4 * Copyright (C) 2002, Linus Torvalds.
6 * Contains all the functions related to writing back and waiting
7 * upon dirty inodes against superblocks, and writing back dirty
8 * pages against inodes. ie: data writeback. Writeout of the
9 * inode itself is not handled here.
11 * 10Apr2002 Andrew Morton
12 * Split out of fs/inode.c
13 * Additions for address_space-based writeback
16 #include <linux/kernel.h>
17 #include <linux/export.h>
18 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
19 #include <linux/slab.h>
20 #include <linux/sched.h>
23 #include <linux/pagemap.h>
24 #include <linux/kthread.h>
25 #include <linux/writeback.h>
26 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
27 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
28 #include <linux/tracepoint.h>
29 #include <linux/device.h>
30 #include <linux/memcontrol.h>
34 * 4MB minimal write chunk size
36 #define MIN_WRITEBACK_PAGES (4096UL >> (PAGE_SHIFT - 10))
38 struct wb_completion {
43 * Passed into wb_writeback(), essentially a subset of writeback_control
45 struct wb_writeback_work {
47 struct super_block *sb;
48 enum writeback_sync_modes sync_mode;
49 unsigned int tagged_writepages:1;
50 unsigned int for_kupdate:1;
51 unsigned int range_cyclic:1;
52 unsigned int for_background:1;
53 unsigned int for_sync:1; /* sync(2) WB_SYNC_ALL writeback */
54 unsigned int auto_free:1; /* free on completion */
55 enum wb_reason reason; /* why was writeback initiated? */
57 struct list_head list; /* pending work list */
58 struct wb_completion *done; /* set if the caller waits */
62 * If one wants to wait for one or more wb_writeback_works, each work's
63 * ->done should be set to a wb_completion defined using the following
64 * macro. Once all work items are issued with wb_queue_work(), the caller
65 * can wait for the completion of all using wb_wait_for_completion(). Work
66 * items which are waited upon aren't freed automatically on completion.
68 #define DEFINE_WB_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(cmpl) \
69 struct wb_completion cmpl = { \
70 .cnt = ATOMIC_INIT(1), \
75 * If an inode is constantly having its pages dirtied, but then the
76 * updates stop dirtytime_expire_interval seconds in the past, it's
77 * possible for the worst case time between when an inode has its
78 * timestamps updated and when they finally get written out to be two
79 * dirtytime_expire_intervals. We set the default to 12 hours (in
80 * seconds), which means most of the time inodes will have their
81 * timestamps written to disk after 12 hours, but in the worst case a
82 * few inodes might not their timestamps updated for 24 hours.
84 unsigned int dirtytime_expire_interval = 12 * 60 * 60;
86 static inline struct inode *wb_inode(struct list_head *head)
88 return list_entry(head, struct inode, i_io_list);
92 * Include the creation of the trace points after defining the
93 * wb_writeback_work structure and inline functions so that the definition
94 * remains local to this file.
96 #define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
97 #include <trace/events/writeback.h>
99 EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(wbc_writepage);
101 static bool wb_io_lists_populated(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
103 if (wb_has_dirty_io(wb)) {
106 set_bit(WB_has_dirty_io, &wb->state);
107 WARN_ON_ONCE(!wb->avg_write_bandwidth);
108 atomic_long_add(wb->avg_write_bandwidth,
109 &wb->bdi->tot_write_bandwidth);
114 static void wb_io_lists_depopulated(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
116 if (wb_has_dirty_io(wb) && list_empty(&wb->b_dirty) &&
117 list_empty(&wb->b_io) && list_empty(&wb->b_more_io)) {
118 clear_bit(WB_has_dirty_io, &wb->state);
119 WARN_ON_ONCE(atomic_long_sub_return(wb->avg_write_bandwidth,
120 &wb->bdi->tot_write_bandwidth) < 0);
125 * inode_io_list_move_locked - move an inode onto a bdi_writeback IO list
126 * @inode: inode to be moved
127 * @wb: target bdi_writeback
128 * @head: one of @wb->b_{dirty|io|more_io}
130 * Move @inode->i_io_list to @list of @wb and set %WB_has_dirty_io.
131 * Returns %true if @inode is the first occupant of the !dirty_time IO
132 * lists; otherwise, %false.
134 static bool inode_io_list_move_locked(struct inode *inode,
135 struct bdi_writeback *wb,
136 struct list_head *head)
138 assert_spin_locked(&wb->list_lock);
140 list_move(&inode->i_io_list, head);
142 /* dirty_time doesn't count as dirty_io until expiration */
143 if (head != &wb->b_dirty_time)
144 return wb_io_lists_populated(wb);
146 wb_io_lists_depopulated(wb);
151 * inode_io_list_del_locked - remove an inode from its bdi_writeback IO list
152 * @inode: inode to be removed
153 * @wb: bdi_writeback @inode is being removed from
155 * Remove @inode which may be on one of @wb->b_{dirty|io|more_io} lists and
156 * clear %WB_has_dirty_io if all are empty afterwards.
158 static void inode_io_list_del_locked(struct inode *inode,
159 struct bdi_writeback *wb)
161 assert_spin_locked(&wb->list_lock);
162 assert_spin_locked(&inode->i_lock);
164 inode->i_state &= ~I_SYNC_QUEUED;
165 list_del_init(&inode->i_io_list);
166 wb_io_lists_depopulated(wb);
169 static void wb_wakeup(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
171 spin_lock_bh(&wb->work_lock);
172 if (test_bit(WB_registered, &wb->state))
173 mod_delayed_work(bdi_wq, &wb->dwork, 0);
174 spin_unlock_bh(&wb->work_lock);
177 static void finish_writeback_work(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
178 struct wb_writeback_work *work)
180 struct wb_completion *done = work->done;
184 if (done && atomic_dec_and_test(&done->cnt))
185 wake_up_all(&wb->bdi->wb_waitq);
188 static void wb_queue_work(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
189 struct wb_writeback_work *work)
191 trace_writeback_queue(wb, work);
194 atomic_inc(&work->done->cnt);
196 spin_lock_bh(&wb->work_lock);
198 if (test_bit(WB_registered, &wb->state)) {
199 list_add_tail(&work->list, &wb->work_list);
200 mod_delayed_work(bdi_wq, &wb->dwork, 0);
202 finish_writeback_work(wb, work);
204 spin_unlock_bh(&wb->work_lock);
208 * wb_wait_for_completion - wait for completion of bdi_writeback_works
209 * @bdi: bdi work items were issued to
210 * @done: target wb_completion
212 * Wait for one or more work items issued to @bdi with their ->done field
213 * set to @done, which should have been defined with
214 * DEFINE_WB_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(). This function returns after all such
215 * work items are completed. Work items which are waited upon aren't freed
216 * automatically on completion.
218 static void wb_wait_for_completion(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
219 struct wb_completion *done)
221 atomic_dec(&done->cnt); /* put down the initial count */
222 wait_event(bdi->wb_waitq, !atomic_read(&done->cnt));
225 #ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
227 /* parameters for foreign inode detection, see wb_detach_inode() */
228 #define WB_FRN_TIME_SHIFT 13 /* 1s = 2^13, upto 8 secs w/ 16bit */
229 #define WB_FRN_TIME_AVG_SHIFT 3 /* avg = avg * 7/8 + new * 1/8 */
230 #define WB_FRN_TIME_CUT_DIV 2 /* ignore rounds < avg / 2 */
231 #define WB_FRN_TIME_PERIOD (2 * (1 << WB_FRN_TIME_SHIFT)) /* 2s */
233 #define WB_FRN_HIST_SLOTS 16 /* inode->i_wb_frn_history is 16bit */
234 #define WB_FRN_HIST_UNIT (WB_FRN_TIME_PERIOD / WB_FRN_HIST_SLOTS)
235 /* each slot's duration is 2s / 16 */
236 #define WB_FRN_HIST_THR_SLOTS (WB_FRN_HIST_SLOTS / 2)
237 /* if foreign slots >= 8, switch */
238 #define WB_FRN_HIST_MAX_SLOTS (WB_FRN_HIST_THR_SLOTS / 2 + 1)
239 /* one round can affect upto 5 slots */
241 static atomic_t isw_nr_in_flight = ATOMIC_INIT(0);
242 static struct workqueue_struct *isw_wq;
244 void __inode_attach_wb(struct inode *inode, struct page *page)
246 struct backing_dev_info *bdi = inode_to_bdi(inode);
247 struct bdi_writeback *wb = NULL;
249 if (inode_cgwb_enabled(inode)) {
250 struct cgroup_subsys_state *memcg_css;
253 memcg_css = mem_cgroup_css_from_page(page);
254 wb = wb_get_create(bdi, memcg_css, GFP_ATOMIC);
256 /* must pin memcg_css, see wb_get_create() */
257 memcg_css = task_get_css(current, memory_cgrp_id);
258 wb = wb_get_create(bdi, memcg_css, GFP_ATOMIC);
267 * There may be multiple instances of this function racing to
268 * update the same inode. Use cmpxchg() to tell the winner.
270 if (unlikely(cmpxchg(&inode->i_wb, NULL, wb)))
273 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__inode_attach_wb);
276 * locked_inode_to_wb_and_lock_list - determine a locked inode's wb and lock it
277 * @inode: inode of interest with i_lock held
279 * Returns @inode's wb with its list_lock held. @inode->i_lock must be
280 * held on entry and is released on return. The returned wb is guaranteed
281 * to stay @inode's associated wb until its list_lock is released.
283 static struct bdi_writeback *
284 locked_inode_to_wb_and_lock_list(struct inode *inode)
285 __releases(&inode->i_lock)
286 __acquires(&wb->list_lock)
289 struct bdi_writeback *wb = inode_to_wb(inode);
292 * inode_to_wb() association is protected by both
293 * @inode->i_lock and @wb->list_lock but list_lock nests
294 * outside i_lock. Drop i_lock and verify that the
295 * association hasn't changed after acquiring list_lock.
298 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
299 spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
301 /* i_wb may have changed inbetween, can't use inode_to_wb() */
302 if (likely(wb == inode->i_wb)) {
303 wb_put(wb); /* @inode already has ref */
307 spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
310 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
315 * inode_to_wb_and_lock_list - determine an inode's wb and lock it
316 * @inode: inode of interest
318 * Same as locked_inode_to_wb_and_lock_list() but @inode->i_lock isn't held
321 static struct bdi_writeback *inode_to_wb_and_lock_list(struct inode *inode)
322 __acquires(&wb->list_lock)
324 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
325 return locked_inode_to_wb_and_lock_list(inode);
328 struct inode_switch_wbs_context {
330 struct bdi_writeback *new_wb;
332 struct rcu_head rcu_head;
333 struct work_struct work;
336 static void bdi_down_write_wb_switch_rwsem(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
338 down_write(&bdi->wb_switch_rwsem);
341 static void bdi_up_write_wb_switch_rwsem(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
343 up_write(&bdi->wb_switch_rwsem);
346 static void inode_switch_wbs_work_fn(struct work_struct *work)
348 struct inode_switch_wbs_context *isw =
349 container_of(work, struct inode_switch_wbs_context, work);
350 struct inode *inode = isw->inode;
351 struct backing_dev_info *bdi = inode_to_bdi(inode);
352 struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
353 struct bdi_writeback *old_wb = inode->i_wb;
354 struct bdi_writeback *new_wb = isw->new_wb;
355 struct radix_tree_iter iter;
356 bool switched = false;
360 * If @inode switches cgwb membership while sync_inodes_sb() is
361 * being issued, sync_inodes_sb() might miss it. Synchronize.
363 down_read(&bdi->wb_switch_rwsem);
366 * By the time control reaches here, RCU grace period has passed
367 * since I_WB_SWITCH assertion and all wb stat update transactions
368 * between unlocked_inode_to_wb_begin/end() are guaranteed to be
369 * synchronizing against mapping->tree_lock.
371 * Grabbing old_wb->list_lock, inode->i_lock and mapping->tree_lock
372 * gives us exclusion against all wb related operations on @inode
373 * including IO list manipulations and stat updates.
375 if (old_wb < new_wb) {
376 spin_lock(&old_wb->list_lock);
377 spin_lock_nested(&new_wb->list_lock, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
379 spin_lock(&new_wb->list_lock);
380 spin_lock_nested(&old_wb->list_lock, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
382 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
383 spin_lock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
386 * Once I_FREEING is visible under i_lock, the eviction path owns
387 * the inode and we shouldn't modify ->i_io_list.
389 if (unlikely(inode->i_state & I_FREEING))
393 * Count and transfer stats. Note that PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY points
394 * to possibly dirty pages while PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK points to
395 * pages actually under underwriteback.
397 radix_tree_for_each_tagged(slot, &mapping->page_tree, &iter, 0,
398 PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY) {
399 struct page *page = radix_tree_deref_slot_protected(slot,
400 &mapping->tree_lock);
401 if (likely(page) && PageDirty(page)) {
402 dec_wb_stat(old_wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE);
403 inc_wb_stat(new_wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE);
407 radix_tree_for_each_tagged(slot, &mapping->page_tree, &iter, 0,
408 PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK) {
409 struct page *page = radix_tree_deref_slot_protected(slot,
410 &mapping->tree_lock);
412 WARN_ON_ONCE(!PageWriteback(page));
413 dec_wb_stat(old_wb, WB_WRITEBACK);
414 inc_wb_stat(new_wb, WB_WRITEBACK);
421 * Transfer to @new_wb's IO list if necessary. The specific list
422 * @inode was on is ignored and the inode is put on ->b_dirty which
423 * is always correct including from ->b_dirty_time. The transfer
424 * preserves @inode->dirtied_when ordering.
426 if (!list_empty(&inode->i_io_list)) {
429 inode_io_list_del_locked(inode, old_wb);
430 inode->i_wb = new_wb;
431 list_for_each_entry(pos, &new_wb->b_dirty, i_io_list)
432 if (time_after_eq(inode->dirtied_when,
435 inode_io_list_move_locked(inode, new_wb, pos->i_io_list.prev);
437 inode->i_wb = new_wb;
440 /* ->i_wb_frn updates may race wbc_detach_inode() but doesn't matter */
441 inode->i_wb_frn_winner = 0;
442 inode->i_wb_frn_avg_time = 0;
443 inode->i_wb_frn_history = 0;
447 * Paired with load_acquire in unlocked_inode_to_wb_begin() and
448 * ensures that the new wb is visible if they see !I_WB_SWITCH.
450 smp_store_release(&inode->i_state, inode->i_state & ~I_WB_SWITCH);
452 spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
453 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
454 spin_unlock(&new_wb->list_lock);
455 spin_unlock(&old_wb->list_lock);
457 up_read(&bdi->wb_switch_rwsem);
468 atomic_dec(&isw_nr_in_flight);
471 static void inode_switch_wbs_rcu_fn(struct rcu_head *rcu_head)
473 struct inode_switch_wbs_context *isw = container_of(rcu_head,
474 struct inode_switch_wbs_context, rcu_head);
476 /* needs to grab bh-unsafe locks, bounce to work item */
477 INIT_WORK(&isw->work, inode_switch_wbs_work_fn);
478 queue_work(isw_wq, &isw->work);
482 * inode_switch_wbs - change the wb association of an inode
483 * @inode: target inode
484 * @new_wb_id: ID of the new wb
486 * Switch @inode's wb association to the wb identified by @new_wb_id. The
487 * switching is performed asynchronously and may fail silently.
489 static void inode_switch_wbs(struct inode *inode, int new_wb_id)
491 struct backing_dev_info *bdi = inode_to_bdi(inode);
492 struct cgroup_subsys_state *memcg_css;
493 struct inode_switch_wbs_context *isw;
495 /* noop if seems to be already in progress */
496 if (inode->i_state & I_WB_SWITCH)
500 * Avoid starting new switches while sync_inodes_sb() is in
501 * progress. Otherwise, if the down_write protected issue path
502 * blocks heavily, we might end up starting a large number of
503 * switches which will block on the rwsem.
505 if (!down_read_trylock(&bdi->wb_switch_rwsem))
508 isw = kzalloc(sizeof(*isw), GFP_ATOMIC);
512 /* find and pin the new wb */
514 memcg_css = css_from_id(new_wb_id, &memory_cgrp_subsys);
515 if (memcg_css && !css_tryget(memcg_css))
521 isw->new_wb = wb_get_create(bdi, memcg_css, GFP_ATOMIC);
526 /* while holding I_WB_SWITCH, no one else can update the association */
527 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
528 if (!(inode->i_sb->s_flags & MS_ACTIVE) ||
529 inode->i_state & (I_WB_SWITCH | I_FREEING) ||
530 inode_to_wb(inode) == isw->new_wb) {
531 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
534 inode->i_state |= I_WB_SWITCH;
536 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
541 * In addition to synchronizing among switchers, I_WB_SWITCH tells
542 * the RCU protected stat update paths to grab the mapping's
543 * tree_lock so that stat transfer can synchronize against them.
544 * Let's continue after I_WB_SWITCH is guaranteed to be visible.
546 call_rcu(&isw->rcu_head, inode_switch_wbs_rcu_fn);
548 atomic_inc(&isw_nr_in_flight);
557 up_read(&bdi->wb_switch_rwsem);
561 * wbc_attach_and_unlock_inode - associate wbc with target inode and unlock it
562 * @wbc: writeback_control of interest
563 * @inode: target inode
565 * @inode is locked and about to be written back under the control of @wbc.
566 * Record @inode's writeback context into @wbc and unlock the i_lock. On
567 * writeback completion, wbc_detach_inode() should be called. This is used
568 * to track the cgroup writeback context.
570 void wbc_attach_and_unlock_inode(struct writeback_control *wbc,
573 if (!inode_cgwb_enabled(inode)) {
574 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
578 wbc->wb = inode_to_wb(inode);
581 wbc->wb_id = wbc->wb->memcg_css->id;
582 wbc->wb_lcand_id = inode->i_wb_frn_winner;
583 wbc->wb_tcand_id = 0;
585 wbc->wb_lcand_bytes = 0;
586 wbc->wb_tcand_bytes = 0;
589 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
592 * A dying wb indicates that either the blkcg associated with the
593 * memcg changed or the associated memcg is dying. In the first
594 * case, a replacement wb should already be available and we should
595 * refresh the wb immediately. In the second case, trying to
596 * refresh will keep failing.
598 if (unlikely(wb_dying(wbc->wb) && !css_is_dying(wbc->wb->memcg_css)))
599 inode_switch_wbs(inode, wbc->wb_id);
603 * wbc_detach_inode - disassociate wbc from inode and perform foreign detection
604 * @wbc: writeback_control of the just finished writeback
606 * To be called after a writeback attempt of an inode finishes and undoes
607 * wbc_attach_and_unlock_inode(). Can be called under any context.
609 * As concurrent write sharing of an inode is expected to be very rare and
610 * memcg only tracks page ownership on first-use basis severely confining
611 * the usefulness of such sharing, cgroup writeback tracks ownership
612 * per-inode. While the support for concurrent write sharing of an inode
613 * is deemed unnecessary, an inode being written to by different cgroups at
614 * different points in time is a lot more common, and, more importantly,
615 * charging only by first-use can too readily lead to grossly incorrect
616 * behaviors (single foreign page can lead to gigabytes of writeback to be
617 * incorrectly attributed).
619 * To resolve this issue, cgroup writeback detects the majority dirtier of
620 * an inode and transfers the ownership to it. To avoid unnnecessary
621 * oscillation, the detection mechanism keeps track of history and gives
622 * out the switch verdict only if the foreign usage pattern is stable over
623 * a certain amount of time and/or writeback attempts.
625 * On each writeback attempt, @wbc tries to detect the majority writer
626 * using Boyer-Moore majority vote algorithm. In addition to the byte
627 * count from the majority voting, it also counts the bytes written for the
628 * current wb and the last round's winner wb (max of last round's current
629 * wb, the winner from two rounds ago, and the last round's majority
630 * candidate). Keeping track of the historical winner helps the algorithm
631 * to semi-reliably detect the most active writer even when it's not the
634 * Once the winner of the round is determined, whether the winner is
635 * foreign or not and how much IO time the round consumed is recorded in
636 * inode->i_wb_frn_history. If the amount of recorded foreign IO time is
637 * over a certain threshold, the switch verdict is given.
639 void wbc_detach_inode(struct writeback_control *wbc)
641 struct bdi_writeback *wb = wbc->wb;
642 struct inode *inode = wbc->inode;
643 unsigned long avg_time, max_bytes, max_time;
650 history = inode->i_wb_frn_history;
651 avg_time = inode->i_wb_frn_avg_time;
653 /* pick the winner of this round */
654 if (wbc->wb_bytes >= wbc->wb_lcand_bytes &&
655 wbc->wb_bytes >= wbc->wb_tcand_bytes) {
657 max_bytes = wbc->wb_bytes;
658 } else if (wbc->wb_lcand_bytes >= wbc->wb_tcand_bytes) {
659 max_id = wbc->wb_lcand_id;
660 max_bytes = wbc->wb_lcand_bytes;
662 max_id = wbc->wb_tcand_id;
663 max_bytes = wbc->wb_tcand_bytes;
667 * Calculate the amount of IO time the winner consumed and fold it
668 * into the running average kept per inode. If the consumed IO
669 * time is lower than avag / WB_FRN_TIME_CUT_DIV, ignore it for
670 * deciding whether to switch or not. This is to prevent one-off
671 * small dirtiers from skewing the verdict.
673 max_time = DIV_ROUND_UP((max_bytes >> PAGE_SHIFT) << WB_FRN_TIME_SHIFT,
674 wb->avg_write_bandwidth);
676 avg_time += (max_time >> WB_FRN_TIME_AVG_SHIFT) -
677 (avg_time >> WB_FRN_TIME_AVG_SHIFT);
679 avg_time = max_time; /* immediate catch up on first run */
681 if (max_time >= avg_time / WB_FRN_TIME_CUT_DIV) {
685 * The switch verdict is reached if foreign wb's consume
686 * more than a certain proportion of IO time in a
687 * WB_FRN_TIME_PERIOD. This is loosely tracked by 16 slot
688 * history mask where each bit represents one sixteenth of
689 * the period. Determine the number of slots to shift into
690 * history from @max_time.
692 slots = min(DIV_ROUND_UP(max_time, WB_FRN_HIST_UNIT),
693 (unsigned long)WB_FRN_HIST_MAX_SLOTS);
695 if (wbc->wb_id != max_id)
696 history |= (1U << slots) - 1;
699 * Switch if the current wb isn't the consistent winner.
700 * If there are multiple closely competing dirtiers, the
701 * inode may switch across them repeatedly over time, which
702 * is okay. The main goal is avoiding keeping an inode on
703 * the wrong wb for an extended period of time.
705 if (hweight16(history) > WB_FRN_HIST_THR_SLOTS)
706 inode_switch_wbs(inode, max_id);
710 * Multiple instances of this function may race to update the
711 * following fields but we don't mind occassional inaccuracies.
713 inode->i_wb_frn_winner = max_id;
714 inode->i_wb_frn_avg_time = min(avg_time, (unsigned long)U16_MAX);
715 inode->i_wb_frn_history = history;
722 * wbc_account_io - account IO issued during writeback
723 * @wbc: writeback_control of the writeback in progress
724 * @page: page being written out
725 * @bytes: number of bytes being written out
727 * @bytes from @page are about to written out during the writeback
728 * controlled by @wbc. Keep the book for foreign inode detection. See
729 * wbc_detach_inode().
731 void wbc_account_io(struct writeback_control *wbc, struct page *page,
734 struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;
738 * pageout() path doesn't attach @wbc to the inode being written
739 * out. This is intentional as we don't want the function to block
740 * behind a slow cgroup. Ultimately, we want pageout() to kick off
741 * regular writeback instead of writing things out itself.
746 css = mem_cgroup_css_from_page(page);
747 /* dead cgroups shouldn't contribute to inode ownership arbitration */
748 if (!(css->flags & CSS_ONLINE))
753 if (id == wbc->wb_id) {
754 wbc->wb_bytes += bytes;
758 if (id == wbc->wb_lcand_id)
759 wbc->wb_lcand_bytes += bytes;
761 /* Boyer-Moore majority vote algorithm */
762 if (!wbc->wb_tcand_bytes)
763 wbc->wb_tcand_id = id;
764 if (id == wbc->wb_tcand_id)
765 wbc->wb_tcand_bytes += bytes;
767 wbc->wb_tcand_bytes -= min(bytes, wbc->wb_tcand_bytes);
769 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(wbc_account_io);
772 * inode_congested - test whether an inode is congested
773 * @inode: inode to test for congestion (may be NULL)
774 * @cong_bits: mask of WB_[a]sync_congested bits to test
776 * Tests whether @inode is congested. @cong_bits is the mask of congestion
777 * bits to test and the return value is the mask of set bits.
779 * If cgroup writeback is enabled for @inode, the congestion state is
780 * determined by whether the cgwb (cgroup bdi_writeback) for the blkcg
781 * associated with @inode is congested; otherwise, the root wb's congestion
784 * @inode is allowed to be NULL as this function is often called on
785 * mapping->host which is NULL for the swapper space.
787 int inode_congested(struct inode *inode, int cong_bits)
790 * Once set, ->i_wb never becomes NULL while the inode is alive.
791 * Start transaction iff ->i_wb is visible.
793 if (inode && inode_to_wb_is_valid(inode)) {
794 struct bdi_writeback *wb;
795 struct wb_lock_cookie lock_cookie = {};
798 wb = unlocked_inode_to_wb_begin(inode, &lock_cookie);
799 congested = wb_congested(wb, cong_bits);
800 unlocked_inode_to_wb_end(inode, &lock_cookie);
804 return wb_congested(&inode_to_bdi(inode)->wb, cong_bits);
806 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(inode_congested);
809 * wb_split_bdi_pages - split nr_pages to write according to bandwidth
810 * @wb: target bdi_writeback to split @nr_pages to
811 * @nr_pages: number of pages to write for the whole bdi
813 * Split @wb's portion of @nr_pages according to @wb's write bandwidth in
814 * relation to the total write bandwidth of all wb's w/ dirty inodes on
817 static long wb_split_bdi_pages(struct bdi_writeback *wb, long nr_pages)
819 unsigned long this_bw = wb->avg_write_bandwidth;
820 unsigned long tot_bw = atomic_long_read(&wb->bdi->tot_write_bandwidth);
822 if (nr_pages == LONG_MAX)
826 * This may be called on clean wb's and proportional distribution
827 * may not make sense, just use the original @nr_pages in those
828 * cases. In general, we wanna err on the side of writing more.
830 if (!tot_bw || this_bw >= tot_bw)
833 return DIV_ROUND_UP_ULL((u64)nr_pages * this_bw, tot_bw);
837 * bdi_split_work_to_wbs - split a wb_writeback_work to all wb's of a bdi
838 * @bdi: target backing_dev_info
839 * @base_work: wb_writeback_work to issue
840 * @skip_if_busy: skip wb's which already have writeback in progress
842 * Split and issue @base_work to all wb's (bdi_writeback's) of @bdi which
843 * have dirty inodes. If @base_work->nr_page isn't %LONG_MAX, it's
844 * distributed to the busy wbs according to each wb's proportion in the
845 * total active write bandwidth of @bdi.
847 static void bdi_split_work_to_wbs(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
848 struct wb_writeback_work *base_work,
851 struct bdi_writeback *last_wb = NULL;
852 struct bdi_writeback *wb = list_entry(&bdi->wb_list,
853 struct bdi_writeback, bdi_node);
858 list_for_each_entry_continue_rcu(wb, &bdi->wb_list, bdi_node) {
859 DEFINE_WB_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(fallback_work_done);
860 struct wb_writeback_work fallback_work;
861 struct wb_writeback_work *work;
869 /* SYNC_ALL writes out I_DIRTY_TIME too */
870 if (!wb_has_dirty_io(wb) &&
871 (base_work->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_NONE ||
872 list_empty(&wb->b_dirty_time)))
874 if (skip_if_busy && writeback_in_progress(wb))
877 nr_pages = wb_split_bdi_pages(wb, base_work->nr_pages);
879 work = kmalloc(sizeof(*work), GFP_ATOMIC);
882 work->nr_pages = nr_pages;
884 wb_queue_work(wb, work);
888 /* alloc failed, execute synchronously using on-stack fallback */
889 work = &fallback_work;
891 work->nr_pages = nr_pages;
893 work->done = &fallback_work_done;
895 wb_queue_work(wb, work);
898 * Pin @wb so that it stays on @bdi->wb_list. This allows
899 * continuing iteration from @wb after dropping and
900 * regrabbing rcu read lock.
906 wb_wait_for_completion(bdi, &fallback_work_done);
916 * cgroup_writeback_umount - flush inode wb switches for umount
918 * This function is called when a super_block is about to be destroyed and
919 * flushes in-flight inode wb switches. An inode wb switch goes through
920 * RCU and then workqueue, so the two need to be flushed in order to ensure
921 * that all previously scheduled switches are finished. As wb switches are
922 * rare occurrences and synchronize_rcu() can take a while, perform
923 * flushing iff wb switches are in flight.
925 void cgroup_writeback_umount(void)
927 if (atomic_read(&isw_nr_in_flight)) {
929 * Use rcu_barrier() to wait for all pending callbacks to
930 * ensure that all in-flight wb switches are in the workqueue.
933 flush_workqueue(isw_wq);
937 static int __init cgroup_writeback_init(void)
939 isw_wq = alloc_workqueue("inode_switch_wbs", 0, 0);
944 fs_initcall(cgroup_writeback_init);
946 #else /* CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK */
948 static void bdi_down_write_wb_switch_rwsem(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) { }
949 static void bdi_up_write_wb_switch_rwsem(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) { }
951 static struct bdi_writeback *
952 locked_inode_to_wb_and_lock_list(struct inode *inode)
953 __releases(&inode->i_lock)
954 __acquires(&wb->list_lock)
956 struct bdi_writeback *wb = inode_to_wb(inode);
958 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
959 spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
963 static struct bdi_writeback *inode_to_wb_and_lock_list(struct inode *inode)
964 __acquires(&wb->list_lock)
966 struct bdi_writeback *wb = inode_to_wb(inode);
968 spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
972 static long wb_split_bdi_pages(struct bdi_writeback *wb, long nr_pages)
977 static void bdi_split_work_to_wbs(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
978 struct wb_writeback_work *base_work,
983 if (!skip_if_busy || !writeback_in_progress(&bdi->wb)) {
984 base_work->auto_free = 0;
985 wb_queue_work(&bdi->wb, base_work);
989 #endif /* CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK */
991 void wb_start_writeback(struct bdi_writeback *wb, long nr_pages,
992 bool range_cyclic, enum wb_reason reason)
994 struct wb_writeback_work *work;
996 if (!wb_has_dirty_io(wb))
1000 * This is WB_SYNC_NONE writeback, so if allocation fails just
1001 * wakeup the thread for old dirty data writeback
1003 work = kzalloc(sizeof(*work),
1004 GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOMEMALLOC | __GFP_NOWARN);
1006 trace_writeback_nowork(wb);
1011 work->sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE;
1012 work->nr_pages = nr_pages;
1013 work->range_cyclic = range_cyclic;
1014 work->reason = reason;
1015 work->auto_free = 1;
1017 wb_queue_work(wb, work);
1021 * wb_start_background_writeback - start background writeback
1022 * @wb: bdi_writback to write from
1025 * This makes sure WB_SYNC_NONE background writeback happens. When
1026 * this function returns, it is only guaranteed that for given wb
1027 * some IO is happening if we are over background dirty threshold.
1028 * Caller need not hold sb s_umount semaphore.
1030 void wb_start_background_writeback(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
1033 * We just wake up the flusher thread. It will perform background
1034 * writeback as soon as there is no other work to do.
1036 trace_writeback_wake_background(wb);
1041 * Remove the inode from the writeback list it is on.
1043 void inode_io_list_del(struct inode *inode)
1045 struct bdi_writeback *wb;
1047 wb = inode_to_wb_and_lock_list(inode);
1048 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1049 inode_io_list_del_locked(inode, wb);
1050 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1051 spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
1055 * mark an inode as under writeback on the sb
1057 void sb_mark_inode_writeback(struct inode *inode)
1059 struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
1060 unsigned long flags;
1062 if (list_empty(&inode->i_wb_list)) {
1063 spin_lock_irqsave(&sb->s_inode_wblist_lock, flags);
1064 if (list_empty(&inode->i_wb_list)) {
1065 list_add_tail(&inode->i_wb_list, &sb->s_inodes_wb);
1066 trace_sb_mark_inode_writeback(inode);
1068 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sb->s_inode_wblist_lock, flags);
1073 * clear an inode as under writeback on the sb
1075 void sb_clear_inode_writeback(struct inode *inode)
1077 struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
1078 unsigned long flags;
1080 if (!list_empty(&inode->i_wb_list)) {
1081 spin_lock_irqsave(&sb->s_inode_wblist_lock, flags);
1082 if (!list_empty(&inode->i_wb_list)) {
1083 list_del_init(&inode->i_wb_list);
1084 trace_sb_clear_inode_writeback(inode);
1086 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sb->s_inode_wblist_lock, flags);
1091 * Redirty an inode: set its when-it-was dirtied timestamp and move it to the
1092 * furthest end of its superblock's dirty-inode list.
1094 * Before stamping the inode's ->dirtied_when, we check to see whether it is
1095 * already the most-recently-dirtied inode on the b_dirty list. If that is
1096 * the case then the inode must have been redirtied while it was being written
1097 * out and we don't reset its dirtied_when.
1099 static void redirty_tail_locked(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb)
1101 assert_spin_locked(&inode->i_lock);
1103 if (!list_empty(&wb->b_dirty)) {
1106 tail = wb_inode(wb->b_dirty.next);
1107 if (time_before(inode->dirtied_when, tail->dirtied_when))
1108 inode->dirtied_when = jiffies;
1110 inode_io_list_move_locked(inode, wb, &wb->b_dirty);
1111 inode->i_state &= ~I_SYNC_QUEUED;
1114 static void redirty_tail(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb)
1116 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1117 redirty_tail_locked(inode, wb);
1118 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1122 * requeue inode for re-scanning after bdi->b_io list is exhausted.
1124 static void requeue_io(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb)
1126 inode_io_list_move_locked(inode, wb, &wb->b_more_io);
1129 static void inode_sync_complete(struct inode *inode)
1131 inode->i_state &= ~I_SYNC;
1132 /* If inode is clean an unused, put it into LRU now... */
1133 inode_add_lru(inode);
1134 /* Waiters must see I_SYNC cleared before being woken up */
1136 wake_up_bit(&inode->i_state, __I_SYNC);
1139 static bool inode_dirtied_after(struct inode *inode, unsigned long t)
1141 bool ret = time_after(inode->dirtied_when, t);
1142 #ifndef CONFIG_64BIT
1144 * For inodes being constantly redirtied, dirtied_when can get stuck.
1145 * It _appears_ to be in the future, but is actually in distant past.
1146 * This test is necessary to prevent such wrapped-around relative times
1147 * from permanently stopping the whole bdi writeback.
1149 ret = ret && time_before_eq(inode->dirtied_when, jiffies);
1154 #define EXPIRE_DIRTY_ATIME 0x0001
1157 * Move expired (dirtied before dirtied_before) dirty inodes from
1158 * @delaying_queue to @dispatch_queue.
1160 static int move_expired_inodes(struct list_head *delaying_queue,
1161 struct list_head *dispatch_queue,
1162 unsigned long dirtied_before)
1165 struct list_head *pos, *node;
1166 struct super_block *sb = NULL;
1167 struct inode *inode;
1171 while (!list_empty(delaying_queue)) {
1172 inode = wb_inode(delaying_queue->prev);
1173 if (inode_dirtied_after(inode, dirtied_before))
1175 list_move(&inode->i_io_list, &tmp);
1177 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1178 inode->i_state |= I_SYNC_QUEUED;
1179 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1180 if (sb_is_blkdev_sb(inode->i_sb))
1182 if (sb && sb != inode->i_sb)
1187 /* just one sb in list, splice to dispatch_queue and we're done */
1189 list_splice(&tmp, dispatch_queue);
1193 /* Move inodes from one superblock together */
1194 while (!list_empty(&tmp)) {
1195 sb = wb_inode(tmp.prev)->i_sb;
1196 list_for_each_prev_safe(pos, node, &tmp) {
1197 inode = wb_inode(pos);
1198 if (inode->i_sb == sb)
1199 list_move(&inode->i_io_list, dispatch_queue);
1207 * Queue all expired dirty inodes for io, eldest first.
1209 * newly dirtied b_dirty b_io b_more_io
1210 * =============> gf edc BA
1212 * newly dirtied b_dirty b_io b_more_io
1213 * =============> g fBAedc
1215 * +--> dequeue for IO
1217 static void queue_io(struct bdi_writeback *wb, struct wb_writeback_work *work,
1218 unsigned long dirtied_before)
1221 unsigned long time_expire_jif = dirtied_before;
1223 assert_spin_locked(&wb->list_lock);
1224 list_splice_init(&wb->b_more_io, &wb->b_io);
1225 moved = move_expired_inodes(&wb->b_dirty, &wb->b_io, dirtied_before);
1226 if (!work->for_sync)
1227 time_expire_jif = jiffies - dirtytime_expire_interval * HZ;
1228 moved += move_expired_inodes(&wb->b_dirty_time, &wb->b_io,
1231 wb_io_lists_populated(wb);
1232 trace_writeback_queue_io(wb, work, dirtied_before, moved);
1235 static int write_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc)
1239 if (inode->i_sb->s_op->write_inode && !is_bad_inode(inode)) {
1240 trace_writeback_write_inode_start(inode, wbc);
1241 ret = inode->i_sb->s_op->write_inode(inode, wbc);
1242 trace_writeback_write_inode(inode, wbc);
1249 * Wait for writeback on an inode to complete. Called with i_lock held.
1250 * Caller must make sure inode cannot go away when we drop i_lock.
1252 static void __inode_wait_for_writeback(struct inode *inode)
1253 __releases(inode->i_lock)
1254 __acquires(inode->i_lock)
1256 DEFINE_WAIT_BIT(wq, &inode->i_state, __I_SYNC);
1257 wait_queue_head_t *wqh;
1259 wqh = bit_waitqueue(&inode->i_state, __I_SYNC);
1260 while (inode->i_state & I_SYNC) {
1261 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1262 __wait_on_bit(wqh, &wq, bit_wait,
1263 TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
1264 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1269 * Wait for writeback on an inode to complete. Caller must have inode pinned.
1271 void inode_wait_for_writeback(struct inode *inode)
1273 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1274 __inode_wait_for_writeback(inode);
1275 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1279 * Sleep until I_SYNC is cleared. This function must be called with i_lock
1280 * held and drops it. It is aimed for callers not holding any inode reference
1281 * so once i_lock is dropped, inode can go away.
1283 static void inode_sleep_on_writeback(struct inode *inode)
1284 __releases(inode->i_lock)
1287 wait_queue_head_t *wqh = bit_waitqueue(&inode->i_state, __I_SYNC);
1290 prepare_to_wait(wqh, &wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
1291 sleep = inode->i_state & I_SYNC;
1292 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1295 finish_wait(wqh, &wait);
1299 * Find proper writeback list for the inode depending on its current state and
1300 * possibly also change of its state while we were doing writeback. Here we
1301 * handle things such as livelock prevention or fairness of writeback among
1302 * inodes. This function can be called only by flusher thread - noone else
1303 * processes all inodes in writeback lists and requeueing inodes behind flusher
1304 * thread's back can have unexpected consequences.
1306 static void requeue_inode(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb,
1307 struct writeback_control *wbc)
1309 if (inode->i_state & I_FREEING)
1313 * Sync livelock prevention. Each inode is tagged and synced in one
1314 * shot. If still dirty, it will be redirty_tail()'ed below. Update
1315 * the dirty time to prevent enqueue and sync it again.
1317 if ((inode->i_state & I_DIRTY) &&
1318 (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || wbc->tagged_writepages))
1319 inode->dirtied_when = jiffies;
1321 if (wbc->pages_skipped) {
1323 * writeback is not making progress due to locked
1324 * buffers. Skip this inode for now.
1326 redirty_tail_locked(inode, wb);
1330 if (mapping_tagged(inode->i_mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY)) {
1332 * We didn't write back all the pages. nfs_writepages()
1333 * sometimes bales out without doing anything.
1335 if (wbc->nr_to_write <= 0) {
1336 /* Slice used up. Queue for next turn. */
1337 requeue_io(inode, wb);
1340 * Writeback blocked by something other than
1341 * congestion. Delay the inode for some time to
1342 * avoid spinning on the CPU (100% iowait)
1343 * retrying writeback of the dirty page/inode
1344 * that cannot be performed immediately.
1346 redirty_tail_locked(inode, wb);
1348 } else if (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY) {
1350 * Filesystems can dirty the inode during writeback operations,
1351 * such as delayed allocation during submission or metadata
1352 * updates after data IO completion.
1354 redirty_tail_locked(inode, wb);
1355 } else if (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_TIME) {
1356 inode->dirtied_when = jiffies;
1357 inode_io_list_move_locked(inode, wb, &wb->b_dirty_time);
1358 inode->i_state &= ~I_SYNC_QUEUED;
1360 /* The inode is clean. Remove from writeback lists. */
1361 inode_io_list_del_locked(inode, wb);
1366 * Write out an inode and its dirty pages. Do not update the writeback list
1367 * linkage. That is left to the caller. The caller is also responsible for
1368 * setting I_SYNC flag and calling inode_sync_complete() to clear it.
1371 __writeback_single_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc)
1373 struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
1374 long nr_to_write = wbc->nr_to_write;
1378 WARN_ON(!(inode->i_state & I_SYNC));
1380 trace_writeback_single_inode_start(inode, wbc, nr_to_write);
1382 ret = do_writepages(mapping, wbc);
1385 * Make sure to wait on the data before writing out the metadata.
1386 * This is important for filesystems that modify metadata on data
1387 * I/O completion. We don't do it for sync(2) writeback because it has a
1388 * separate, external IO completion path and ->sync_fs for guaranteeing
1389 * inode metadata is written back correctly.
1391 if (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL && !wbc->for_sync) {
1392 int err = filemap_fdatawait(mapping);
1398 * If the inode has dirty timestamps and we need to write them, call
1399 * mark_inode_dirty_sync() to notify the filesystem about it and to
1400 * change I_DIRTY_TIME into I_DIRTY_SYNC.
1402 if ((inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_TIME) &&
1403 (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || wbc->for_sync ||
1404 time_after(jiffies, inode->dirtied_time_when +
1405 dirtytime_expire_interval * HZ))) {
1406 trace_writeback_lazytime(inode);
1407 mark_inode_dirty_sync(inode);
1411 * Some filesystems may redirty the inode during the writeback
1412 * due to delalloc, clear dirty metadata flags right before
1415 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1416 dirty = inode->i_state & I_DIRTY;
1417 inode->i_state &= ~dirty;
1420 * Paired with smp_mb() in __mark_inode_dirty(). This allows
1421 * __mark_inode_dirty() to test i_state without grabbing i_lock -
1422 * either they see the I_DIRTY bits cleared or we see the dirtied
1425 * I_DIRTY_PAGES is always cleared together above even if @mapping
1426 * still has dirty pages. The flag is reinstated after smp_mb() if
1427 * necessary. This guarantees that either __mark_inode_dirty()
1428 * sees clear I_DIRTY_PAGES or we see PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY.
1432 if (mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY))
1433 inode->i_state |= I_DIRTY_PAGES;
1435 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1437 /* Don't write the inode if only I_DIRTY_PAGES was set */
1438 if (dirty & ~I_DIRTY_PAGES) {
1439 int err = write_inode(inode, wbc);
1443 trace_writeback_single_inode(inode, wbc, nr_to_write);
1448 * Write out an inode's dirty pages. Either the caller has an active reference
1449 * on the inode or the inode has I_WILL_FREE set.
1451 * This function is designed to be called for writing back one inode which
1452 * we go e.g. from filesystem. Flusher thread uses __writeback_single_inode()
1453 * and does more profound writeback list handling in writeback_sb_inodes().
1455 static int writeback_single_inode(struct inode *inode,
1456 struct writeback_control *wbc)
1458 struct bdi_writeback *wb;
1461 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1462 if (!atomic_read(&inode->i_count))
1463 WARN_ON(!(inode->i_state & (I_WILL_FREE|I_FREEING)));
1465 WARN_ON(inode->i_state & I_WILL_FREE);
1467 if (inode->i_state & I_SYNC) {
1468 if (wbc->sync_mode != WB_SYNC_ALL)
1471 * It's a data-integrity sync. We must wait. Since callers hold
1472 * inode reference or inode has I_WILL_FREE set, it cannot go
1475 __inode_wait_for_writeback(inode);
1477 WARN_ON(inode->i_state & I_SYNC);
1479 * Skip inode if it is clean and we have no outstanding writeback in
1480 * WB_SYNC_ALL mode. We don't want to mess with writeback lists in this
1481 * function since flusher thread may be doing for example sync in
1482 * parallel and if we move the inode, it could get skipped. So here we
1483 * make sure inode is on some writeback list and leave it there unless
1484 * we have completely cleaned the inode.
1486 if (!(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_ALL) &&
1487 (wbc->sync_mode != WB_SYNC_ALL ||
1488 !mapping_tagged(inode->i_mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK)))
1490 inode->i_state |= I_SYNC;
1491 wbc_attach_and_unlock_inode(wbc, inode);
1493 ret = __writeback_single_inode(inode, wbc);
1495 wbc_detach_inode(wbc);
1497 wb = inode_to_wb_and_lock_list(inode);
1498 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1500 * If inode is clean, remove it from writeback lists. Otherwise don't
1501 * touch it. See comment above for explanation.
1503 if (!(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_ALL))
1504 inode_io_list_del_locked(inode, wb);
1505 spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
1506 inode_sync_complete(inode);
1508 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1512 static long writeback_chunk_size(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
1513 struct wb_writeback_work *work)
1518 * WB_SYNC_ALL mode does livelock avoidance by syncing dirty
1519 * inodes/pages in one big loop. Setting wbc.nr_to_write=LONG_MAX
1520 * here avoids calling into writeback_inodes_wb() more than once.
1522 * The intended call sequence for WB_SYNC_ALL writeback is:
1525 * writeback_sb_inodes() <== called only once
1526 * write_cache_pages() <== called once for each inode
1527 * (quickly) tag currently dirty pages
1528 * (maybe slowly) sync all tagged pages
1530 if (work->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || work->tagged_writepages)
1533 pages = min(wb->avg_write_bandwidth / 2,
1534 global_wb_domain.dirty_limit / DIRTY_SCOPE);
1535 pages = min(pages, work->nr_pages);
1536 pages = round_down(pages + MIN_WRITEBACK_PAGES,
1537 MIN_WRITEBACK_PAGES);
1544 * Write a portion of b_io inodes which belong to @sb.
1546 * Return the number of pages and/or inodes written.
1548 * NOTE! This is called with wb->list_lock held, and will
1549 * unlock and relock that for each inode it ends up doing
1552 static long writeback_sb_inodes(struct super_block *sb,
1553 struct bdi_writeback *wb,
1554 struct wb_writeback_work *work)
1556 struct writeback_control wbc = {
1557 .sync_mode = work->sync_mode,
1558 .tagged_writepages = work->tagged_writepages,
1559 .for_kupdate = work->for_kupdate,
1560 .for_background = work->for_background,
1561 .for_sync = work->for_sync,
1562 .range_cyclic = work->range_cyclic,
1564 .range_end = LLONG_MAX,
1566 unsigned long start_time = jiffies;
1568 long total_wrote = 0; /* count both pages and inodes */
1570 while (!list_empty(&wb->b_io)) {
1571 struct inode *inode = wb_inode(wb->b_io.prev);
1572 struct bdi_writeback *tmp_wb;
1575 if (inode->i_sb != sb) {
1578 * We only want to write back data for this
1579 * superblock, move all inodes not belonging
1580 * to it back onto the dirty list.
1582 redirty_tail(inode, wb);
1587 * The inode belongs to a different superblock.
1588 * Bounce back to the caller to unpin this and
1589 * pin the next superblock.
1595 * Don't bother with new inodes or inodes being freed, first
1596 * kind does not need periodic writeout yet, and for the latter
1597 * kind writeout is handled by the freer.
1599 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1600 if (inode->i_state & (I_NEW | I_FREEING | I_WILL_FREE)) {
1601 redirty_tail_locked(inode, wb);
1602 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1605 if ((inode->i_state & I_SYNC) && wbc.sync_mode != WB_SYNC_ALL) {
1607 * If this inode is locked for writeback and we are not
1608 * doing writeback-for-data-integrity, move it to
1609 * b_more_io so that writeback can proceed with the
1610 * other inodes on s_io.
1612 * We'll have another go at writing back this inode
1613 * when we completed a full scan of b_io.
1615 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1616 requeue_io(inode, wb);
1617 trace_writeback_sb_inodes_requeue(inode);
1620 spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
1623 * We already requeued the inode if it had I_SYNC set and we
1624 * are doing WB_SYNC_NONE writeback. So this catches only the
1627 if (inode->i_state & I_SYNC) {
1628 /* Wait for I_SYNC. This function drops i_lock... */
1629 inode_sleep_on_writeback(inode);
1630 /* Inode may be gone, start again */
1631 spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
1634 inode->i_state |= I_SYNC;
1635 wbc_attach_and_unlock_inode(&wbc, inode);
1637 write_chunk = writeback_chunk_size(wb, work);
1638 wbc.nr_to_write = write_chunk;
1639 wbc.pages_skipped = 0;
1642 * We use I_SYNC to pin the inode in memory. While it is set
1643 * evict_inode() will wait so the inode cannot be freed.
1645 __writeback_single_inode(inode, &wbc);
1647 wbc_detach_inode(&wbc);
1648 work->nr_pages -= write_chunk - wbc.nr_to_write;
1649 wrote = write_chunk - wbc.nr_to_write - wbc.pages_skipped;
1650 wrote = wrote < 0 ? 0 : wrote;
1651 total_wrote += wrote;
1653 if (need_resched()) {
1655 * We're trying to balance between building up a nice
1656 * long list of IOs to improve our merge rate, and
1657 * getting those IOs out quickly for anyone throttling
1658 * in balance_dirty_pages(). cond_resched() doesn't
1659 * unplug, so get our IOs out the door before we
1662 blk_flush_plug(current);
1667 * Requeue @inode if still dirty. Be careful as @inode may
1668 * have been switched to another wb in the meantime.
1670 tmp_wb = inode_to_wb_and_lock_list(inode);
1671 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1672 if (!(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_ALL))
1674 requeue_inode(inode, tmp_wb, &wbc);
1675 inode_sync_complete(inode);
1676 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
1678 if (unlikely(tmp_wb != wb)) {
1679 spin_unlock(&tmp_wb->list_lock);
1680 spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
1684 * bail out to wb_writeback() often enough to check
1685 * background threshold and other termination conditions.
1688 if (time_is_before_jiffies(start_time + HZ / 10UL))
1690 if (work->nr_pages <= 0)
1697 static long __writeback_inodes_wb(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
1698 struct wb_writeback_work *work)
1700 unsigned long start_time = jiffies;
1703 while (!list_empty(&wb->b_io)) {
1704 struct inode *inode = wb_inode(wb->b_io.prev);
1705 struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
1707 if (!trylock_super(sb)) {
1709 * trylock_super() may fail consistently due to
1710 * s_umount being grabbed by someone else. Don't use
1711 * requeue_io() to avoid busy retrying the inode/sb.
1713 redirty_tail(inode, wb);
1716 wrote += writeback_sb_inodes(sb, wb, work);
1717 up_read(&sb->s_umount);
1719 /* refer to the same tests at the end of writeback_sb_inodes */
1721 if (time_is_before_jiffies(start_time + HZ / 10UL))
1723 if (work->nr_pages <= 0)
1727 /* Leave any unwritten inodes on b_io */
1731 static long writeback_inodes_wb(struct bdi_writeback *wb, long nr_pages,
1732 enum wb_reason reason)
1734 struct wb_writeback_work work = {
1735 .nr_pages = nr_pages,
1736 .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE,
1740 struct blk_plug plug;
1742 blk_start_plug(&plug);
1743 spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
1744 if (list_empty(&wb->b_io))
1745 queue_io(wb, &work, jiffies);
1746 __writeback_inodes_wb(wb, &work);
1747 spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
1748 blk_finish_plug(&plug);
1750 return nr_pages - work.nr_pages;
1754 * Explicit flushing or periodic writeback of "old" data.
1756 * Define "old": the first time one of an inode's pages is dirtied, we mark the
1757 * dirtying-time in the inode's address_space. So this periodic writeback code
1758 * just walks the superblock inode list, writing back any inodes which are
1759 * older than a specific point in time.
1761 * Try to run once per dirty_writeback_interval. But if a writeback event
1762 * takes longer than a dirty_writeback_interval interval, then leave a
1765 * dirtied_before takes precedence over nr_to_write. So we'll only write back
1766 * all dirty pages if they are all attached to "old" mappings.
1768 static long wb_writeback(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
1769 struct wb_writeback_work *work)
1771 unsigned long wb_start = jiffies;
1772 long nr_pages = work->nr_pages;
1773 unsigned long dirtied_before = jiffies;
1774 struct inode *inode;
1776 struct blk_plug plug;
1778 blk_start_plug(&plug);
1779 spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
1782 * Stop writeback when nr_pages has been consumed
1784 if (work->nr_pages <= 0)
1788 * Background writeout and kupdate-style writeback may
1789 * run forever. Stop them if there is other work to do
1790 * so that e.g. sync can proceed. They'll be restarted
1791 * after the other works are all done.
1793 if ((work->for_background || work->for_kupdate) &&
1794 !list_empty(&wb->work_list))
1798 * For background writeout, stop when we are below the
1799 * background dirty threshold
1801 if (work->for_background && !wb_over_bg_thresh(wb))
1805 * Kupdate and background works are special and we want to
1806 * include all inodes that need writing. Livelock avoidance is
1807 * handled by these works yielding to any other work so we are
1810 if (work->for_kupdate) {
1811 dirtied_before = jiffies -
1812 msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_expire_interval * 10);
1813 } else if (work->for_background)
1814 dirtied_before = jiffies;
1816 trace_writeback_start(wb, work);
1817 if (list_empty(&wb->b_io))
1818 queue_io(wb, work, dirtied_before);
1820 progress = writeback_sb_inodes(work->sb, wb, work);
1822 progress = __writeback_inodes_wb(wb, work);
1823 trace_writeback_written(wb, work);
1825 wb_update_bandwidth(wb, wb_start);
1828 * Did we write something? Try for more
1830 * Dirty inodes are moved to b_io for writeback in batches.
1831 * The completion of the current batch does not necessarily
1832 * mean the overall work is done. So we keep looping as long
1833 * as made some progress on cleaning pages or inodes.
1838 * No more inodes for IO, bail
1840 if (list_empty(&wb->b_more_io))
1843 * Nothing written. Wait for some inode to
1844 * become available for writeback. Otherwise
1845 * we'll just busyloop.
1847 trace_writeback_wait(wb, work);
1848 inode = wb_inode(wb->b_more_io.prev);
1849 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
1850 spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
1851 /* This function drops i_lock... */
1852 inode_sleep_on_writeback(inode);
1853 spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
1855 spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
1856 blk_finish_plug(&plug);
1858 return nr_pages - work->nr_pages;
1862 * Return the next wb_writeback_work struct that hasn't been processed yet.
1864 static struct wb_writeback_work *get_next_work_item(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
1866 struct wb_writeback_work *work = NULL;
1868 spin_lock_bh(&wb->work_lock);
1869 if (!list_empty(&wb->work_list)) {
1870 work = list_entry(wb->work_list.next,
1871 struct wb_writeback_work, list);
1872 list_del_init(&work->list);
1874 spin_unlock_bh(&wb->work_lock);
1879 * Add in the number of potentially dirty inodes, because each inode
1880 * write can dirty pagecache in the underlying blockdev.
1882 static unsigned long get_nr_dirty_pages(void)
1884 return global_node_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) +
1885 global_node_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) +
1886 get_nr_dirty_inodes();
1889 static long wb_check_background_flush(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
1891 if (wb_over_bg_thresh(wb)) {
1893 struct wb_writeback_work work = {
1894 .nr_pages = LONG_MAX,
1895 .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE,
1896 .for_background = 1,
1898 .reason = WB_REASON_BACKGROUND,
1901 return wb_writeback(wb, &work);
1907 static long wb_check_old_data_flush(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
1909 unsigned long expired;
1913 * When set to zero, disable periodic writeback
1915 if (!dirty_writeback_interval)
1918 expired = wb->last_old_flush +
1919 msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_writeback_interval * 10);
1920 if (time_before(jiffies, expired))
1923 wb->last_old_flush = jiffies;
1924 nr_pages = get_nr_dirty_pages();
1927 struct wb_writeback_work work = {
1928 .nr_pages = nr_pages,
1929 .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE,
1932 .reason = WB_REASON_PERIODIC,
1935 return wb_writeback(wb, &work);
1942 * Retrieve work items and do the writeback they describe
1944 static long wb_do_writeback(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
1946 struct wb_writeback_work *work;
1949 set_bit(WB_writeback_running, &wb->state);
1950 while ((work = get_next_work_item(wb)) != NULL) {
1951 trace_writeback_exec(wb, work);
1952 wrote += wb_writeback(wb, work);
1953 finish_writeback_work(wb, work);
1957 * Check for periodic writeback, kupdated() style
1959 wrote += wb_check_old_data_flush(wb);
1960 wrote += wb_check_background_flush(wb);
1961 clear_bit(WB_writeback_running, &wb->state);
1967 * Handle writeback of dirty data for the device backed by this bdi. Also
1968 * reschedules periodically and does kupdated style flushing.
1970 void wb_workfn(struct work_struct *work)
1972 struct bdi_writeback *wb = container_of(to_delayed_work(work),
1973 struct bdi_writeback, dwork);
1976 set_worker_desc("flush-%s", bdi_dev_name(wb->bdi));
1977 current->flags |= PF_SWAPWRITE;
1979 if (likely(!current_is_workqueue_rescuer() ||
1980 !test_bit(WB_registered, &wb->state))) {
1982 * The normal path. Keep writing back @wb until its
1983 * work_list is empty. Note that this path is also taken
1984 * if @wb is shutting down even when we're running off the
1985 * rescuer as work_list needs to be drained.
1988 pages_written = wb_do_writeback(wb);
1989 trace_writeback_pages_written(pages_written);
1990 } while (!list_empty(&wb->work_list));
1993 * bdi_wq can't get enough workers and we're running off
1994 * the emergency worker. Don't hog it. Hopefully, 1024 is
1995 * enough for efficient IO.
1997 pages_written = writeback_inodes_wb(wb, 1024,
1998 WB_REASON_FORKER_THREAD);
1999 trace_writeback_pages_written(pages_written);
2002 if (!list_empty(&wb->work_list))
2004 else if (wb_has_dirty_io(wb) && dirty_writeback_interval)
2005 wb_wakeup_delayed(wb);
2007 current->flags &= ~PF_SWAPWRITE;
2011 * Start writeback of `nr_pages' pages. If `nr_pages' is zero, write back
2014 void wakeup_flusher_threads(long nr_pages, enum wb_reason reason)
2016 struct backing_dev_info *bdi;
2019 * If we are expecting writeback progress we must submit plugged IO.
2021 if (blk_needs_flush_plug(current))
2022 blk_schedule_flush_plug(current);
2025 nr_pages = get_nr_dirty_pages();
2028 list_for_each_entry_rcu(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list) {
2029 struct bdi_writeback *wb;
2031 if (!bdi_has_dirty_io(bdi))
2034 list_for_each_entry_rcu(wb, &bdi->wb_list, bdi_node)
2035 wb_start_writeback(wb, wb_split_bdi_pages(wb, nr_pages),
2042 * Wake up bdi's periodically to make sure dirtytime inodes gets
2043 * written back periodically. We deliberately do *not* check the
2044 * b_dirtytime list in wb_has_dirty_io(), since this would cause the
2045 * kernel to be constantly waking up once there are any dirtytime
2046 * inodes on the system. So instead we define a separate delayed work
2047 * function which gets called much more rarely. (By default, only
2048 * once every 12 hours.)
2050 * If there is any other write activity going on in the file system,
2051 * this function won't be necessary. But if the only thing that has
2052 * happened on the file system is a dirtytime inode caused by an atime
2053 * update, we need this infrastructure below to make sure that inode
2054 * eventually gets pushed out to disk.
2056 static void wakeup_dirtytime_writeback(struct work_struct *w);
2057 static DECLARE_DELAYED_WORK(dirtytime_work, wakeup_dirtytime_writeback);
2059 static void wakeup_dirtytime_writeback(struct work_struct *w)
2061 struct backing_dev_info *bdi;
2064 list_for_each_entry_rcu(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list) {
2065 struct bdi_writeback *wb;
2067 list_for_each_entry_rcu(wb, &bdi->wb_list, bdi_node)
2068 if (!list_empty(&wb->b_dirty_time))
2072 schedule_delayed_work(&dirtytime_work, dirtytime_expire_interval * HZ);
2075 static int __init start_dirtytime_writeback(void)
2077 schedule_delayed_work(&dirtytime_work, dirtytime_expire_interval * HZ);
2080 __initcall(start_dirtytime_writeback);
2082 int dirtytime_interval_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
2083 void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
2087 ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
2088 if (ret == 0 && write)
2089 mod_delayed_work(system_wq, &dirtytime_work, 0);
2094 * __mark_inode_dirty - internal function
2096 * @inode: inode to mark
2097 * @flags: what kind of dirty (i.e. I_DIRTY_SYNC)
2099 * Mark an inode as dirty. Callers should use mark_inode_dirty or
2100 * mark_inode_dirty_sync.
2102 * Put the inode on the super block's dirty list.
2104 * CAREFUL! We mark it dirty unconditionally, but move it onto the
2105 * dirty list only if it is hashed or if it refers to a blockdev.
2106 * If it was not hashed, it will never be added to the dirty list
2107 * even if it is later hashed, as it will have been marked dirty already.
2109 * In short, make sure you hash any inodes _before_ you start marking
2112 * Note that for blockdevs, inode->dirtied_when represents the dirtying time of
2113 * the block-special inode (/dev/hda1) itself. And the ->dirtied_when field of
2114 * the kernel-internal blockdev inode represents the dirtying time of the
2115 * blockdev's pages. This is why for I_DIRTY_PAGES we always use
2116 * page->mapping->host, so the page-dirtying time is recorded in the internal
2119 void __mark_inode_dirty(struct inode *inode, int flags)
2121 struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
2124 trace_writeback_mark_inode_dirty(inode, flags);
2127 * Don't do this for I_DIRTY_PAGES - that doesn't actually
2128 * dirty the inode itself
2130 if (flags & (I_DIRTY_INODE | I_DIRTY_TIME)) {
2131 trace_writeback_dirty_inode_start(inode, flags);
2133 if (sb->s_op->dirty_inode)
2134 sb->s_op->dirty_inode(inode, flags);
2136 trace_writeback_dirty_inode(inode, flags);
2138 if (flags & I_DIRTY_INODE)
2139 flags &= ~I_DIRTY_TIME;
2140 dirtytime = flags & I_DIRTY_TIME;
2143 * Paired with smp_mb() in __writeback_single_inode() for the
2144 * following lockless i_state test. See there for details.
2148 if (((inode->i_state & flags) == flags) ||
2149 (dirtytime && (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_INODE)))
2152 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
2153 if (dirtytime && (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_INODE))
2154 goto out_unlock_inode;
2155 if ((inode->i_state & flags) != flags) {
2156 const int was_dirty = inode->i_state & I_DIRTY;
2158 inode_attach_wb(inode, NULL);
2160 if (flags & I_DIRTY_INODE)
2161 inode->i_state &= ~I_DIRTY_TIME;
2162 inode->i_state |= flags;
2165 * If the inode is queued for writeback by flush worker, just
2166 * update its dirty state. Once the flush worker is done with
2167 * the inode it will place it on the appropriate superblock
2168 * list, based upon its state.
2170 if (inode->i_state & I_SYNC_QUEUED)
2171 goto out_unlock_inode;
2174 * Only add valid (hashed) inodes to the superblock's
2175 * dirty list. Add blockdev inodes as well.
2177 if (!S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode)) {
2178 if (inode_unhashed(inode))
2179 goto out_unlock_inode;
2181 if (inode->i_state & I_FREEING)
2182 goto out_unlock_inode;
2185 * If the inode was already on b_dirty/b_io/b_more_io, don't
2186 * reposition it (that would break b_dirty time-ordering).
2189 struct bdi_writeback *wb;
2190 struct list_head *dirty_list;
2191 bool wakeup_bdi = false;
2193 wb = locked_inode_to_wb_and_lock_list(inode);
2195 WARN(bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(wb->bdi) &&
2196 !test_bit(WB_registered, &wb->state),
2197 "bdi-%s not registered\n", wb->bdi->name);
2199 inode->dirtied_when = jiffies;
2201 inode->dirtied_time_when = jiffies;
2203 if (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY)
2204 dirty_list = &wb->b_dirty;
2206 dirty_list = &wb->b_dirty_time;
2208 wakeup_bdi = inode_io_list_move_locked(inode, wb,
2211 spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
2212 trace_writeback_dirty_inode_enqueue(inode);
2215 * If this is the first dirty inode for this bdi,
2216 * we have to wake-up the corresponding bdi thread
2217 * to make sure background write-back happens
2220 if (bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(wb->bdi) && wakeup_bdi)
2221 wb_wakeup_delayed(wb);
2226 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
2228 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__mark_inode_dirty);
2231 * The @s_sync_lock is used to serialise concurrent sync operations
2232 * to avoid lock contention problems with concurrent wait_sb_inodes() calls.
2233 * Concurrent callers will block on the s_sync_lock rather than doing contending
2234 * walks. The queueing maintains sync(2) required behaviour as all the IO that
2235 * has been issued up to the time this function is enter is guaranteed to be
2236 * completed by the time we have gained the lock and waited for all IO that is
2237 * in progress regardless of the order callers are granted the lock.
2239 static void wait_sb_inodes(struct super_block *sb)
2241 LIST_HEAD(sync_list);
2244 * We need to be protected against the filesystem going from
2245 * r/o to r/w or vice versa.
2247 WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount));
2249 mutex_lock(&sb->s_sync_lock);
2252 * Splice the writeback list onto a temporary list to avoid waiting on
2253 * inodes that have started writeback after this point.
2255 * Use rcu_read_lock() to keep the inodes around until we have a
2256 * reference. s_inode_wblist_lock protects sb->s_inodes_wb as well as
2257 * the local list because inodes can be dropped from either by writeback
2261 spin_lock_irq(&sb->s_inode_wblist_lock);
2262 list_splice_init(&sb->s_inodes_wb, &sync_list);
2265 * Data integrity sync. Must wait for all pages under writeback, because
2266 * there may have been pages dirtied before our sync call, but which had
2267 * writeout started before we write it out. In which case, the inode
2268 * may not be on the dirty list, but we still have to wait for that
2271 while (!list_empty(&sync_list)) {
2272 struct inode *inode = list_first_entry(&sync_list, struct inode,
2274 struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
2277 * Move each inode back to the wb list before we drop the lock
2278 * to preserve consistency between i_wb_list and the mapping
2279 * writeback tag. Writeback completion is responsible to remove
2280 * the inode from either list once the writeback tag is cleared.
2282 list_move_tail(&inode->i_wb_list, &sb->s_inodes_wb);
2285 * The mapping can appear untagged while still on-list since we
2286 * do not have the mapping lock. Skip it here, wb completion
2289 if (!mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK))
2292 spin_unlock_irq(&sb->s_inode_wblist_lock);
2294 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
2295 if (inode->i_state & (I_FREEING|I_WILL_FREE|I_NEW)) {
2296 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
2298 spin_lock_irq(&sb->s_inode_wblist_lock);
2302 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
2306 * We keep the error status of individual mapping so that
2307 * applications can catch the writeback error using fsync(2).
2308 * See filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors() for details.
2310 filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors(mapping);
2317 spin_lock_irq(&sb->s_inode_wblist_lock);
2319 spin_unlock_irq(&sb->s_inode_wblist_lock);
2321 mutex_unlock(&sb->s_sync_lock);
2324 static void __writeback_inodes_sb_nr(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long nr,
2325 enum wb_reason reason, bool skip_if_busy)
2327 DEFINE_WB_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(done);
2328 struct wb_writeback_work work = {
2330 .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE,
2331 .tagged_writepages = 1,
2336 struct backing_dev_info *bdi = sb->s_bdi;
2338 if (!bdi_has_dirty_io(bdi) || bdi == &noop_backing_dev_info)
2340 WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount));
2342 bdi_split_work_to_wbs(sb->s_bdi, &work, skip_if_busy);
2343 wb_wait_for_completion(bdi, &done);
2347 * writeback_inodes_sb_nr - writeback dirty inodes from given super_block
2348 * @sb: the superblock
2349 * @nr: the number of pages to write
2350 * @reason: reason why some writeback work initiated
2352 * Start writeback on some inodes on this super_block. No guarantees are made
2353 * on how many (if any) will be written, and this function does not wait
2354 * for IO completion of submitted IO.
2356 void writeback_inodes_sb_nr(struct super_block *sb,
2358 enum wb_reason reason)
2360 __writeback_inodes_sb_nr(sb, nr, reason, false);
2362 EXPORT_SYMBOL(writeback_inodes_sb_nr);
2365 * writeback_inodes_sb - writeback dirty inodes from given super_block
2366 * @sb: the superblock
2367 * @reason: reason why some writeback work was initiated
2369 * Start writeback on some inodes on this super_block. No guarantees are made
2370 * on how many (if any) will be written, and this function does not wait
2371 * for IO completion of submitted IO.
2373 void writeback_inodes_sb(struct super_block *sb, enum wb_reason reason)
2375 return writeback_inodes_sb_nr(sb, get_nr_dirty_pages(), reason);
2377 EXPORT_SYMBOL(writeback_inodes_sb);
2380 * try_to_writeback_inodes_sb_nr - try to start writeback if none underway
2381 * @sb: the superblock
2382 * @nr: the number of pages to write
2383 * @reason: the reason of writeback
2385 * Invoke writeback_inodes_sb_nr if no writeback is currently underway.
2386 * Returns 1 if writeback was started, 0 if not.
2388 bool try_to_writeback_inodes_sb_nr(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long nr,
2389 enum wb_reason reason)
2391 if (!down_read_trylock(&sb->s_umount))
2394 __writeback_inodes_sb_nr(sb, nr, reason, true);
2395 up_read(&sb->s_umount);
2398 EXPORT_SYMBOL(try_to_writeback_inodes_sb_nr);
2401 * try_to_writeback_inodes_sb - try to start writeback if none underway
2402 * @sb: the superblock
2403 * @reason: reason why some writeback work was initiated
2405 * Implement by try_to_writeback_inodes_sb_nr()
2406 * Returns 1 if writeback was started, 0 if not.
2408 bool try_to_writeback_inodes_sb(struct super_block *sb, enum wb_reason reason)
2410 return try_to_writeback_inodes_sb_nr(sb, get_nr_dirty_pages(), reason);
2412 EXPORT_SYMBOL(try_to_writeback_inodes_sb);
2415 * sync_inodes_sb - sync sb inode pages
2416 * @sb: the superblock
2418 * This function writes and waits on any dirty inode belonging to this
2421 void sync_inodes_sb(struct super_block *sb)
2423 DEFINE_WB_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(done);
2424 struct wb_writeback_work work = {
2426 .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_ALL,
2427 .nr_pages = LONG_MAX,
2430 .reason = WB_REASON_SYNC,
2433 struct backing_dev_info *bdi = sb->s_bdi;
2436 * Can't skip on !bdi_has_dirty() because we should wait for !dirty
2437 * inodes under writeback and I_DIRTY_TIME inodes ignored by
2438 * bdi_has_dirty() need to be written out too.
2440 if (bdi == &noop_backing_dev_info)
2442 WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount));
2444 /* protect against inode wb switch, see inode_switch_wbs_work_fn() */
2445 bdi_down_write_wb_switch_rwsem(bdi);
2446 bdi_split_work_to_wbs(bdi, &work, false);
2447 wb_wait_for_completion(bdi, &done);
2448 bdi_up_write_wb_switch_rwsem(bdi);
2452 EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_inodes_sb);
2455 * write_inode_now - write an inode to disk
2456 * @inode: inode to write to disk
2457 * @sync: whether the write should be synchronous or not
2459 * This function commits an inode to disk immediately if it is dirty. This is
2460 * primarily needed by knfsd.
2462 * The caller must either have a ref on the inode or must have set I_WILL_FREE.
2464 int write_inode_now(struct inode *inode, int sync)
2466 struct writeback_control wbc = {
2467 .nr_to_write = LONG_MAX,
2468 .sync_mode = sync ? WB_SYNC_ALL : WB_SYNC_NONE,
2470 .range_end = LLONG_MAX,
2473 if (!mapping_cap_writeback_dirty(inode->i_mapping))
2474 wbc.nr_to_write = 0;
2477 return writeback_single_inode(inode, &wbc);
2479 EXPORT_SYMBOL(write_inode_now);
2482 * sync_inode - write an inode and its pages to disk.
2483 * @inode: the inode to sync
2484 * @wbc: controls the writeback mode
2486 * sync_inode() will write an inode and its pages to disk. It will also
2487 * correctly update the inode on its superblock's dirty inode lists and will
2488 * update inode->i_state.
2490 * The caller must have a ref on the inode.
2492 int sync_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc)
2494 return writeback_single_inode(inode, wbc);
2496 EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_inode);
2499 * sync_inode_metadata - write an inode to disk
2500 * @inode: the inode to sync
2501 * @wait: wait for I/O to complete.
2503 * Write an inode to disk and adjust its dirty state after completion.
2505 * Note: only writes the actual inode, no associated data or other metadata.
2507 int sync_inode_metadata(struct inode *inode, int wait)
2509 struct writeback_control wbc = {
2510 .sync_mode = wait ? WB_SYNC_ALL : WB_SYNC_NONE,
2511 .nr_to_write = 0, /* metadata-only */
2514 return sync_inode(inode, &wbc);
2516 EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_inode_metadata);