7 By: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
14 High memory (highmem) is used when the size of physical memory approaches or
15 exceeds the maximum size of virtual memory. At that point it becomes
16 impossible for the kernel to keep all of the available physical memory mapped
17 at all times. This means the kernel needs to start using temporary mappings of
18 the pieces of physical memory that it wants to access.
20 The part of (physical) memory not covered by a permanent mapping is what we
21 refer to as 'highmem'. There are various architecture dependent constraints on
22 where exactly that border lies.
24 In the i386 arch, for example, we choose to map the kernel into every process's
25 VM space so that we don't have to pay the full TLB invalidation costs for
26 kernel entry/exit. This means the available virtual memory space (4GiB on
27 i386) has to be divided between user and kernel space.
29 The traditional split for architectures using this approach is 3:1, 3GiB for
30 userspace and the top 1GiB for kernel space::
40 This means that the kernel can at most map 1GiB of physical memory at any one
41 time, but because we need virtual address space for other things - including
42 temporary maps to access the rest of the physical memory - the actual direct
43 map will typically be less (usually around ~896MiB).
45 Other architectures that have mm context tagged TLBs can have separate kernel
46 and user maps. Some hardware (like some ARMs), however, have limited virtual
47 space when they use mm context tags.
50 Temporary Virtual Mappings
51 ==========================
53 The kernel contains several ways of creating temporary mappings:
55 * vmap(). This can be used to make a long duration mapping of multiple
56 physical pages into a contiguous virtual space. It needs global
57 synchronization to unmap.
59 * kmap(). This permits a short duration mapping of a single page. It needs
60 global synchronization, but is amortized somewhat. It is also prone to
61 deadlocks when using in a nested fashion, and so it is not recommended for
64 * kmap_atomic(). This permits a very short duration mapping of a single
65 page. Since the mapping is restricted to the CPU that issued it, it
66 performs well, but the issuing task is therefore required to stay on that
67 CPU until it has finished, lest some other task displace its mappings.
69 kmap_atomic() may also be used by interrupt contexts, since it is does not
70 sleep and the caller may not sleep until after kunmap_atomic() is called.
72 It may be assumed that k[un]map_atomic() won't fail.
78 When and where to use kmap_atomic() is straightforward. It is used when code
79 wants to access the contents of a page that might be allocated from high memory
80 (see __GFP_HIGHMEM), for example a page in the pagecache. The API has two
81 functions, and they can be used in a manner similar to the following::
83 /* Find the page of interest. */
84 struct page *page = find_get_page(mapping, offset);
86 /* Gain access to the contents of that page. */
87 void *vaddr = kmap_atomic(page);
89 /* Do something to the contents of that page. */
90 memset(vaddr, 0, PAGE_SIZE);
92 /* Unmap that page. */
95 Note that the kunmap_atomic() call takes the result of the kmap_atomic() call
98 If you need to map two pages because you want to copy from one page to
99 another you need to keep the kmap_atomic calls strictly nested, like::
101 vaddr1 = kmap_atomic(page1);
102 vaddr2 = kmap_atomic(page2);
104 memcpy(vaddr1, vaddr2, PAGE_SIZE);
106 kunmap_atomic(vaddr2);
107 kunmap_atomic(vaddr1);
110 Cost of Temporary Mappings
111 ==========================
113 The cost of creating temporary mappings can be quite high. The arch has to
114 manipulate the kernel's page tables, the data TLB and/or the MMU's registers.
116 If CONFIG_HIGHMEM is not set, then the kernel will try and create a mapping
117 simply with a bit of arithmetic that will convert the page struct address into
118 a pointer to the page contents rather than juggling mappings about. In such a
119 case, the unmap operation may be a null operation.
121 If CONFIG_MMU is not set, then there can be no temporary mappings and no
122 highmem. In such a case, the arithmetic approach will also be used.
128 The i386 arch, under some circumstances, will permit you to stick up to 64GiB
129 of RAM into your 32-bit machine. This has a number of consequences:
131 * Linux needs a page-frame structure for each page in the system and the
132 pageframes need to live in the permanent mapping, which means:
134 * you can have 896M/sizeof(struct page) page-frames at most; with struct
135 page being 32-bytes that would end up being something in the order of 112G
136 worth of pages; the kernel, however, needs to store more than just
137 page-frames in that memory...
139 * PAE makes your page tables larger - which slows the system down as more
140 data has to be accessed to traverse in TLB fills and the like. One
141 advantage is that PAE has more PTE bits and can provide advanced features
144 The general recommendation is that you don't use more than 8GiB on a 32-bit
145 machine - although more might work for you and your workload, you're pretty
146 much on your own - don't expect kernel developers to really care much if things