. To find the test:
551 23: Test using a dummy software event to keep tracking
556 23: Test using a dummy software event to keep tracking : Ok
559 perf record modes (nothing new here)
560 ------------------------------------
562 perf record essentially operates in one of three modes:
567 "per thread" mode is selected by -t or by --per-thread (with -p or -u or just a
569 "per cpu" is selected by -C or -a.
570 "workload only" mode is selected by not using the other options but providing a
571 command to run (i.e. the workload).
573 In per-thread mode an exact list of threads is traced. There is no inheritance.
574 Each thread has its own event buffer.
576 In per-cpu mode all processes (or processes from the selected cgroup i.e. -G
577 option, or processes selected with -p or -u) are traced. Each cpu has its own
578 buffer. Inheritance is allowed.
580 In workload-only mode, the workload is traced but with per-cpu buffers.
581 Inheritance is allowed. Note that you can now trace a workload in per-thread
582 mode by using the --per-thread option.
585 Privileged vs non-privileged users
586 ----------------------------------
588 Unless /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid is set to -1, unprivileged users
589 have memory limits imposed upon them. That affects what buffer sizes they can
590 have as outlined above.
592 The v4.2 kernel introduced support for a context switch metadata event,
593 PERF_RECORD_SWITCH, which allows unprivileged users to see when their processes
594 are scheduled out and in, just not by whom, which is left for the
595 PERF_RECORD_SWITCH_CPU_WIDE, that is only accessible in system wide context,
596 which in turn requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN.
598 Please see the 45ac1403f564 ("perf: Add PERF_RECORD_SWITCH to indicate context
599 switches") commit, that introduces these metadata events for further info.
601 When working with kernels < v4.2, the following considerations must be taken,
602 as the sched:sched_switch tracepoints will be used to receive such information:
604 Unless /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid is set to -1, unprivileged users are
605 not permitted to use tracepoints which means there is insufficient side-band
606 information to decode Intel PT in per-cpu mode, and potentially workload-only
607 mode too if the workload creates new processes.
609 Note also, that to use tracepoints, read-access to debugfs is required. So if
610 debugfs is not mounted or the user does not have read-access, it will again not
611 be possible to decode Intel PT in per-cpu mode.
614 sched_switch tracepoint
615 -----------------------
617 The sched_switch tracepoint is used to provide side-band data for Intel PT
618 decoding in kernels where the PERF_RECORD_SWITCH metadata event isn't
621 The sched_switch events are automatically added. e.g. the second event shown
624 $ perf record -vv -e intel_pt//u uname
625 ------------------------------------------------------------
630 { sample_period, sample_freq } 1
631 sample_type IP|TID|TIME|CPU|IDENTIFIER
639 ------------------------------------------------------------
640 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 0 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
641 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 1 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
642 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 2 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
643 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 3 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
644 ------------------------------------------------------------
649 { sample_period, sample_freq } 1
650 sample_type IP|TID|TIME|CPU|PERIOD|RAW|IDENTIFIER
655 ------------------------------------------------------------
656 sys_perf_event_open: pid -1 cpu 0 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
657 sys_perf_event_open: pid -1 cpu 1 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
658 sys_perf_event_open: pid -1 cpu 2 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
659 sys_perf_event_open: pid -1 cpu 3 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
660 ------------------------------------------------------------
665 { sample_period, sample_freq } 1
666 sample_type IP|TID|TIME|IDENTIFIER
679 ------------------------------------------------------------
680 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 0 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
681 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 1 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
682 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 2 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
683 sys_perf_event_open: pid 31104 cpu 3 group_fd -1 flags 0x8
685 AUX area mmap length 4194304
686 perf event ring buffer mmapped per cpu
687 Synthesizing auxtrace information
689 [ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]
690 [ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.042 MB perf.data ]
692 Note, the sched_switch event is only added if the user is permitted to use it
693 and only in per-cpu mode.
695 Note also, the sched_switch event is only added if TSC packets are requested.
696 That is because, in the absence of timing information, the sched_switch events
697 cannot be matched against the Intel PT trace.
703 By default, perf script will decode trace data found in the perf.data file.
704 This can be further controlled by new option --itrace.
710 Having no option is the same as
714 which, in turn, is the same as
720 i synthesize "instructions" events
721 b synthesize "branches" events
722 x synthesize "transactions" events
723 w synthesize "ptwrite" events
724 p synthesize "power" events
725 c synthesize branches events (calls only)
726 r synthesize branches events (returns only)
727 e synthesize tracing error events
729 g synthesize a call chain (use with i or x)
730 l synthesize last branch entries (use with i or x)
731 s skip initial number of events
733 "Instructions" events look like they were recorded by "perf record -e
736 "Branches" events look like they were recorded by "perf record -e branches". "c"
737 and "r" can be combined to get calls and returns.
739 "Transactions" events correspond to the start or end of transactions. The
740 'flags' field can be used in perf script to determine whether the event is a
741 tranasaction start, commit or abort.
743 Note that "instructions", "branches" and "transactions" events depend on code
744 flow packets which can be disabled by using the config term "branch=0". Refer
745 to the config terms section above.
747 "ptwrite" events record the payload of the ptwrite instruction and whether
748 "fup_on_ptw" was used. "ptwrite" events depend on PTWRITE packets which are
749 recorded only if the "ptw" config term was used. Refer to the config terms
750 section above. perf script "synth" field displays "ptwrite" information like
751 this: "ip: 0 payload: 0x123456789abcdef0" where "ip" is 1 if "fup_on_ptw" was
754 "Power" events correspond to power event packets and CBR (core-to-bus ratio)
755 packets. While CBR packets are always recorded when tracing is enabled, power
756 event packets are recorded only if the "pwr_evt" config term was used. Refer to
757 the config terms section above. The power events record information about
758 C-state changes, whereas CBR is indicative of CPU frequency. perf script
759 "event,synth" fields display information like this:
760 cbr: cbr: 22 freq: 2189 MHz (200%)
761 mwait: hints: 0x60 extensions: 0x1
762 pwre: hw: 0 cstate: 2 sub-cstate: 0
764 pwrx: deepest cstate: 2 last cstate: 2 wake reason: 0x4
766 "cbr" includes the frequency and the percentage of maximum non-turbo
767 "mwait" shows mwait hints and extensions
768 "pwre" shows C-state transitions (to a C-state deeper than C0) and
769 whether initiated by hardware
770 "exstop" indicates execution stopped and whether the IP was recorded
772 "pwrx" indicates return to C0
773 For more details refer to the Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software
776 Error events show where the decoder lost the trace. Error events
777 are quite important. Users must know if what they are seeing is a complete
780 The "d" option will cause the creation of a file "intel_pt.log" containing all
781 decoded packets and instructions. Note that this option slows down the decoder
782 and that the resulting file may be very large.
784 In addition, the period of the "instructions" event can be specified. e.g.
788 sets the period to 10us i.e. one instruction sample is synthesized for each 10
789 microseconds of trace. Alternatives to "us" are "ms" (milliseconds),
790 "ns" (nanoseconds), "t" (TSC ticks) or "i" (instructions).
792 "ms", "us" and "ns" are converted to TSC ticks.
794 The timing information included with Intel PT does not give the time of every
795 instruction. Consequently, for the purpose of sampling, the decoder estimates
796 the time since the last timing packet based on 1 tick per instruction. The time
797 on the sample is *not* adjusted and reflects the last known value of TSC.
799 For Intel PT, the default period is 100us.
801 Setting it to a zero period means "as often as possible".
803 In the case of Intel PT that is the same as a period of 1 and a unit of
804 'instructions' (i.e. --itrace=i1i).
806 Also the call chain size (default 16, max. 1024) for instructions or
807 transactions events can be specified. e.g.
812 Also the number of last branch entries (default 64, max. 1024) for instructions or
813 transactions events can be specified. e.g.
818 Note that last branch entries are cleared for each sample, so there is no overlap
819 from one sample to the next.
821 To disable trace decoding entirely, use the option --no-itrace.
823 It is also possible to skip events generated (instructions, branches, transactions)
824 at the beginning. This is useful to ignore initialization code.
826 --itrace=i0nss1000000
828 skips the first million instructions.
833 perf script has an option (-D) to "dump" the events i.e. display the binary
836 When -D is used, Intel PT packets are displayed. The packet decoder does not
837 pay attention to PSB packets, but just decodes the bytes - so the packets seen
838 by the actual decoder may not be identical in places where the data is corrupt.
839 One example of that would be when the buffer-switching interrupt has been too
840 slow, and the buffer has been filled completely. In that case, the last packet
841 in the buffer might be truncated and immediately followed by a PSB as the trace
842 continues in the next buffer.
844 To disable the display of Intel PT packets, combine the -D option with
851 By default, perf report will decode trace data found in the perf.data file.
852 This can be further controlled by new option --itrace exactly the same as
853 perf script, with the exception that the default is --itrace=igxe.
859 perf inject also accepts the --itrace option in which case tracing data is
860 removed and replaced with the synthesized events. e.g.
862 perf inject --itrace -i perf.data -o perf.data.new
864 Below is an example of using Intel PT with autofdo. It requires autofdo
865 (https://github.com/google/autofdo) and gcc version 5. The bubble
866 sort example is from the AutoFDO tutorial (https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/AutoFDO/Tutorial)
867 amended to take the number of elements as a parameter.
869 $ gcc-5 -O3 sort.c -o sort_optimized
870 $ ./sort_optimized 30000
871 Bubble sorting array of 30000 elements
878 $ perf record -e intel_pt//u ./sort 3000
879 Bubble sorting array of 3000 elements
881 [ perf record: Woken up 2 times to write data ]
882 [ perf record: Captured and wrote 3.939 MB perf.data ]
883 $ perf inject -i perf.data -o inj --itrace=i100usle --strip
884 $ ./create_gcov --binary=./sort --profile=inj --gcov=sort.gcov -gcov_version=1
885 $ gcc-5 -O3 -fauto-profile=sort.gcov sort.c -o sort_autofdo
886 $ ./sort_autofdo 30000
887 Bubble sorting array of 30000 elements
890 Note there is currently no advantage to using Intel PT instead of LBR, but
891 that may change in the future if greater use is made of the data.