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2 Kprobe-based Event Tracing
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5 :Author: Masami Hiramatsu
9 These events are similar to tracepoint based events. Instead of Tracepoint,
10 this is based on kprobes (kprobe and kretprobe). So it can probe wherever
11 kprobes can probe (this means, all functions except those with
12 __kprobes/nokprobe_inline annotation and those marked NOKPROBE_SYMBOL).
13 Unlike the Tracepoint based event, this can be added and removed
14 dynamically, on the fly.
16 To enable this feature, build your kernel with CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS=y.
18 Similar to the events tracer, this doesn't need to be activated via
19 current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe points via
20 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events, and enable it via
21 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/enable.
24 Synopsis of kprobe_events
25 -------------------------
28 p[:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]|MEMADDR [FETCHARGS] : Set a probe
29 r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
30 -:[GRP/]EVENT : Clear a probe
32 GRP : Group name. If omitted, use "kprobes" for it.
33 EVENT : Event name. If omitted, the event name is generated
34 based on SYM+offs or MEMADDR.
35 MOD : Module name which has given SYM.
36 SYM[+offs] : Symbol+offset where the probe is inserted.
37 MEMADDR : Address where the probe is inserted.
38 MAXACTIVE : Maximum number of instances of the specified function that
39 can be probed simultaneously, or 0 for the default value
40 as defined in Documentation/kprobes.txt section 1.3.1.
42 FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
43 %REG : Fetch register REG
44 @ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in kernel)
45 @SYM[+|-offs] : Fetch memory at SYM +|- offs (SYM should be a data symbol)
46 $stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
47 $stack : Fetch stack address.
48 $retval : Fetch return value.(*)
49 $comm : Fetch current task comm.
50 +|-offs(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +|- offs address.(**)
51 NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
52 FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
53 (u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
54 (x8/x16/x32/x64), "string" and bitfield are supported.
56 (*) only for return probe.
57 (**) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
61 Several types are supported for fetch-args. Kprobe tracer will access memory
62 by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those types are signed and unsigned
63 respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigned. Traced arguments are shown
64 in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). Without type casting, 'x32'
65 or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture (e.g. x86-32 uses x32, and
67 String type is a special type, which fetches a "null-terminated" string from
68 kernel space. This means it will fail and store NULL if the string container
70 Bitfield is another special type, which takes 3 parameters, bit-width, bit-
71 offset, and container-size (usually 32). The syntax is::
73 b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size>
75 For $comm, the default type is "string"; any other type is invalid.
78 Per-Probe Event Filtering
79 -------------------------
80 Per-probe event filtering feature allows you to set different filter on each
81 probe and gives you what arguments will be shown in trace buffer. If an event
82 name is specified right after 'p:' or 'r:' in kprobe_events, it adds an event
83 under tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>, at the directory you can see 'id',
84 'enable', 'format', 'filter' and 'trigger'.
87 You can enable/disable the probe by writing 1 or 0 on it.
90 This shows the format of this probe event.
93 You can write filtering rules of this event.
96 This shows the id of this probe event.
99 This allows to install trigger commands which are executed when the event is
100 hit (for details, see Documentation/trace/events.rst, section 6).
104 You can check the total number of probe hits and probe miss-hits via
105 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_profile.
106 The first column is event name, the second is the number of probe hits,
107 the third is the number of probe miss-hits.
112 To add a probe as a new event, write a new definition to kprobe_events
115 echo 'p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
117 This sets a kprobe on the top of do_sys_open() function with recording
118 1st to 4th arguments as "myprobe" event. Note, which register/stack entry is
119 assigned to each function argument depends on arch-specific ABI. If you unsure
120 the ABI, please try to use probe subcommand of perf-tools (you can find it
122 As this example shows, users can choose more familiar names for each arguments.
125 echo 'r:myretprobe do_sys_open $retval' >> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
127 This sets a kretprobe on the return point of do_sys_open() function with
128 recording return value as "myretprobe" event.
129 You can see the format of these events via
130 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/format.
133 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/format
137 field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0;
138 field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0;
139 field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1;signed:0;
140 field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1;
142 field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12; size:4; signed:0;
143 field:int __probe_nargs; offset:16; size:4; signed:1;
144 field:unsigned long dfd; offset:20; size:4; signed:0;
145 field:unsigned long filename; offset:24; size:4; signed:0;
146 field:unsigned long flags; offset:28; size:4; signed:0;
147 field:unsigned long mode; offset:32; size:4; signed:0;
150 print fmt: "(%lx) dfd=%lx filename=%lx flags=%lx mode=%lx", REC->__probe_ip,
151 REC->dfd, REC->filename, REC->flags, REC->mode
153 You can see that the event has 4 arguments as in the expressions you specified.
156 echo > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
158 This clears all probe points.
163 echo -:myprobe >> kprobe_events
165 This clears probe points selectively.
167 Right after definition, each event is disabled by default. For tracing these
168 events, you need to enable it.
171 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/enable
172 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myretprobe/enable
174 And you can see the traced information via /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace.
177 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace
180 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
182 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286875: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=3 filename=7fffd1ec4440 flags=8000 mode=0
183 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286878: myretprobe: (sys_openat+0xc/0xe <- do_sys_open) $retval=fffffffffffffffe
184 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286885: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=40413c flags=8000 mode=1b6
185 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286915: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
186 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286969: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=4041c6 flags=98800 mode=10
187 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286976: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
190 Each line shows when the kernel hits an event, and <- SYMBOL means kernel
191 returns from SYMBOL(e.g. "sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open" means kernel
192 returns from do_sys_open to sys_open+0x1b).