1 Using numa=fake and CPUSets for Resource Management
2 Written by David Rientjes <rientjes@cs.washington.edu>
4 This document describes how the numa=fake x86_64 command-line option can be used
5 in conjunction with cpusets for coarse memory management. Using this feature,
6 you can create fake NUMA nodes that represent contiguous chunks of memory and
7 assign them to cpusets and their attached tasks. This is a way of limiting the
8 amount of system memory that are available to a certain class of tasks.
10 For more information on the features of cpusets, see
11 Documentation/cgroup-v1/cpusets.txt.
12 There are a number of different configurations you can use for your needs. For
13 more information on the numa=fake command line option and its various ways of
14 configuring fake nodes, see Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt.
16 For the purposes of this introduction, we'll assume a very primitive NUMA
17 emulation setup of "numa=fake=4*512,". This will split our system memory into
18 four equal chunks of 512M each that we can now use to assign to cpusets. As
19 you become more familiar with using this combination for resource control,
20 you'll determine a better setup to minimize the number of nodes you have to deal
23 A machine may be split as follows with "numa=fake=4*512," as reported by dmesg:
25 Faking node 0 at 0000000000000000-0000000020000000 (512MB)
26 Faking node 1 at 0000000020000000-0000000040000000 (512MB)
27 Faking node 2 at 0000000040000000-0000000060000000 (512MB)
28 Faking node 3 at 0000000060000000-0000000080000000 (512MB)
30 On node 0 totalpages: 130975
31 On node 1 totalpages: 131072
32 On node 2 totalpages: 131072
33 On node 3 totalpages: 131072
35 Now following the instructions for mounting the cpusets filesystem from
36 Documentation/cgroup-v1/cpusets.txt, you can assign fake nodes (i.e. contiguous memory
37 address spaces) to individual cpusets:
39 [root@xroads /]# mkdir exampleset
40 [root@xroads /]# mount -t cpuset none exampleset
41 [root@xroads /]# mkdir exampleset/ddset
42 [root@xroads /]# cd exampleset/ddset
43 [root@xroads /exampleset/ddset]# echo 0-1 > cpus
44 [root@xroads /exampleset/ddset]# echo 0-1 > mems
46 Now this cpuset, 'ddset', will only allowed access to fake nodes 0 and 1 for
47 memory allocations (1G).
49 You can now assign tasks to these cpusets to limit the memory resources
50 available to them according to the fake nodes assigned as mems:
52 [root@xroads /exampleset/ddset]# echo $$ > tasks
53 [root@xroads /exampleset/ddset]# dd if=/dev/zero of=tmp bs=1024 count=1G
56 Notice the difference between the system memory usage as reported by
57 /proc/meminfo between the restricted cpuset case above and the unrestricted
58 case (i.e. running the same 'dd' command without assigning it to a fake NUMA
60 Unrestricted Restricted
61 MemTotal: 3091900 kB 3091900 kB
62 MemFree: 42113 kB 1513236 kB
64 This allows for coarse memory management for the tasks you assign to particular
65 cpusets. Since cpusets can form a hierarchy, you can create some pretty
66 interesting combinations of use-cases for various classes of tasks for your
67 memory management needs.