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2 Uprobe-tracer: Uprobe-based Event Tracing
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5 :Author: Srikar Dronamraju
10 Uprobe based trace events are similar to kprobe based trace events.
11 To enable this feature, build your kernel with CONFIG_UPROBE_EVENTS=y.
13 Similar to the kprobe-event tracer, this doesn't need to be activated via
14 current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe points via
15 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events, and enable it via
16 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/uprobes/<EVENT>/enable.
18 However unlike kprobe-event tracer, the uprobe event interface expects the
19 user to calculate the offset of the probepoint in the object.
21 Synopsis of uprobe_tracer
22 -------------------------
25 p[:[GRP/]EVENT] PATH:OFFSET [FETCHARGS] : Set a uprobe
26 r[:[GRP/]EVENT] PATH:OFFSET [FETCHARGS] : Set a return uprobe (uretprobe)
27 -:[GRP/]EVENT : Clear uprobe or uretprobe event
29 GRP : Group name. If omitted, "uprobes" is the default value.
30 EVENT : Event name. If omitted, the event name is generated based
32 PATH : Path to an executable or a library.
33 OFFSET : Offset where the probe is inserted.
35 FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
36 %REG : Fetch register REG
37 @ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in userspace)
38 @+OFFSET : Fetch memory at OFFSET (OFFSET from same file as PATH)
39 $stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
40 $stack : Fetch stack address.
41 $retval : Fetch return value.(*)
42 $comm : Fetch current task comm.
43 +|-offs(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +|- offs address.(**)
44 NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
45 FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
46 (u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
47 (x8/x16/x32/x64), "string" and bitfield are supported.
49 (*) only for return probe.
50 (**) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
54 Several types are supported for fetch-args. Uprobe tracer will access memory
55 by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those types are signed and unsigned
56 respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigned. Traced arguments are shown
57 in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). Without type casting, 'x32'
58 or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture (e.g. x86-32 uses x32, and
60 String type is a special type, which fetches a "null-terminated" string from
62 Bitfield is another special type, which takes 3 parameters, bit-width, bit-
63 offset, and container-size (usually 32). The syntax is::
65 b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size>
67 For $comm, the default type is "string"; any other type is invalid.
72 You can check the total number of probe hits and probe miss-hits via
73 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_profile.
74 The first column is event name, the second is the number of probe hits,
75 the third is the number of probe miss-hits.
79 * Add a probe as a new uprobe event, write a new definition to uprobe_events
80 as below (sets a uprobe at an offset of 0x4245c0 in the executable /bin/bash)::
82 echo 'p /bin/bash:0x4245c0' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
84 * Add a probe as a new uretprobe event::
86 echo 'r /bin/bash:0x4245c0' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
88 * Unset registered event::
90 echo '-:p_bash_0x4245c0' >> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
92 * Print out the events that are registered::
94 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
98 echo > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
100 Following example shows how to dump the instruction pointer and %ax register
101 at the probed text address. Probe zfree function in /bin/zsh::
103 # cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
104 # cat /proc/`pgrep zsh`/maps | grep /bin/zsh | grep r-xp
105 00400000-0048a000 r-xp 00000000 08:03 130904 /bin/zsh
106 # objdump -T /bin/zsh | grep -w zfree
107 0000000000446420 g DF .text 0000000000000012 Base zfree
109 0x46420 is the offset of zfree in object /bin/zsh that is loaded at
110 0x00400000. Hence the command to uprobe would be::
112 # echo 'p:zfree_entry /bin/zsh:0x46420 %ip %ax' > uprobe_events
114 And the same for the uretprobe would be::
116 # echo 'r:zfree_exit /bin/zsh:0x46420 %ip %ax' >> uprobe_events
118 .. note:: User has to explicitly calculate the offset of the probe-point
121 We can see the events that are registered by looking at the uprobe_events file.
125 p:uprobes/zfree_entry /bin/zsh:0x00046420 arg1=%ip arg2=%ax
126 r:uprobes/zfree_exit /bin/zsh:0x00046420 arg1=%ip arg2=%ax
128 Format of events can be seen by viewing the file events/uprobes/zfree_entry/format.
131 # cat events/uprobes/zfree_entry/format
135 field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0;
136 field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0;
137 field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1; signed:0;
138 field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1;
139 field:int common_padding; offset:8; size:4; signed:1;
141 field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12; size:4; signed:0;
142 field:u32 arg1; offset:16; size:4; signed:0;
143 field:u32 arg2; offset:20; size:4; signed:0;
145 print fmt: "(%lx) arg1=%lx arg2=%lx", REC->__probe_ip, REC->arg1, REC->arg2
147 Right after definition, each event is disabled by default. For tracing these
148 events, you need to enable it by::
150 # echo 1 > events/uprobes/enable
152 Lets disable the event after sleeping for some time.
156 # echo 0 > events/uprobes/enable
158 And you can see the traced information via /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace.
164 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
166 zsh-24842 [006] 258544.995456: zfree_entry: (0x446420) arg1=446420 arg2=79
167 zsh-24842 [007] 258545.000270: zfree_exit: (0x446540 <- 0x446420) arg1=446540 arg2=0
168 zsh-24842 [002] 258545.043929: zfree_entry: (0x446420) arg1=446420 arg2=79
169 zsh-24842 [004] 258547.046129: zfree_exit: (0x446540 <- 0x446420) arg1=446540 arg2=0
171 Output shows us uprobe was triggered for a pid 24842 with ip being 0x446420
172 and contents of ax register being 79. And uretprobe was triggered with ip at
173 0x446540 with counterpart function entry at 0x446420.