1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 * Kernel support for the ptrace() and syscall tracing interfaces.
5 * Copyright (C) 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co, Linuxcare Inc.
6 * Copyright (C) 2000 Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
7 * Copyright (C) 2000 David Huggins-Daines <dhd@debian.org>
8 * Copyright (C) 2008-2016 Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
11 #include <linux/kernel.h>
12 #include <linux/sched.h>
14 #include <linux/smp.h>
15 #include <linux/elf.h>
16 #include <linux/errno.h>
17 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
18 #include <linux/user.h>
19 #include <linux/personality.h>
20 #include <linux/regset.h>
21 #include <linux/security.h>
22 #include <linux/seccomp.h>
23 #include <linux/compat.h>
24 #include <linux/signal.h>
25 #include <linux/audit.h>
27 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
28 #include <asm/processor.h>
29 #include <asm/asm-offsets.h>
31 /* PSW bits we allow the debugger to modify */
32 #define USER_PSW_BITS (PSW_N | PSW_B | PSW_V | PSW_CB)
34 #define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
35 #include <trace/events/syscalls.h>
38 * These are our native regset flavors.
46 * Called by kernel/ptrace.c when detaching..
48 * Make sure single step bits etc are not set.
50 void ptrace_disable(struct task_struct *task)
52 clear_tsk_thread_flag(task, TIF_SINGLESTEP);
53 clear_tsk_thread_flag(task, TIF_BLOCKSTEP);
55 /* make sure the trap bits are not set */
63 * The following functions are called by ptrace_resume() when
64 * enabling or disabling single/block tracing.
66 void user_disable_single_step(struct task_struct *task)
71 void user_enable_single_step(struct task_struct *task)
73 clear_tsk_thread_flag(task, TIF_BLOCKSTEP);
74 set_tsk_thread_flag(task, TIF_SINGLESTEP);
76 if (pa_psw(task)->n) {
77 /* Nullified, just crank over the queue. */
78 task_regs(task)->iaoq[0] = task_regs(task)->iaoq[1];
79 task_regs(task)->iasq[0] = task_regs(task)->iasq[1];
80 task_regs(task)->iaoq[1] = task_regs(task)->iaoq[0] + 4;
87 /* Don't wake up the task, but let the
88 parent know something happened. */
89 force_sig_fault_to_task(SIGTRAP, TRAP_TRACE,
90 (void __user *) (task_regs(task)->iaoq[0] & ~3),
92 /* notify_parent(task, SIGCHLD); */
96 /* Enable recovery counter traps. The recovery counter
97 * itself will be set to zero on a task switch. If the
98 * task is suspended on a syscall then the syscall return
99 * path will overwrite the recovery counter with a suitable
100 * value such that it traps once back in user space. We
101 * disable interrupts in the tasks PSW here also, to avoid
102 * interrupts while the recovery counter is decrementing.
110 void user_enable_block_step(struct task_struct *task)
112 clear_tsk_thread_flag(task, TIF_SINGLESTEP);
113 set_tsk_thread_flag(task, TIF_BLOCKSTEP);
115 /* Enable taken branch trap. */
122 long arch_ptrace(struct task_struct *child, long request,
123 unsigned long addr, unsigned long data)
125 unsigned long __user *datap = (unsigned long __user *)data;
129 unsigned long user_regs_struct_size = sizeof(struct user_regs_struct);
131 if (is_compat_task())
132 user_regs_struct_size /= 2;
137 /* Read the word at location addr in the USER area. For ptraced
138 processes, the kernel saves all regs on a syscall. */
140 if ((addr & (sizeof(unsigned long)-1)) ||
141 addr >= sizeof(struct pt_regs))
143 tmp = *(unsigned long *) ((char *) task_regs(child) + addr);
144 ret = put_user(tmp, datap);
147 /* Write the word at location addr in the USER area. This will need
148 to change when the kernel no longer saves all regs on a syscall.
149 FIXME. There is a problem at the moment in that r3-r18 are only
150 saved if the process is ptraced on syscall entry, and even then
151 those values are overwritten by actual register values on syscall
154 /* Some register values written here may be ignored in
155 * entry.S:syscall_restore_rfi; e.g. iaoq is written with
156 * r31/r31+4, and not with the values in pt_regs.
158 if (addr == PT_PSW) {
159 /* Allow writing to Nullify, Divide-step-correction,
160 * and carry/borrow bits.
161 * BEWARE, if you set N, and then single step, it won't
162 * stop on the nullified instruction.
164 data &= USER_PSW_BITS;
165 task_regs(child)->gr[0] &= ~USER_PSW_BITS;
166 task_regs(child)->gr[0] |= data;
171 if ((addr & (sizeof(unsigned long)-1)) ||
172 addr >= sizeof(struct pt_regs))
174 if (addr == PT_IAOQ0 || addr == PT_IAOQ1) {
175 data |= PRIV_USER; /* ensure userspace privilege */
177 if ((addr >= PT_GR1 && addr <= PT_GR31) ||
178 addr == PT_IAOQ0 || addr == PT_IAOQ1 ||
179 (addr >= PT_FR0 && addr <= PT_FR31 + 4) ||
181 *(unsigned long *) ((char *) task_regs(child) + addr) = data;
186 case PTRACE_GETREGS: /* Get all gp regs from the child. */
187 return copy_regset_to_user(child,
188 task_user_regset_view(current),
190 0, user_regs_struct_size,
193 case PTRACE_SETREGS: /* Set all gp regs in the child. */
194 return copy_regset_from_user(child,
195 task_user_regset_view(current),
197 0, user_regs_struct_size,
200 case PTRACE_GETFPREGS: /* Get the child FPU state. */
201 return copy_regset_to_user(child,
202 task_user_regset_view(current),
204 0, sizeof(struct user_fp_struct),
207 case PTRACE_SETFPREGS: /* Set the child FPU state. */
208 return copy_regset_from_user(child,
209 task_user_regset_view(current),
211 0, sizeof(struct user_fp_struct),
215 ret = ptrace_request(child, request, addr, data);
225 /* This function is needed to translate 32 bit pt_regs offsets in to
226 * 64 bit pt_regs offsets. For example, a 32 bit gdb under a 64 bit kernel
227 * will request offset 12 if it wants gr3, but the lower 32 bits of
228 * the 64 bit kernels view of gr3 will be at offset 28 (3*8 + 4).
229 * This code relies on a 32 bit pt_regs being comprised of 32 bit values
230 * except for the fp registers which (a) are 64 bits, and (b) follow
231 * the gr registers at the start of pt_regs. The 32 bit pt_regs should
232 * be half the size of the 64 bit pt_regs, plus 32*4 to allow for fr[]
233 * being 64 bit in both cases.
236 static compat_ulong_t translate_usr_offset(compat_ulong_t offset)
240 if (offset < 32*4) /* gr[0..31] */
241 pos = offset * 2 + 4;
242 else if (offset < 32*4+32*8) /* fr[0] ... fr[31] */
243 pos = (offset - 32*4) + PT_FR0;
244 else if (offset < sizeof(struct pt_regs)/2 + 32*4) /* sr[0] ... ipsw */
245 pos = (offset - 32*4 - 32*8) * 2 + PT_SR0 + 4;
247 pos = sizeof(struct pt_regs);
252 long compat_arch_ptrace(struct task_struct *child, compat_long_t request,
253 compat_ulong_t addr, compat_ulong_t data)
261 if (addr & (sizeof(compat_uint_t)-1))
263 addr = translate_usr_offset(addr);
264 if (addr >= sizeof(struct pt_regs))
267 tmp = *(compat_uint_t *) ((char *) task_regs(child) + addr);
268 ret = put_user(tmp, (compat_uint_t *) (unsigned long) data);
271 /* Write the word at location addr in the USER area. This will need
272 to change when the kernel no longer saves all regs on a syscall.
273 FIXME. There is a problem at the moment in that r3-r18 are only
274 saved if the process is ptraced on syscall entry, and even then
275 those values are overwritten by actual register values on syscall
278 /* Some register values written here may be ignored in
279 * entry.S:syscall_restore_rfi; e.g. iaoq is written with
280 * r31/r31+4, and not with the values in pt_regs.
282 if (addr == PT_PSW) {
283 /* Since PT_PSW==0, it is valid for 32 bit processes
284 * under 64 bit kernels as well.
286 ret = arch_ptrace(child, request, addr, data);
288 if (addr & (sizeof(compat_uint_t)-1))
290 addr = translate_usr_offset(addr);
291 if (addr >= sizeof(struct pt_regs))
293 if (addr == PT_IAOQ0+4 || addr == PT_IAOQ1+4) {
294 data |= PRIV_USER; /* ensure userspace privilege */
296 if (addr >= PT_FR0 && addr <= PT_FR31 + 4) {
297 /* Special case, fp regs are 64 bits anyway */
298 *(__u32 *) ((char *) task_regs(child) + addr) = data;
301 else if ((addr >= PT_GR1+4 && addr <= PT_GR31+4) ||
302 addr == PT_IAOQ0+4 || addr == PT_IAOQ1+4 ||
304 /* Zero the top 32 bits */
305 *(__u32 *) ((char *) task_regs(child) + addr - 4) = 0;
306 *(__u32 *) ((char *) task_regs(child) + addr) = data;
313 case PTRACE_GETFPREGS:
314 case PTRACE_SETFPREGS:
315 return arch_ptrace(child, request, addr, data);
318 ret = compat_ptrace_request(child, request, addr, data);
326 long do_syscall_trace_enter(struct pt_regs *regs)
328 if (test_thread_flag(TIF_SYSCALL_TRACE)) {
329 int rc = ptrace_report_syscall_entry(regs);
332 * As tracesys_next does not set %r28 to -ENOSYS
333 * when %r20 is set to -1, initialize it here.
335 regs->gr[28] = -ENOSYS;
339 * A nonzero return code from
340 * ptrace_report_syscall_entry() tells us
341 * to prevent the syscall execution. Skip
342 * the syscall call and the syscall restart handling.
344 * Note that the tracer may also just change
345 * regs->gr[20] to an invalid syscall number,
346 * that is handled by tracesys_next.
353 /* Do the secure computing check after ptrace. */
354 if (secure_computing() == -1)
357 #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS
358 if (unlikely(test_thread_flag(TIF_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINT)))
359 trace_sys_enter(regs, regs->gr[20]);
363 if (!is_compat_task())
364 audit_syscall_entry(regs->gr[20], regs->gr[26], regs->gr[25],
365 regs->gr[24], regs->gr[23]);
368 audit_syscall_entry(regs->gr[20] & 0xffffffff,
369 regs->gr[26] & 0xffffffff,
370 regs->gr[25] & 0xffffffff,
371 regs->gr[24] & 0xffffffff,
372 regs->gr[23] & 0xffffffff);
375 * Sign extend the syscall number to 64bit since it may have been
376 * modified by a compat ptrace call
378 return (int) ((u32) regs->gr[20]);
381 void do_syscall_trace_exit(struct pt_regs *regs)
383 int stepping = test_thread_flag(TIF_SINGLESTEP) ||
384 test_thread_flag(TIF_BLOCKSTEP);
386 audit_syscall_exit(regs);
388 #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS
389 if (unlikely(test_thread_flag(TIF_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINT)))
390 trace_sys_exit(regs, regs->gr[20]);
393 if (stepping || test_thread_flag(TIF_SYSCALL_TRACE))
394 ptrace_report_syscall_exit(regs, stepping);
402 static int fpr_get(struct task_struct *target,
403 const struct user_regset *regset,
406 struct pt_regs *regs = task_regs(target);
408 return membuf_write(&to, regs->fr, ELF_NFPREG * sizeof(__u64));
411 static int fpr_set(struct task_struct *target,
412 const struct user_regset *regset,
413 unsigned int pos, unsigned int count,
414 const void *kbuf, const void __user *ubuf)
416 struct pt_regs *regs = task_regs(target);
417 const __u64 *k = kbuf;
418 const __u64 __user *u = ubuf;
422 count /= sizeof(reg);
425 for (; count > 0 && pos < ELF_NFPREG; --count)
426 regs->fr[pos++] = *k++;
428 for (; count > 0 && pos < ELF_NFPREG; --count) {
429 if (__get_user(reg, u++))
431 regs->fr[pos++] = reg;
437 count *= sizeof(reg);
438 return user_regset_copyin_ignore(&pos, &count, &kbuf, &ubuf,
439 ELF_NFPREG * sizeof(reg), -1);
442 #define RI(reg) (offsetof(struct user_regs_struct,reg) / sizeof(long))
444 static unsigned long get_reg(struct pt_regs *regs, int num)
447 case RI(gr[0]) ... RI(gr[31]): return regs->gr[num - RI(gr[0])];
448 case RI(sr[0]) ... RI(sr[7]): return regs->sr[num - RI(sr[0])];
449 case RI(iasq[0]): return regs->iasq[0];
450 case RI(iasq[1]): return regs->iasq[1];
451 case RI(iaoq[0]): return regs->iaoq[0];
452 case RI(iaoq[1]): return regs->iaoq[1];
453 case RI(sar): return regs->sar;
454 case RI(iir): return regs->iir;
455 case RI(isr): return regs->isr;
456 case RI(ior): return regs->ior;
457 case RI(ipsw): return regs->ipsw;
458 case RI(cr27): return regs->cr27;
459 case RI(cr0): return mfctl(0);
460 case RI(cr24): return mfctl(24);
461 case RI(cr25): return mfctl(25);
462 case RI(cr26): return mfctl(26);
463 case RI(cr28): return mfctl(28);
464 case RI(cr29): return mfctl(29);
465 case RI(cr30): return mfctl(30);
466 case RI(cr31): return mfctl(31);
467 case RI(cr8): return mfctl(8);
468 case RI(cr9): return mfctl(9);
469 case RI(cr12): return mfctl(12);
470 case RI(cr13): return mfctl(13);
471 case RI(cr10): return mfctl(10);
472 case RI(cr15): return mfctl(15);
477 static void set_reg(struct pt_regs *regs, int num, unsigned long val)
482 * Allow writing to Nullify, Divide-step-correction,
483 * and carry/borrow bits.
484 * BEWARE, if you set N, and then single step, it won't
485 * stop on the nullified instruction.
487 val &= USER_PSW_BITS;
488 regs->gr[0] &= ~USER_PSW_BITS;
491 case RI(gr[1]) ... RI(gr[31]):
492 regs->gr[num - RI(gr[0])] = val;
496 /* set 2 lowest bits to ensure userspace privilege: */
497 regs->iaoq[num - RI(iaoq[0])] = val | PRIV_USER;
499 case RI(sar): regs->sar = val;
503 /* do not allow to change any of the following registers (yet) */
504 case RI(sr[0]) ... RI(sr[7]): return regs->sr[num - RI(sr[0])];
505 case RI(iasq[0]): return regs->iasq[0];
506 case RI(iasq[1]): return regs->iasq[1];
507 case RI(iir): return regs->iir;
508 case RI(isr): return regs->isr;
509 case RI(ior): return regs->ior;
510 case RI(ipsw): return regs->ipsw;
511 case RI(cr27): return regs->cr27;
512 case cr0, cr24, cr25, cr26, cr27, cr28, cr29, cr30, cr31;
513 case cr8, cr9, cr12, cr13, cr10, cr15;
518 static int gpr_get(struct task_struct *target,
519 const struct user_regset *regset,
522 struct pt_regs *regs = task_regs(target);
525 for (pos = 0; pos < ELF_NGREG; pos++)
526 membuf_store(&to, get_reg(regs, pos));
530 static int gpr_set(struct task_struct *target,
531 const struct user_regset *regset,
532 unsigned int pos, unsigned int count,
533 const void *kbuf, const void __user *ubuf)
535 struct pt_regs *regs = task_regs(target);
536 const unsigned long *k = kbuf;
537 const unsigned long __user *u = ubuf;
541 count /= sizeof(reg);
544 for (; count > 0 && pos < ELF_NGREG; --count)
545 set_reg(regs, pos++, *k++);
547 for (; count > 0 && pos < ELF_NGREG; --count) {
548 if (__get_user(reg, u++))
550 set_reg(regs, pos++, reg);
556 count *= sizeof(reg);
557 return user_regset_copyin_ignore(&pos, &count, &kbuf, &ubuf,
558 ELF_NGREG * sizeof(reg), -1);
561 static const struct user_regset native_regsets[] = {
563 .core_note_type = NT_PRSTATUS, .n = ELF_NGREG,
564 .size = sizeof(long), .align = sizeof(long),
565 .regset_get = gpr_get, .set = gpr_set
568 .core_note_type = NT_PRFPREG, .n = ELF_NFPREG,
569 .size = sizeof(__u64), .align = sizeof(__u64),
570 .regset_get = fpr_get, .set = fpr_set
574 static const struct user_regset_view user_parisc_native_view = {
575 .name = "parisc", .e_machine = ELF_ARCH, .ei_osabi = ELFOSABI_LINUX,
576 .regsets = native_regsets, .n = ARRAY_SIZE(native_regsets)
580 static int gpr32_get(struct task_struct *target,
581 const struct user_regset *regset,
584 struct pt_regs *regs = task_regs(target);
587 for (pos = 0; pos < ELF_NGREG; pos++)
588 membuf_store(&to, (compat_ulong_t)get_reg(regs, pos));
593 static int gpr32_set(struct task_struct *target,
594 const struct user_regset *regset,
595 unsigned int pos, unsigned int count,
596 const void *kbuf, const void __user *ubuf)
598 struct pt_regs *regs = task_regs(target);
599 const compat_ulong_t *k = kbuf;
600 const compat_ulong_t __user *u = ubuf;
604 count /= sizeof(reg);
607 for (; count > 0 && pos < ELF_NGREG; --count)
608 set_reg(regs, pos++, *k++);
610 for (; count > 0 && pos < ELF_NGREG; --count) {
611 if (__get_user(reg, u++))
613 set_reg(regs, pos++, reg);
619 count *= sizeof(reg);
620 return user_regset_copyin_ignore(&pos, &count, &kbuf, &ubuf,
621 ELF_NGREG * sizeof(reg), -1);
625 * These are the regset flavors matching the 32bit native set.
627 static const struct user_regset compat_regsets[] = {
629 .core_note_type = NT_PRSTATUS, .n = ELF_NGREG,
630 .size = sizeof(compat_long_t), .align = sizeof(compat_long_t),
631 .regset_get = gpr32_get, .set = gpr32_set
634 .core_note_type = NT_PRFPREG, .n = ELF_NFPREG,
635 .size = sizeof(__u64), .align = sizeof(__u64),
636 .regset_get = fpr_get, .set = fpr_set
640 static const struct user_regset_view user_parisc_compat_view = {
641 .name = "parisc", .e_machine = EM_PARISC, .ei_osabi = ELFOSABI_LINUX,
642 .regsets = compat_regsets, .n = ARRAY_SIZE(compat_regsets)
644 #endif /* CONFIG_64BIT */
646 const struct user_regset_view *task_user_regset_view(struct task_struct *task)
648 BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(struct user_regs_struct)/sizeof(long) != ELF_NGREG);
649 BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(struct user_fp_struct)/sizeof(__u64) != ELF_NFPREG);
651 if (is_compat_task())
652 return &user_parisc_compat_view;
654 return &user_parisc_native_view;
658 /* HAVE_REGS_AND_STACK_ACCESS_API feature */
660 struct pt_regs_offset {
665 #define REG_OFFSET_NAME(r) {.name = #r, .offset = offsetof(struct pt_regs, r)}
666 #define REG_OFFSET_INDEX(r,i) {.name = #r#i, .offset = offsetof(struct pt_regs, r[i])}
667 #define REG_OFFSET_END {.name = NULL, .offset = 0}
669 static const struct pt_regs_offset regoffset_table[] = {
670 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,0),
671 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,1),
672 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,2),
673 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,3),
674 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,4),
675 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,5),
676 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,6),
677 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,7),
678 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,8),
679 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,9),
680 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,10),
681 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,11),
682 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,12),
683 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,13),
684 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,14),
685 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,15),
686 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,16),
687 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,17),
688 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,18),
689 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,19),
690 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,20),
691 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,21),
692 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,22),
693 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,23),
694 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,24),
695 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,25),
696 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,26),
697 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,27),
698 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,28),
699 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,29),
700 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,30),
701 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(gr,31),
702 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(sr,0),
703 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(sr,1),
704 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(sr,2),
705 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(sr,3),
706 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(sr,4),
707 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(sr,5),
708 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(sr,6),
709 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(sr,7),
710 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(iasq,0),
711 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(iasq,1),
712 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(iaoq,0),
713 REG_OFFSET_INDEX(iaoq,1),
714 REG_OFFSET_NAME(cr27),
715 REG_OFFSET_NAME(ksp),
716 REG_OFFSET_NAME(kpc),
717 REG_OFFSET_NAME(sar),
718 REG_OFFSET_NAME(iir),
719 REG_OFFSET_NAME(isr),
720 REG_OFFSET_NAME(ior),
721 REG_OFFSET_NAME(ipsw),
726 * regs_query_register_offset() - query register offset from its name
727 * @name: the name of a register
729 * regs_query_register_offset() returns the offset of a register in struct
730 * pt_regs from its name. If the name is invalid, this returns -EINVAL;
732 int regs_query_register_offset(const char *name)
734 const struct pt_regs_offset *roff;
735 for (roff = regoffset_table; roff->name != NULL; roff++)
736 if (!strcmp(roff->name, name))
742 * regs_query_register_name() - query register name from its offset
743 * @offset: the offset of a register in struct pt_regs.
745 * regs_query_register_name() returns the name of a register from its
746 * offset in struct pt_regs. If the @offset is invalid, this returns NULL;
748 const char *regs_query_register_name(unsigned int offset)
750 const struct pt_regs_offset *roff;
751 for (roff = regoffset_table; roff->name != NULL; roff++)
752 if (roff->offset == offset)
758 * regs_within_kernel_stack() - check the address in the stack
759 * @regs: pt_regs which contains kernel stack pointer.
760 * @addr: address which is checked.
762 * regs_within_kernel_stack() checks @addr is within the kernel stack page(s).
763 * If @addr is within the kernel stack, it returns true. If not, returns false.
765 int regs_within_kernel_stack(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long addr)
767 return ((addr & ~(THREAD_SIZE - 1)) ==
768 (kernel_stack_pointer(regs) & ~(THREAD_SIZE - 1)));
772 * regs_get_kernel_stack_nth() - get Nth entry of the stack
773 * @regs: pt_regs which contains kernel stack pointer.
774 * @n: stack entry number.
776 * regs_get_kernel_stack_nth() returns @n th entry of the kernel stack which
777 * is specified by @regs. If the @n th entry is NOT in the kernel stack,
780 unsigned long regs_get_kernel_stack_nth(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned int n)
782 unsigned long *addr = (unsigned long *)kernel_stack_pointer(regs);
786 if (!regs_within_kernel_stack(regs, (unsigned long)addr))