1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 * (C) Copyright 2002-2004 Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>
4 * (C) Copyright 2002-2004 IBM Corp.
5 * (C) Copyright 2003 Matthew Wilcox
6 * (C) Copyright 2003 Hewlett-Packard
7 * (C) Copyright 2004 Jon Smirl <jonsmirl@yahoo.com>
8 * (C) Copyright 2004 Silicon Graphics, Inc. Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@sgi.com>
10 * File attributes for PCI devices
12 * Modeled after usb's driverfs.c
16 #include <linux/kernel.h>
17 #include <linux/sched.h>
18 #include <linux/pci.h>
19 #include <linux/stat.h>
20 #include <linux/export.h>
21 #include <linux/topology.h>
24 #include <linux/capability.h>
25 #include <linux/security.h>
26 #include <linux/slab.h>
27 #include <linux/vgaarb.h>
28 #include <linux/pm_runtime.h>
32 static int sysfs_initialized; /* = 0 */
34 /* show configuration fields */
35 #define pci_config_attr(field, format_string) \
37 field##_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf) \
39 struct pci_dev *pdev; \
41 pdev = to_pci_dev(dev); \
42 return sprintf(buf, format_string, pdev->field); \
44 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(field)
46 pci_config_attr(vendor, "0x%04x\n");
47 pci_config_attr(device, "0x%04x\n");
48 pci_config_attr(subsystem_vendor, "0x%04x\n");
49 pci_config_attr(subsystem_device, "0x%04x\n");
50 pci_config_attr(revision, "0x%02x\n");
51 pci_config_attr(class, "0x%06x\n");
52 pci_config_attr(irq, "%u\n");
54 static ssize_t broken_parity_status_show(struct device *dev,
55 struct device_attribute *attr,
58 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
59 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", pdev->broken_parity_status);
62 static ssize_t broken_parity_status_store(struct device *dev,
63 struct device_attribute *attr,
64 const char *buf, size_t count)
66 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
69 if (kstrtoul(buf, 0, &val) < 0)
72 pdev->broken_parity_status = !!val;
76 static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(broken_parity_status);
78 static ssize_t pci_dev_show_local_cpu(struct device *dev, bool list,
79 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
81 const struct cpumask *mask;
84 mask = (dev_to_node(dev) == -1) ? cpu_online_mask :
85 cpumask_of_node(dev_to_node(dev));
87 mask = cpumask_of_pcibus(to_pci_dev(dev)->bus);
89 return cpumap_print_to_pagebuf(list, buf, mask);
92 static ssize_t local_cpus_show(struct device *dev,
93 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
95 return pci_dev_show_local_cpu(dev, false, attr, buf);
97 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(local_cpus);
99 static ssize_t local_cpulist_show(struct device *dev,
100 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
102 return pci_dev_show_local_cpu(dev, true, attr, buf);
104 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(local_cpulist);
107 * PCI Bus Class Devices
109 static ssize_t cpuaffinity_show(struct device *dev,
110 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
112 const struct cpumask *cpumask = cpumask_of_pcibus(to_pci_bus(dev));
114 return cpumap_print_to_pagebuf(false, buf, cpumask);
116 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(cpuaffinity);
118 static ssize_t cpulistaffinity_show(struct device *dev,
119 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
121 const struct cpumask *cpumask = cpumask_of_pcibus(to_pci_bus(dev));
123 return cpumap_print_to_pagebuf(true, buf, cpumask);
125 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(cpulistaffinity);
128 static ssize_t resource_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
131 struct pci_dev *pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev);
135 resource_size_t start, end;
137 if (pci_dev->subordinate)
138 max = DEVICE_COUNT_RESOURCE;
140 max = PCI_BRIDGE_RESOURCES;
142 for (i = 0; i < max; i++) {
143 struct resource *res = &pci_dev->resource[i];
144 pci_resource_to_user(pci_dev, i, res, &start, &end);
145 str += sprintf(str, "0x%016llx 0x%016llx 0x%016llx\n",
146 (unsigned long long)start,
147 (unsigned long long)end,
148 (unsigned long long)res->flags);
152 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(resource);
154 static ssize_t max_link_speed_show(struct device *dev,
155 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
157 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
159 return sprintf(buf, "%s\n", PCIE_SPEED2STR(pcie_get_speed_cap(pdev)));
161 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(max_link_speed);
163 static ssize_t max_link_width_show(struct device *dev,
164 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
166 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
168 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", pcie_get_width_cap(pdev));
170 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(max_link_width);
172 static ssize_t current_link_speed_show(struct device *dev,
173 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
175 struct pci_dev *pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev);
180 err = pcie_capability_read_word(pci_dev, PCI_EXP_LNKSTA, &linkstat);
184 switch (linkstat & PCI_EXP_LNKSTA_CLS) {
185 case PCI_EXP_LNKSTA_CLS_32_0GB:
188 case PCI_EXP_LNKSTA_CLS_16_0GB:
191 case PCI_EXP_LNKSTA_CLS_8_0GB:
194 case PCI_EXP_LNKSTA_CLS_5_0GB:
197 case PCI_EXP_LNKSTA_CLS_2_5GB:
201 speed = "Unknown speed";
204 return sprintf(buf, "%s\n", speed);
206 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(current_link_speed);
208 static ssize_t current_link_width_show(struct device *dev,
209 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
211 struct pci_dev *pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev);
215 err = pcie_capability_read_word(pci_dev, PCI_EXP_LNKSTA, &linkstat);
219 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n",
220 (linkstat & PCI_EXP_LNKSTA_NLW) >> PCI_EXP_LNKSTA_NLW_SHIFT);
222 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(current_link_width);
224 static ssize_t secondary_bus_number_show(struct device *dev,
225 struct device_attribute *attr,
228 struct pci_dev *pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev);
232 err = pci_read_config_byte(pci_dev, PCI_SECONDARY_BUS, &sec_bus);
236 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", sec_bus);
238 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(secondary_bus_number);
240 static ssize_t subordinate_bus_number_show(struct device *dev,
241 struct device_attribute *attr,
244 struct pci_dev *pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev);
248 err = pci_read_config_byte(pci_dev, PCI_SUBORDINATE_BUS, &sub_bus);
252 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", sub_bus);
254 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(subordinate_bus_number);
256 static ssize_t ari_enabled_show(struct device *dev,
257 struct device_attribute *attr,
260 struct pci_dev *pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev);
262 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", pci_ari_enabled(pci_dev->bus));
264 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(ari_enabled);
266 static ssize_t modalias_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
269 struct pci_dev *pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev);
271 return sprintf(buf, "pci:v%08Xd%08Xsv%08Xsd%08Xbc%02Xsc%02Xi%02X\n",
272 pci_dev->vendor, pci_dev->device,
273 pci_dev->subsystem_vendor, pci_dev->subsystem_device,
274 (u8)(pci_dev->class >> 16), (u8)(pci_dev->class >> 8),
275 (u8)(pci_dev->class));
277 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(modalias);
279 static ssize_t enable_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
280 const char *buf, size_t count)
282 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
284 ssize_t result = kstrtoul(buf, 0, &val);
289 /* this can crash the machine when done on the "wrong" device */
290 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
297 result = pci_enable_device(pdev);
298 else if (pci_is_enabled(pdev))
299 pci_disable_device(pdev);
304 return result < 0 ? result : count;
307 static ssize_t enable_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
310 struct pci_dev *pdev;
312 pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
313 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", atomic_read(&pdev->enable_cnt));
315 static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(enable);
318 static ssize_t numa_node_store(struct device *dev,
319 struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf,
322 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
325 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
328 ret = kstrtoint(buf, 0, &node);
332 if ((node < 0 && node != NUMA_NO_NODE) || node >= MAX_NUMNODES)
335 if (node != NUMA_NO_NODE && !node_online(node))
338 add_taint(TAINT_FIRMWARE_WORKAROUND, LOCKDEP_STILL_OK);
339 pci_alert(pdev, FW_BUG "Overriding NUMA node to %d. Contact your vendor for updates.",
342 dev->numa_node = node;
346 static ssize_t numa_node_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
349 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", dev->numa_node);
351 static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(numa_node);
354 static ssize_t dma_mask_bits_show(struct device *dev,
355 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
357 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
359 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", fls64(pdev->dma_mask));
361 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(dma_mask_bits);
363 static ssize_t consistent_dma_mask_bits_show(struct device *dev,
364 struct device_attribute *attr,
367 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", fls64(dev->coherent_dma_mask));
369 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(consistent_dma_mask_bits);
371 static ssize_t msi_bus_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
374 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
375 struct pci_bus *subordinate = pdev->subordinate;
377 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", subordinate ?
378 !(subordinate->bus_flags & PCI_BUS_FLAGS_NO_MSI)
382 static ssize_t msi_bus_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
383 const char *buf, size_t count)
385 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
386 struct pci_bus *subordinate = pdev->subordinate;
389 if (kstrtoul(buf, 0, &val) < 0)
392 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
396 * "no_msi" and "bus_flags" only affect what happens when a driver
397 * requests MSI or MSI-X. They don't affect any drivers that have
398 * already requested MSI or MSI-X.
402 pci_info(pdev, "MSI/MSI-X %s for future drivers\n",
403 val ? "allowed" : "disallowed");
408 subordinate->bus_flags &= ~PCI_BUS_FLAGS_NO_MSI;
410 subordinate->bus_flags |= PCI_BUS_FLAGS_NO_MSI;
412 dev_info(&subordinate->dev, "MSI/MSI-X %s for future drivers of devices on this bus\n",
413 val ? "allowed" : "disallowed");
416 static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(msi_bus);
418 static ssize_t bus_rescan_store(struct bus_type *bus, const char *buf,
422 struct pci_bus *b = NULL;
424 if (kstrtoul(buf, 0, &val) < 0)
428 pci_lock_rescan_remove();
429 while ((b = pci_find_next_bus(b)) != NULL)
431 pci_unlock_rescan_remove();
435 static BUS_ATTR(rescan, (S_IWUSR|S_IWGRP), NULL, bus_rescan_store);
437 static struct attribute *pci_bus_attrs[] = {
438 &bus_attr_rescan.attr,
442 static const struct attribute_group pci_bus_group = {
443 .attrs = pci_bus_attrs,
446 const struct attribute_group *pci_bus_groups[] = {
451 static ssize_t dev_rescan_store(struct device *dev,
452 struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf,
456 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
458 if (kstrtoul(buf, 0, &val) < 0)
462 pci_lock_rescan_remove();
463 pci_rescan_bus(pdev->bus);
464 pci_unlock_rescan_remove();
468 static struct device_attribute dev_rescan_attr = __ATTR(rescan,
470 NULL, dev_rescan_store);
472 static ssize_t remove_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
473 const char *buf, size_t count)
477 if (kstrtoul(buf, 0, &val) < 0)
480 if (val && device_remove_file_self(dev, attr))
481 pci_stop_and_remove_bus_device_locked(to_pci_dev(dev));
484 static struct device_attribute dev_remove_attr = __ATTR_IGNORE_LOCKDEP(remove,
488 static ssize_t dev_bus_rescan_store(struct device *dev,
489 struct device_attribute *attr,
490 const char *buf, size_t count)
493 struct pci_bus *bus = to_pci_bus(dev);
495 if (kstrtoul(buf, 0, &val) < 0)
499 pci_lock_rescan_remove();
500 if (!pci_is_root_bus(bus) && list_empty(&bus->devices))
501 pci_rescan_bus_bridge_resize(bus->self);
504 pci_unlock_rescan_remove();
508 static DEVICE_ATTR(rescan, (S_IWUSR|S_IWGRP), NULL, dev_bus_rescan_store);
510 #if defined(CONFIG_PM) && defined(CONFIG_ACPI)
511 static ssize_t d3cold_allowed_store(struct device *dev,
512 struct device_attribute *attr,
513 const char *buf, size_t count)
515 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
518 if (kstrtoul(buf, 0, &val) < 0)
521 pdev->d3cold_allowed = !!val;
522 pci_bridge_d3_update(pdev);
524 pm_runtime_resume(dev);
529 static ssize_t d3cold_allowed_show(struct device *dev,
530 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
532 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
533 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", pdev->d3cold_allowed);
535 static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(d3cold_allowed);
539 static ssize_t devspec_show(struct device *dev,
540 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
542 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
543 struct device_node *np = pci_device_to_OF_node(pdev);
547 return sprintf(buf, "%pOF", np);
549 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(devspec);
552 #ifdef CONFIG_PCI_IOV
553 static ssize_t sriov_totalvfs_show(struct device *dev,
554 struct device_attribute *attr,
557 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
559 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", pci_sriov_get_totalvfs(pdev));
563 static ssize_t sriov_numvfs_show(struct device *dev,
564 struct device_attribute *attr,
567 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
569 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", pdev->sriov->num_VFs);
573 * num_vfs > 0; number of VFs to enable
574 * num_vfs = 0; disable all VFs
576 * Note: SRIOV spec doesn't allow partial VF
577 * disable, so it's all or none.
579 static ssize_t sriov_numvfs_store(struct device *dev,
580 struct device_attribute *attr,
581 const char *buf, size_t count)
583 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
587 ret = kstrtou16(buf, 0, &num_vfs);
591 if (num_vfs > pci_sriov_get_totalvfs(pdev))
594 device_lock(&pdev->dev);
596 if (num_vfs == pdev->sriov->num_VFs)
599 /* is PF driver loaded w/callback */
600 if (!pdev->driver || !pdev->driver->sriov_configure) {
601 pci_info(pdev, "Driver doesn't support SRIOV configuration via sysfs\n");
608 ret = pdev->driver->sriov_configure(pdev, 0);
613 if (pdev->sriov->num_VFs) {
614 pci_warn(pdev, "%d VFs already enabled. Disable before enabling %d VFs\n",
615 pdev->sriov->num_VFs, num_vfs);
620 ret = pdev->driver->sriov_configure(pdev, num_vfs);
625 pci_warn(pdev, "%d VFs requested; only %d enabled\n",
629 device_unlock(&pdev->dev);
637 static ssize_t sriov_offset_show(struct device *dev,
638 struct device_attribute *attr,
641 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
643 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", pdev->sriov->offset);
646 static ssize_t sriov_stride_show(struct device *dev,
647 struct device_attribute *attr,
650 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
652 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", pdev->sriov->stride);
655 static ssize_t sriov_vf_device_show(struct device *dev,
656 struct device_attribute *attr,
659 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
661 return sprintf(buf, "%x\n", pdev->sriov->vf_device);
664 static ssize_t sriov_drivers_autoprobe_show(struct device *dev,
665 struct device_attribute *attr,
668 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
670 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", pdev->sriov->drivers_autoprobe);
673 static ssize_t sriov_drivers_autoprobe_store(struct device *dev,
674 struct device_attribute *attr,
675 const char *buf, size_t count)
677 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
678 bool drivers_autoprobe;
680 if (kstrtobool(buf, &drivers_autoprobe) < 0)
683 pdev->sriov->drivers_autoprobe = drivers_autoprobe;
688 static struct device_attribute sriov_totalvfs_attr = __ATTR_RO(sriov_totalvfs);
689 static struct device_attribute sriov_numvfs_attr =
690 __ATTR(sriov_numvfs, (S_IRUGO|S_IWUSR|S_IWGRP),
691 sriov_numvfs_show, sriov_numvfs_store);
692 static struct device_attribute sriov_offset_attr = __ATTR_RO(sriov_offset);
693 static struct device_attribute sriov_stride_attr = __ATTR_RO(sriov_stride);
694 static struct device_attribute sriov_vf_device_attr = __ATTR_RO(sriov_vf_device);
695 static struct device_attribute sriov_drivers_autoprobe_attr =
696 __ATTR(sriov_drivers_autoprobe, (S_IRUGO|S_IWUSR|S_IWGRP),
697 sriov_drivers_autoprobe_show, sriov_drivers_autoprobe_store);
698 #endif /* CONFIG_PCI_IOV */
700 static ssize_t driver_override_store(struct device *dev,
701 struct device_attribute *attr,
702 const char *buf, size_t count)
704 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
705 char *driver_override, *old, *cp;
707 /* We need to keep extra room for a newline */
708 if (count >= (PAGE_SIZE - 1))
711 driver_override = kstrndup(buf, count, GFP_KERNEL);
712 if (!driver_override)
715 cp = strchr(driver_override, '\n');
720 old = pdev->driver_override;
721 if (strlen(driver_override)) {
722 pdev->driver_override = driver_override;
724 kfree(driver_override);
725 pdev->driver_override = NULL;
734 static ssize_t driver_override_show(struct device *dev,
735 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
737 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
741 len = snprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE, "%s\n", pdev->driver_override);
745 static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(driver_override);
747 static struct attribute *pci_dev_attrs[] = {
748 &dev_attr_resource.attr,
749 &dev_attr_vendor.attr,
750 &dev_attr_device.attr,
751 &dev_attr_subsystem_vendor.attr,
752 &dev_attr_subsystem_device.attr,
753 &dev_attr_revision.attr,
754 &dev_attr_class.attr,
756 &dev_attr_local_cpus.attr,
757 &dev_attr_local_cpulist.attr,
758 &dev_attr_modalias.attr,
760 &dev_attr_numa_node.attr,
762 &dev_attr_dma_mask_bits.attr,
763 &dev_attr_consistent_dma_mask_bits.attr,
764 &dev_attr_enable.attr,
765 &dev_attr_broken_parity_status.attr,
766 &dev_attr_msi_bus.attr,
767 #if defined(CONFIG_PM) && defined(CONFIG_ACPI)
768 &dev_attr_d3cold_allowed.attr,
771 &dev_attr_devspec.attr,
773 &dev_attr_driver_override.attr,
774 &dev_attr_ari_enabled.attr,
778 static struct attribute *pci_bridge_attrs[] = {
779 &dev_attr_subordinate_bus_number.attr,
780 &dev_attr_secondary_bus_number.attr,
784 static struct attribute *pcie_dev_attrs[] = {
785 &dev_attr_current_link_speed.attr,
786 &dev_attr_current_link_width.attr,
787 &dev_attr_max_link_width.attr,
788 &dev_attr_max_link_speed.attr,
792 static struct attribute *pcibus_attrs[] = {
793 &dev_attr_rescan.attr,
794 &dev_attr_cpuaffinity.attr,
795 &dev_attr_cpulistaffinity.attr,
799 static const struct attribute_group pcibus_group = {
800 .attrs = pcibus_attrs,
803 const struct attribute_group *pcibus_groups[] = {
808 static ssize_t boot_vga_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
811 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
812 struct pci_dev *vga_dev = vga_default_device();
815 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", (pdev == vga_dev));
817 return sprintf(buf, "%u\n",
818 !!(pdev->resource[PCI_ROM_RESOURCE].flags &
819 IORESOURCE_ROM_SHADOW));
821 static struct device_attribute vga_attr = __ATTR_RO(boot_vga);
823 static ssize_t pci_read_config(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
824 struct bin_attribute *bin_attr, char *buf,
825 loff_t off, size_t count)
827 struct pci_dev *dev = to_pci_dev(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
828 unsigned int size = 64;
829 loff_t init_off = off;
830 u8 *data = (u8 *) buf;
832 /* Several chips lock up trying to read undefined config space */
833 if (file_ns_capable(filp, &init_user_ns, CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
834 size = dev->cfg_size;
835 else if (dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_CARDBUS)
840 if (off + count > size) {
847 pci_config_pm_runtime_get(dev);
849 if ((off & 1) && size) {
851 pci_user_read_config_byte(dev, off, &val);
852 data[off - init_off] = val;
857 if ((off & 3) && size > 2) {
859 pci_user_read_config_word(dev, off, &val);
860 data[off - init_off] = val & 0xff;
861 data[off - init_off + 1] = (val >> 8) & 0xff;
868 pci_user_read_config_dword(dev, off, &val);
869 data[off - init_off] = val & 0xff;
870 data[off - init_off + 1] = (val >> 8) & 0xff;
871 data[off - init_off + 2] = (val >> 16) & 0xff;
872 data[off - init_off + 3] = (val >> 24) & 0xff;
879 pci_user_read_config_word(dev, off, &val);
880 data[off - init_off] = val & 0xff;
881 data[off - init_off + 1] = (val >> 8) & 0xff;
888 pci_user_read_config_byte(dev, off, &val);
889 data[off - init_off] = val;
894 pci_config_pm_runtime_put(dev);
899 static ssize_t pci_write_config(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
900 struct bin_attribute *bin_attr, char *buf,
901 loff_t off, size_t count)
903 struct pci_dev *dev = to_pci_dev(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
904 unsigned int size = count;
905 loff_t init_off = off;
906 u8 *data = (u8 *) buf;
908 if (off > dev->cfg_size)
910 if (off + count > dev->cfg_size) {
911 size = dev->cfg_size - off;
915 pci_config_pm_runtime_get(dev);
917 if ((off & 1) && size) {
918 pci_user_write_config_byte(dev, off, data[off - init_off]);
923 if ((off & 3) && size > 2) {
924 u16 val = data[off - init_off];
925 val |= (u16) data[off - init_off + 1] << 8;
926 pci_user_write_config_word(dev, off, val);
932 u32 val = data[off - init_off];
933 val |= (u32) data[off - init_off + 1] << 8;
934 val |= (u32) data[off - init_off + 2] << 16;
935 val |= (u32) data[off - init_off + 3] << 24;
936 pci_user_write_config_dword(dev, off, val);
942 u16 val = data[off - init_off];
943 val |= (u16) data[off - init_off + 1] << 8;
944 pci_user_write_config_word(dev, off, val);
950 pci_user_write_config_byte(dev, off, data[off - init_off]);
955 pci_config_pm_runtime_put(dev);
960 #ifdef HAVE_PCI_LEGACY
962 * pci_read_legacy_io - read byte(s) from legacy I/O port space
963 * @filp: open sysfs file
964 * @kobj: kobject corresponding to file to read from
965 * @bin_attr: struct bin_attribute for this file
966 * @buf: buffer to store results
967 * @off: offset into legacy I/O port space
968 * @count: number of bytes to read
970 * Reads 1, 2, or 4 bytes from legacy I/O port space using an arch specific
971 * callback routine (pci_legacy_read).
973 static ssize_t pci_read_legacy_io(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
974 struct bin_attribute *bin_attr, char *buf,
975 loff_t off, size_t count)
977 struct pci_bus *bus = to_pci_bus(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
979 /* Only support 1, 2 or 4 byte accesses */
980 if (count != 1 && count != 2 && count != 4)
983 return pci_legacy_read(bus, off, (u32 *)buf, count);
987 * pci_write_legacy_io - write byte(s) to legacy I/O port space
988 * @filp: open sysfs file
989 * @kobj: kobject corresponding to file to read from
990 * @bin_attr: struct bin_attribute for this file
991 * @buf: buffer containing value to be written
992 * @off: offset into legacy I/O port space
993 * @count: number of bytes to write
995 * Writes 1, 2, or 4 bytes from legacy I/O port space using an arch specific
996 * callback routine (pci_legacy_write).
998 static ssize_t pci_write_legacy_io(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
999 struct bin_attribute *bin_attr, char *buf,
1000 loff_t off, size_t count)
1002 struct pci_bus *bus = to_pci_bus(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
1004 /* Only support 1, 2 or 4 byte accesses */
1005 if (count != 1 && count != 2 && count != 4)
1008 return pci_legacy_write(bus, off, *(u32 *)buf, count);
1012 * pci_mmap_legacy_mem - map legacy PCI memory into user memory space
1013 * @filp: open sysfs file
1014 * @kobj: kobject corresponding to device to be mapped
1015 * @attr: struct bin_attribute for this file
1016 * @vma: struct vm_area_struct passed to mmap
1018 * Uses an arch specific callback, pci_mmap_legacy_mem_page_range, to mmap
1019 * legacy memory space (first meg of bus space) into application virtual
1022 static int pci_mmap_legacy_mem(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
1023 struct bin_attribute *attr,
1024 struct vm_area_struct *vma)
1026 struct pci_bus *bus = to_pci_bus(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
1028 return pci_mmap_legacy_page_range(bus, vma, pci_mmap_mem);
1032 * pci_mmap_legacy_io - map legacy PCI IO into user memory space
1033 * @filp: open sysfs file
1034 * @kobj: kobject corresponding to device to be mapped
1035 * @attr: struct bin_attribute for this file
1036 * @vma: struct vm_area_struct passed to mmap
1038 * Uses an arch specific callback, pci_mmap_legacy_io_page_range, to mmap
1039 * legacy IO space (first meg of bus space) into application virtual
1040 * memory space. Returns -ENOSYS if the operation isn't supported
1042 static int pci_mmap_legacy_io(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
1043 struct bin_attribute *attr,
1044 struct vm_area_struct *vma)
1046 struct pci_bus *bus = to_pci_bus(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
1048 return pci_mmap_legacy_page_range(bus, vma, pci_mmap_io);
1052 * pci_adjust_legacy_attr - adjustment of legacy file attributes
1053 * @b: bus to create files under
1054 * @mmap_type: I/O port or memory
1056 * Stub implementation. Can be overridden by arch if necessary.
1058 void __weak pci_adjust_legacy_attr(struct pci_bus *b,
1059 enum pci_mmap_state mmap_type)
1064 * pci_create_legacy_files - create legacy I/O port and memory files
1065 * @b: bus to create files under
1067 * Some platforms allow access to legacy I/O port and ISA memory space on
1068 * a per-bus basis. This routine creates the files and ties them into
1069 * their associated read, write and mmap files from pci-sysfs.c
1071 * On error unwind, but don't propagate the error to the caller
1072 * as it is ok to set up the PCI bus without these files.
1074 void pci_create_legacy_files(struct pci_bus *b)
1078 b->legacy_io = kcalloc(2, sizeof(struct bin_attribute),
1083 sysfs_bin_attr_init(b->legacy_io);
1084 b->legacy_io->attr.name = "legacy_io";
1085 b->legacy_io->size = 0xffff;
1086 b->legacy_io->attr.mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
1087 b->legacy_io->read = pci_read_legacy_io;
1088 b->legacy_io->write = pci_write_legacy_io;
1089 b->legacy_io->mmap = pci_mmap_legacy_io;
1090 pci_adjust_legacy_attr(b, pci_mmap_io);
1091 error = device_create_bin_file(&b->dev, b->legacy_io);
1095 /* Allocated above after the legacy_io struct */
1096 b->legacy_mem = b->legacy_io + 1;
1097 sysfs_bin_attr_init(b->legacy_mem);
1098 b->legacy_mem->attr.name = "legacy_mem";
1099 b->legacy_mem->size = 1024*1024;
1100 b->legacy_mem->attr.mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
1101 b->legacy_mem->mmap = pci_mmap_legacy_mem;
1102 pci_adjust_legacy_attr(b, pci_mmap_mem);
1103 error = device_create_bin_file(&b->dev, b->legacy_mem);
1105 goto legacy_mem_err;
1110 device_remove_bin_file(&b->dev, b->legacy_io);
1112 kfree(b->legacy_io);
1113 b->legacy_io = NULL;
1115 printk(KERN_WARNING "pci: warning: could not create legacy I/O port and ISA memory resources to sysfs\n");
1119 void pci_remove_legacy_files(struct pci_bus *b)
1122 device_remove_bin_file(&b->dev, b->legacy_io);
1123 device_remove_bin_file(&b->dev, b->legacy_mem);
1124 kfree(b->legacy_io); /* both are allocated here */
1127 #endif /* HAVE_PCI_LEGACY */
1129 #if defined(HAVE_PCI_MMAP) || defined(ARCH_GENERIC_PCI_MMAP_RESOURCE)
1131 int pci_mmap_fits(struct pci_dev *pdev, int resno, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
1132 enum pci_mmap_api mmap_api)
1134 unsigned long nr, start, size;
1135 resource_size_t pci_start = 0, pci_end;
1137 if (pci_resource_len(pdev, resno) == 0)
1139 nr = vma_pages(vma);
1140 start = vma->vm_pgoff;
1141 size = ((pci_resource_len(pdev, resno) - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT) + 1;
1142 if (mmap_api == PCI_MMAP_PROCFS) {
1143 pci_resource_to_user(pdev, resno, &pdev->resource[resno],
1144 &pci_start, &pci_end);
1145 pci_start >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
1147 if (start >= pci_start && start < pci_start + size &&
1148 start + nr <= pci_start + size)
1154 * pci_mmap_resource - map a PCI resource into user memory space
1155 * @kobj: kobject for mapping
1156 * @attr: struct bin_attribute for the file being mapped
1157 * @vma: struct vm_area_struct passed into the mmap
1158 * @write_combine: 1 for write_combine mapping
1160 * Use the regular PCI mapping routines to map a PCI resource into userspace.
1162 static int pci_mmap_resource(struct kobject *kobj, struct bin_attribute *attr,
1163 struct vm_area_struct *vma, int write_combine)
1165 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
1166 int bar = (unsigned long)attr->private;
1167 enum pci_mmap_state mmap_type;
1168 struct resource *res = &pdev->resource[bar];
1170 if (res->flags & IORESOURCE_MEM && iomem_is_exclusive(res->start))
1173 if (!pci_mmap_fits(pdev, bar, vma, PCI_MMAP_SYSFS))
1176 mmap_type = res->flags & IORESOURCE_MEM ? pci_mmap_mem : pci_mmap_io;
1178 return pci_mmap_resource_range(pdev, bar, vma, mmap_type, write_combine);
1181 static int pci_mmap_resource_uc(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
1182 struct bin_attribute *attr,
1183 struct vm_area_struct *vma)
1185 return pci_mmap_resource(kobj, attr, vma, 0);
1188 static int pci_mmap_resource_wc(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
1189 struct bin_attribute *attr,
1190 struct vm_area_struct *vma)
1192 return pci_mmap_resource(kobj, attr, vma, 1);
1195 static ssize_t pci_resource_io(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
1196 struct bin_attribute *attr, char *buf,
1197 loff_t off, size_t count, bool write)
1199 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
1200 int bar = (unsigned long)attr->private;
1201 unsigned long port = off;
1203 port += pci_resource_start(pdev, bar);
1205 if (port > pci_resource_end(pdev, bar))
1208 if (port + count - 1 > pci_resource_end(pdev, bar))
1214 outb(*(u8 *)buf, port);
1216 *(u8 *)buf = inb(port);
1220 outw(*(u16 *)buf, port);
1222 *(u16 *)buf = inw(port);
1226 outl(*(u32 *)buf, port);
1228 *(u32 *)buf = inl(port);
1234 static ssize_t pci_read_resource_io(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
1235 struct bin_attribute *attr, char *buf,
1236 loff_t off, size_t count)
1238 return pci_resource_io(filp, kobj, attr, buf, off, count, false);
1241 static ssize_t pci_write_resource_io(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
1242 struct bin_attribute *attr, char *buf,
1243 loff_t off, size_t count)
1245 return pci_resource_io(filp, kobj, attr, buf, off, count, true);
1249 * pci_remove_resource_files - cleanup resource files
1250 * @pdev: dev to cleanup
1252 * If we created resource files for @pdev, remove them from sysfs and
1253 * free their resources.
1255 static void pci_remove_resource_files(struct pci_dev *pdev)
1259 for (i = 0; i < PCI_ROM_RESOURCE; i++) {
1260 struct bin_attribute *res_attr;
1262 res_attr = pdev->res_attr[i];
1264 sysfs_remove_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, res_attr);
1268 res_attr = pdev->res_attr_wc[i];
1270 sysfs_remove_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, res_attr);
1276 static int pci_create_attr(struct pci_dev *pdev, int num, int write_combine)
1278 /* allocate attribute structure, piggyback attribute name */
1279 int name_len = write_combine ? 13 : 10;
1280 struct bin_attribute *res_attr;
1281 char *res_attr_name;
1284 res_attr = kzalloc(sizeof(*res_attr) + name_len, GFP_ATOMIC);
1288 res_attr_name = (char *)(res_attr + 1);
1290 sysfs_bin_attr_init(res_attr);
1291 if (write_combine) {
1292 sprintf(res_attr_name, "resource%d_wc", num);
1293 res_attr->mmap = pci_mmap_resource_wc;
1295 sprintf(res_attr_name, "resource%d", num);
1296 if (pci_resource_flags(pdev, num) & IORESOURCE_IO) {
1297 res_attr->read = pci_read_resource_io;
1298 res_attr->write = pci_write_resource_io;
1299 if (arch_can_pci_mmap_io())
1300 res_attr->mmap = pci_mmap_resource_uc;
1302 res_attr->mmap = pci_mmap_resource_uc;
1305 res_attr->attr.name = res_attr_name;
1306 res_attr->attr.mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
1307 res_attr->size = pci_resource_len(pdev, num);
1308 res_attr->private = (void *)(unsigned long)num;
1309 retval = sysfs_create_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, res_attr);
1316 pdev->res_attr_wc[num] = res_attr;
1318 pdev->res_attr[num] = res_attr;
1324 * pci_create_resource_files - create resource files in sysfs for @dev
1325 * @pdev: dev in question
1327 * Walk the resources in @pdev creating files for each resource available.
1329 static int pci_create_resource_files(struct pci_dev *pdev)
1334 /* Expose the PCI resources from this device as files */
1335 for (i = 0; i < PCI_ROM_RESOURCE; i++) {
1337 /* skip empty resources */
1338 if (!pci_resource_len(pdev, i))
1341 retval = pci_create_attr(pdev, i, 0);
1342 /* for prefetchable resources, create a WC mappable file */
1343 if (!retval && arch_can_pci_mmap_wc() &&
1344 pdev->resource[i].flags & IORESOURCE_PREFETCH)
1345 retval = pci_create_attr(pdev, i, 1);
1347 pci_remove_resource_files(pdev);
1353 #else /* !HAVE_PCI_MMAP */
1354 int __weak pci_create_resource_files(struct pci_dev *dev) { return 0; }
1355 void __weak pci_remove_resource_files(struct pci_dev *dev) { return; }
1356 #endif /* HAVE_PCI_MMAP */
1359 * pci_write_rom - used to enable access to the PCI ROM display
1361 * @kobj: kernel object handle
1362 * @bin_attr: struct bin_attribute for this file
1365 * @count: number of byte in input
1367 * writing anything except 0 enables it
1369 static ssize_t pci_write_rom(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
1370 struct bin_attribute *bin_attr, char *buf,
1371 loff_t off, size_t count)
1373 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
1375 if ((off == 0) && (*buf == '0') && (count == 2))
1376 pdev->rom_attr_enabled = 0;
1378 pdev->rom_attr_enabled = 1;
1384 * pci_read_rom - read a PCI ROM
1386 * @kobj: kernel object handle
1387 * @bin_attr: struct bin_attribute for this file
1388 * @buf: where to put the data we read from the ROM
1390 * @count: number of bytes to read
1392 * Put @count bytes starting at @off into @buf from the ROM in the PCI
1393 * device corresponding to @kobj.
1395 static ssize_t pci_read_rom(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
1396 struct bin_attribute *bin_attr, char *buf,
1397 loff_t off, size_t count)
1399 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(kobj_to_dev(kobj));
1403 if (!pdev->rom_attr_enabled)
1406 rom = pci_map_rom(pdev, &size); /* size starts out as PCI window size */
1413 if (off + count > size)
1416 memcpy_fromio(buf, rom + off, count);
1418 pci_unmap_rom(pdev, rom);
1423 static const struct bin_attribute pci_config_attr = {
1426 .mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
1428 .size = PCI_CFG_SPACE_SIZE,
1429 .read = pci_read_config,
1430 .write = pci_write_config,
1433 static const struct bin_attribute pcie_config_attr = {
1436 .mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
1438 .size = PCI_CFG_SPACE_EXP_SIZE,
1439 .read = pci_read_config,
1440 .write = pci_write_config,
1443 static ssize_t reset_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
1444 const char *buf, size_t count)
1446 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
1448 ssize_t result = kstrtoul(buf, 0, &val);
1456 pm_runtime_get_sync(dev);
1457 result = pci_reset_function(pdev);
1458 pm_runtime_put(dev);
1465 static struct device_attribute reset_attr = __ATTR(reset, 0200, NULL, reset_store);
1467 static int pci_create_capabilities_sysfs(struct pci_dev *dev)
1471 pcie_vpd_create_sysfs_dev_files(dev);
1472 pcie_aspm_create_sysfs_dev_files(dev);
1474 if (dev->reset_fn) {
1475 retval = device_create_file(&dev->dev, &reset_attr);
1482 pcie_aspm_remove_sysfs_dev_files(dev);
1483 pcie_vpd_remove_sysfs_dev_files(dev);
1487 int __must_check pci_create_sysfs_dev_files(struct pci_dev *pdev)
1491 struct bin_attribute *attr;
1493 if (!sysfs_initialized)
1496 if (pdev->cfg_size > PCI_CFG_SPACE_SIZE)
1497 retval = sysfs_create_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, &pcie_config_attr);
1499 retval = sysfs_create_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, &pci_config_attr);
1503 retval = pci_create_resource_files(pdev);
1505 goto err_config_file;
1507 /* If the device has a ROM, try to expose it in sysfs. */
1508 rom_size = pci_resource_len(pdev, PCI_ROM_RESOURCE);
1510 attr = kzalloc(sizeof(*attr), GFP_ATOMIC);
1513 goto err_resource_files;
1515 sysfs_bin_attr_init(attr);
1516 attr->size = rom_size;
1517 attr->attr.name = "rom";
1518 attr->attr.mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
1519 attr->read = pci_read_rom;
1520 attr->write = pci_write_rom;
1521 retval = sysfs_create_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, attr);
1524 goto err_resource_files;
1526 pdev->rom_attr = attr;
1529 /* add sysfs entries for various capabilities */
1530 retval = pci_create_capabilities_sysfs(pdev);
1534 pci_create_firmware_label_files(pdev);
1539 if (pdev->rom_attr) {
1540 sysfs_remove_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, pdev->rom_attr);
1541 kfree(pdev->rom_attr);
1542 pdev->rom_attr = NULL;
1545 pci_remove_resource_files(pdev);
1547 if (pdev->cfg_size > PCI_CFG_SPACE_SIZE)
1548 sysfs_remove_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, &pcie_config_attr);
1550 sysfs_remove_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, &pci_config_attr);
1555 static void pci_remove_capabilities_sysfs(struct pci_dev *dev)
1557 pcie_vpd_remove_sysfs_dev_files(dev);
1558 pcie_aspm_remove_sysfs_dev_files(dev);
1559 if (dev->reset_fn) {
1560 device_remove_file(&dev->dev, &reset_attr);
1566 * pci_remove_sysfs_dev_files - cleanup PCI specific sysfs files
1567 * @pdev: device whose entries we should free
1569 * Cleanup when @pdev is removed from sysfs.
1571 void pci_remove_sysfs_dev_files(struct pci_dev *pdev)
1573 if (!sysfs_initialized)
1576 pci_remove_capabilities_sysfs(pdev);
1578 if (pdev->cfg_size > PCI_CFG_SPACE_SIZE)
1579 sysfs_remove_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, &pcie_config_attr);
1581 sysfs_remove_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, &pci_config_attr);
1583 pci_remove_resource_files(pdev);
1585 if (pdev->rom_attr) {
1586 sysfs_remove_bin_file(&pdev->dev.kobj, pdev->rom_attr);
1587 kfree(pdev->rom_attr);
1588 pdev->rom_attr = NULL;
1591 pci_remove_firmware_label_files(pdev);
1594 static int __init pci_sysfs_init(void)
1596 struct pci_dev *pdev = NULL;
1599 sysfs_initialized = 1;
1600 for_each_pci_dev(pdev) {
1601 retval = pci_create_sysfs_dev_files(pdev);
1610 late_initcall(pci_sysfs_init);
1612 static struct attribute *pci_dev_dev_attrs[] = {
1617 static umode_t pci_dev_attrs_are_visible(struct kobject *kobj,
1618 struct attribute *a, int n)
1620 struct device *dev = kobj_to_dev(kobj);
1621 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
1623 if (a == &vga_attr.attr)
1624 if ((pdev->class >> 8) != PCI_CLASS_DISPLAY_VGA)
1630 static struct attribute *pci_dev_hp_attrs[] = {
1631 &dev_remove_attr.attr,
1632 &dev_rescan_attr.attr,
1636 static umode_t pci_dev_hp_attrs_are_visible(struct kobject *kobj,
1637 struct attribute *a, int n)
1639 struct device *dev = kobj_to_dev(kobj);
1640 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
1642 if (pdev->is_virtfn)
1648 static umode_t pci_bridge_attrs_are_visible(struct kobject *kobj,
1649 struct attribute *a, int n)
1651 struct device *dev = kobj_to_dev(kobj);
1652 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
1654 if (pci_is_bridge(pdev))
1660 static umode_t pcie_dev_attrs_are_visible(struct kobject *kobj,
1661 struct attribute *a, int n)
1663 struct device *dev = kobj_to_dev(kobj);
1664 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
1666 if (pci_is_pcie(pdev))
1672 static const struct attribute_group pci_dev_group = {
1673 .attrs = pci_dev_attrs,
1676 const struct attribute_group *pci_dev_groups[] = {
1681 static const struct attribute_group pci_bridge_group = {
1682 .attrs = pci_bridge_attrs,
1685 const struct attribute_group *pci_bridge_groups[] = {
1690 static const struct attribute_group pcie_dev_group = {
1691 .attrs = pcie_dev_attrs,
1694 const struct attribute_group *pcie_dev_groups[] = {
1699 static const struct attribute_group pci_dev_hp_attr_group = {
1700 .attrs = pci_dev_hp_attrs,
1701 .is_visible = pci_dev_hp_attrs_are_visible,
1704 #ifdef CONFIG_PCI_IOV
1705 static struct attribute *sriov_dev_attrs[] = {
1706 &sriov_totalvfs_attr.attr,
1707 &sriov_numvfs_attr.attr,
1708 &sriov_offset_attr.attr,
1709 &sriov_stride_attr.attr,
1710 &sriov_vf_device_attr.attr,
1711 &sriov_drivers_autoprobe_attr.attr,
1715 static umode_t sriov_attrs_are_visible(struct kobject *kobj,
1716 struct attribute *a, int n)
1718 struct device *dev = kobj_to_dev(kobj);
1720 if (!dev_is_pf(dev))
1726 static const struct attribute_group sriov_dev_attr_group = {
1727 .attrs = sriov_dev_attrs,
1728 .is_visible = sriov_attrs_are_visible,
1730 #endif /* CONFIG_PCI_IOV */
1732 static const struct attribute_group pci_dev_attr_group = {
1733 .attrs = pci_dev_dev_attrs,
1734 .is_visible = pci_dev_attrs_are_visible,
1737 static const struct attribute_group pci_bridge_attr_group = {
1738 .attrs = pci_bridge_attrs,
1739 .is_visible = pci_bridge_attrs_are_visible,
1742 static const struct attribute_group pcie_dev_attr_group = {
1743 .attrs = pcie_dev_attrs,
1744 .is_visible = pcie_dev_attrs_are_visible,
1747 static const struct attribute_group *pci_dev_attr_groups[] = {
1748 &pci_dev_attr_group,
1749 &pci_dev_hp_attr_group,
1750 #ifdef CONFIG_PCI_IOV
1751 &sriov_dev_attr_group,
1753 &pci_bridge_attr_group,
1754 &pcie_dev_attr_group,
1755 #ifdef CONFIG_PCIEAER
1756 &aer_stats_attr_group,
1761 const struct device_type pci_dev_type = {
1762 .groups = pci_dev_attr_groups,