4 * Copyright 2012 Linaro Ltd.
5 * Anton Vorontsov <anton.vorontsov@linaro.org>
7 * Based on ideas from Andrew Morton, David Rientjes, KOSAKI Motohiro,
8 * Leonid Moiseichuk, Mel Gorman, Minchan Kim and Pekka Enberg.
10 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
11 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published
12 * by the Free Software Foundation.
15 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
17 #include <linux/log2.h>
18 #include <linux/sched.h>
20 #include <linux/vmstat.h>
21 #include <linux/eventfd.h>
22 #include <linux/slab.h>
23 #include <linux/swap.h>
24 #include <linux/printk.h>
25 #include <linux/vmpressure.h>
28 * The window size (vmpressure_win) is the number of scanned pages before
29 * we try to analyze scanned/reclaimed ratio. So the window is used as a
30 * rate-limit tunable for the "low" level notification, and also for
31 * averaging the ratio for medium/critical levels. Using small window
32 * sizes can cause lot of false positives, but too big window size will
33 * delay the notifications.
35 * As the vmscan reclaimer logic works with chunks which are multiple of
36 * SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, it makes sense to use it for the window size as well.
38 * TODO: Make the window size depend on machine size, as we do for vmstat
39 * thresholds. Currently we set it to 512 pages (2MB for 4KB pages).
41 static const unsigned long vmpressure_win = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX * 16;
44 * These thresholds are used when we account memory pressure through
45 * scanned/reclaimed ratio. The current values were chosen empirically. In
46 * essence, they are percents: the higher the value, the more number
47 * unsuccessful reclaims there were.
49 static const unsigned int vmpressure_level_med = 60;
50 static const unsigned int vmpressure_level_critical = 95;
53 * When there are too little pages left to scan, vmpressure() may miss the
54 * critical pressure as number of pages will be less than "window size".
55 * However, in that case the vmscan priority will raise fast as the
56 * reclaimer will try to scan LRUs more deeply.
58 * The vmscan logic considers these special priorities:
60 * prio == DEF_PRIORITY (12): reclaimer starts with that value
61 * prio <= DEF_PRIORITY - 2 : kswapd becomes somewhat overwhelmed
62 * prio == 0 : close to OOM, kernel scans every page in an lru
64 * Any value in this range is acceptable for this tunable (i.e. from 12 to
65 * 0). Current value for the vmpressure_level_critical_prio is chosen
66 * empirically, but the number, in essence, means that we consider
67 * critical level when scanning depth is ~10% of the lru size (vmscan
68 * scans 'lru_size >> prio' pages, so it is actually 12.5%, or one
71 static const unsigned int vmpressure_level_critical_prio = ilog2(100 / 10);
73 static struct vmpressure *work_to_vmpressure(struct work_struct *work)
75 return container_of(work, struct vmpressure, work);
78 static struct vmpressure *vmpressure_parent(struct vmpressure *vmpr)
80 struct cgroup_subsys_state *css = vmpressure_to_css(vmpr);
81 struct mem_cgroup *memcg = mem_cgroup_from_css(css);
83 memcg = parent_mem_cgroup(memcg);
86 return memcg_to_vmpressure(memcg);
89 enum vmpressure_levels {
93 VMPRESSURE_NUM_LEVELS,
96 enum vmpressure_modes {
97 VMPRESSURE_NO_PASSTHROUGH = 0,
100 VMPRESSURE_NUM_MODES,
103 static const char * const vmpressure_str_levels[] = {
104 [VMPRESSURE_LOW] = "low",
105 [VMPRESSURE_MEDIUM] = "medium",
106 [VMPRESSURE_CRITICAL] = "critical",
109 static const char * const vmpressure_str_modes[] = {
110 [VMPRESSURE_NO_PASSTHROUGH] = "default",
111 [VMPRESSURE_HIERARCHY] = "hierarchy",
112 [VMPRESSURE_LOCAL] = "local",
115 static enum vmpressure_levels vmpressure_level(unsigned long pressure)
117 if (pressure >= vmpressure_level_critical)
118 return VMPRESSURE_CRITICAL;
119 else if (pressure >= vmpressure_level_med)
120 return VMPRESSURE_MEDIUM;
121 return VMPRESSURE_LOW;
124 static enum vmpressure_levels vmpressure_calc_level(unsigned long scanned,
125 unsigned long reclaimed)
127 unsigned long scale = scanned + reclaimed;
128 unsigned long pressure = 0;
131 * reclaimed can be greater than scanned for things such as reclaimed
132 * slab pages. shrink_node() just adds reclaimed pages without a
133 * related increment to scanned pages.
135 if (reclaimed >= scanned)
138 * We calculate the ratio (in percents) of how many pages were
139 * scanned vs. reclaimed in a given time frame (window). Note that
140 * time is in VM reclaimer's "ticks", i.e. number of pages
141 * scanned. This makes it possible to set desired reaction time
142 * and serves as a ratelimit.
144 pressure = scale - (reclaimed * scale / scanned);
145 pressure = pressure * 100 / scale;
148 pr_debug("%s: %3lu (s: %lu r: %lu)\n", __func__, pressure,
151 return vmpressure_level(pressure);
154 struct vmpressure_event {
155 struct eventfd_ctx *efd;
156 enum vmpressure_levels level;
157 enum vmpressure_modes mode;
158 struct list_head node;
161 static bool vmpressure_event(struct vmpressure *vmpr,
162 const enum vmpressure_levels level,
163 bool ancestor, bool signalled)
165 struct vmpressure_event *ev;
168 mutex_lock(&vmpr->events_lock);
169 list_for_each_entry(ev, &vmpr->events, node) {
170 if (ancestor && ev->mode == VMPRESSURE_LOCAL)
172 if (signalled && ev->mode == VMPRESSURE_NO_PASSTHROUGH)
174 if (level < ev->level)
176 eventfd_signal(ev->efd, 1);
179 mutex_unlock(&vmpr->events_lock);
184 static void vmpressure_work_fn(struct work_struct *work)
186 struct vmpressure *vmpr = work_to_vmpressure(work);
187 unsigned long scanned;
188 unsigned long reclaimed;
189 enum vmpressure_levels level;
190 bool ancestor = false;
191 bool signalled = false;
193 spin_lock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
195 * Several contexts might be calling vmpressure(), so it is
196 * possible that the work was rescheduled again before the old
197 * work context cleared the counters. In that case we will run
198 * just after the old work returns, but then scanned might be zero
199 * here. No need for any locks here since we don't care if
200 * vmpr->reclaimed is in sync.
202 scanned = vmpr->tree_scanned;
204 spin_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
208 reclaimed = vmpr->tree_reclaimed;
209 vmpr->tree_scanned = 0;
210 vmpr->tree_reclaimed = 0;
211 spin_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
213 level = vmpressure_calc_level(scanned, reclaimed);
216 if (vmpressure_event(vmpr, level, ancestor, signalled))
219 } while ((vmpr = vmpressure_parent(vmpr)));
223 * vmpressure() - Account memory pressure through scanned/reclaimed ratio
224 * @gfp: reclaimer's gfp mask
225 * @memcg: cgroup memory controller handle
226 * @tree: legacy subtree mode
227 * @scanned: number of pages scanned
228 * @reclaimed: number of pages reclaimed
230 * This function should be called from the vmscan reclaim path to account
231 * "instantaneous" memory pressure (scanned/reclaimed ratio). The raw
232 * pressure index is then further refined and averaged over time.
234 * If @tree is set, vmpressure is in traditional userspace reporting
235 * mode: @memcg is considered the pressure root and userspace is
236 * notified of the entire subtree's reclaim efficiency.
238 * If @tree is not set, reclaim efficiency is recorded for @memcg, and
239 * only in-kernel users are notified.
241 * This function does not return any value.
243 void vmpressure(gfp_t gfp, struct mem_cgroup *memcg, bool tree,
244 unsigned long scanned, unsigned long reclaimed)
246 struct vmpressure *vmpr = memcg_to_vmpressure(memcg);
249 * Here we only want to account pressure that userland is able to
250 * help us with. For example, suppose that DMA zone is under
251 * pressure; if we notify userland about that kind of pressure,
252 * then it will be mostly a waste as it will trigger unnecessary
253 * freeing of memory by userland (since userland is more likely to
254 * have HIGHMEM/MOVABLE pages instead of the DMA fallback). That
255 * is why we include only movable, highmem and FS/IO pages.
256 * Indirect reclaim (kswapd) sets sc->gfp_mask to GFP_KERNEL, so
259 if (!(gfp & (__GFP_HIGHMEM | __GFP_MOVABLE | __GFP_IO | __GFP_FS)))
263 * If we got here with no pages scanned, then that is an indicator
264 * that reclaimer was unable to find any shrinkable LRUs at the
265 * current scanning depth. But it does not mean that we should
266 * report the critical pressure, yet. If the scanning priority
267 * (scanning depth) goes too high (deep), we will be notified
268 * through vmpressure_prio(). But so far, keep calm.
274 spin_lock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
275 scanned = vmpr->tree_scanned += scanned;
276 vmpr->tree_reclaimed += reclaimed;
277 spin_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
279 if (scanned < vmpressure_win)
281 schedule_work(&vmpr->work);
283 enum vmpressure_levels level;
285 /* For now, no users for root-level efficiency */
286 if (!memcg || memcg == root_mem_cgroup)
289 spin_lock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
290 scanned = vmpr->scanned += scanned;
291 reclaimed = vmpr->reclaimed += reclaimed;
292 if (scanned < vmpressure_win) {
293 spin_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
296 vmpr->scanned = vmpr->reclaimed = 0;
297 spin_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
299 level = vmpressure_calc_level(scanned, reclaimed);
301 if (level > VMPRESSURE_LOW) {
303 * Let the socket buffer allocator know that
304 * we are having trouble reclaiming LRU pages.
306 * For hysteresis keep the pressure state
307 * asserted for a second in which subsequent
308 * pressure events can occur.
310 memcg->socket_pressure = jiffies + HZ;
316 * vmpressure_prio() - Account memory pressure through reclaimer priority level
317 * @gfp: reclaimer's gfp mask
318 * @memcg: cgroup memory controller handle
319 * @prio: reclaimer's priority
321 * This function should be called from the reclaim path every time when
322 * the vmscan's reclaiming priority (scanning depth) changes.
324 * This function does not return any value.
326 void vmpressure_prio(gfp_t gfp, struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int prio)
329 * We only use prio for accounting critical level. For more info
330 * see comment for vmpressure_level_critical_prio variable above.
332 if (prio > vmpressure_level_critical_prio)
336 * OK, the prio is below the threshold, updating vmpressure
337 * information before shrinker dives into long shrinking of long
338 * range vmscan. Passing scanned = vmpressure_win, reclaimed = 0
339 * to the vmpressure() basically means that we signal 'critical'
342 vmpressure(gfp, memcg, true, vmpressure_win, 0);
345 #define MAX_VMPRESSURE_ARGS_LEN (strlen("critical") + strlen("hierarchy") + 2)
348 * vmpressure_register_event() - Bind vmpressure notifications to an eventfd
349 * @memcg: memcg that is interested in vmpressure notifications
350 * @eventfd: eventfd context to link notifications with
351 * @args: event arguments (pressure level threshold, optional mode)
353 * This function associates eventfd context with the vmpressure
354 * infrastructure, so that the notifications will be delivered to the
355 * @eventfd. The @args parameter is a comma-delimited string that denotes a
356 * pressure level threshold (one of vmpressure_str_levels, i.e. "low", "medium",
357 * or "critical") and an optional mode (one of vmpressure_str_modes, i.e.
358 * "hierarchy" or "local").
360 * To be used as memcg event method.
362 * Return: 0 on success, -ENOMEM on memory failure or -EINVAL if @args could
365 int vmpressure_register_event(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
366 struct eventfd_ctx *eventfd, const char *args)
368 struct vmpressure *vmpr = memcg_to_vmpressure(memcg);
369 struct vmpressure_event *ev;
370 enum vmpressure_modes mode = VMPRESSURE_NO_PASSTHROUGH;
371 enum vmpressure_levels level;
372 char *spec, *spec_orig;
376 spec_orig = spec = kstrndup(args, MAX_VMPRESSURE_ARGS_LEN, GFP_KERNEL);
382 /* Find required level */
383 token = strsep(&spec, ",");
384 ret = match_string(vmpressure_str_levels, VMPRESSURE_NUM_LEVELS, token);
389 /* Find optional mode */
390 token = strsep(&spec, ",");
392 ret = match_string(vmpressure_str_modes, VMPRESSURE_NUM_MODES, token);
398 ev = kzalloc(sizeof(*ev), GFP_KERNEL);
408 mutex_lock(&vmpr->events_lock);
409 list_add(&ev->node, &vmpr->events);
410 mutex_unlock(&vmpr->events_lock);
418 * vmpressure_unregister_event() - Unbind eventfd from vmpressure
419 * @memcg: memcg handle
420 * @eventfd: eventfd context that was used to link vmpressure with the @cg
422 * This function does internal manipulations to detach the @eventfd from
423 * the vmpressure notifications, and then frees internal resources
424 * associated with the @eventfd (but the @eventfd itself is not freed).
426 * To be used as memcg event method.
428 void vmpressure_unregister_event(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
429 struct eventfd_ctx *eventfd)
431 struct vmpressure *vmpr = memcg_to_vmpressure(memcg);
432 struct vmpressure_event *ev;
434 mutex_lock(&vmpr->events_lock);
435 list_for_each_entry(ev, &vmpr->events, node) {
436 if (ev->efd != eventfd)
442 mutex_unlock(&vmpr->events_lock);
446 * vmpressure_init() - Initialize vmpressure control structure
447 * @vmpr: Structure to be initialized
449 * This function should be called on every allocated vmpressure structure
452 void vmpressure_init(struct vmpressure *vmpr)
454 spin_lock_init(&vmpr->sr_lock);
455 mutex_init(&vmpr->events_lock);
456 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vmpr->events);
457 INIT_WORK(&vmpr->work, vmpressure_work_fn);
461 * vmpressure_cleanup() - shuts down vmpressure control structure
462 * @vmpr: Structure to be cleaned up
464 * This function should be called before the structure in which it is
465 * embedded is cleaned up.
467 void vmpressure_cleanup(struct vmpressure *vmpr)
470 * Make sure there is no pending work before eventfd infrastructure
473 flush_work(&vmpr->work);