1 Memory Protection Keys for Userspace (PKU aka PKEYs) is a feature
2 which is found on Intel's Skylake "Scalable Processor" Server CPUs.
3 It will be avalable in future non-server parts.
5 For anyone wishing to test or use this feature, it is available in
6 Amazon's EC2 C5 instances and is known to work there using an Ubuntu
9 Memory Protection Keys provides a mechanism for enforcing page-based
10 protections, but without requiring modification of the page tables
11 when an application changes protection domains. It works by
12 dedicating 4 previously ignored bits in each page table entry to a
13 "protection key", giving 16 possible keys.
15 There is also a new user-accessible register (PKRU) with two separate
16 bits (Access Disable and Write Disable) for each key. Being a CPU
17 register, PKRU is inherently thread-local, potentially giving each
18 thread a different set of protections from every other thread.
20 There are two new instructions (RDPKRU/WRPKRU) for reading and writing
21 to the new register. The feature is only available in 64-bit mode,
22 even though there is theoretically space in the PAE PTEs. These
23 permissions are enforced on data access only and have no effect on
26 =========================== Syscalls ===========================
28 There are 3 system calls which directly interact with pkeys:
30 int pkey_alloc(unsigned long flags, unsigned long init_access_rights)
31 int pkey_free(int pkey);
32 int pkey_mprotect(unsigned long start, size_t len,
33 unsigned long prot, int pkey);
35 Before a pkey can be used, it must first be allocated with
36 pkey_alloc(). An application calls the WRPKRU instruction
37 directly in order to change access permissions to memory covered
38 with a key. In this example WRPKRU is wrapped by a C function
41 int real_prot = PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE;
42 pkey = pkey_alloc(0, PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE);
43 ptr = mmap(NULL, PAGE_SIZE, PROT_NONE, MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
44 ret = pkey_mprotect(ptr, PAGE_SIZE, real_prot, pkey);
45 ... application runs here
47 Now, if the application needs to update the data at 'ptr', it can
48 gain access, do the update, then remove its write access:
50 pkey_set(pkey, 0); // clear PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE
51 *ptr = foo; // assign something
52 pkey_set(pkey, PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE); // set PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE again
54 Now when it frees the memory, it will also free the pkey since it
57 munmap(ptr, PAGE_SIZE);
60 (Note: pkey_set() is a wrapper for the RDPKRU and WRPKRU instructions.
61 An example implementation can be found in
62 tools/testing/selftests/x86/protection_keys.c)
64 =========================== Behavior ===========================
66 The kernel attempts to make protection keys consistent with the
67 behavior of a plain mprotect(). For instance if you do this:
69 mprotect(ptr, size, PROT_NONE);
72 you can expect the same effects with protection keys when doing this:
74 pkey = pkey_alloc(0, PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE | PKEY_DISABLE_READ);
75 pkey_mprotect(ptr, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, pkey);
78 That should be true whether something() is a direct access to 'ptr'
83 or when the kernel does the access on the application's behalf like
88 The kernel will send a SIGSEGV in both cases, but si_code will be set
89 to SEGV_PKERR when violating protection keys versus SEGV_ACCERR when
90 the plain mprotect() permissions are violated.