1 Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux
3 Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>
4 =============================
6 What are red-black trees, and what are they for?
7 ------------------------------------------------
9 Red-black trees are a type of self-balancing binary search tree, used for
10 storing sortable key/value data pairs. This differs from radix trees (which
11 are used to efficiently store sparse arrays and thus use long integer indexes
12 to insert/access/delete nodes) and hash tables (which are not kept sorted to
13 be easily traversed in order, and must be tuned for a specific size and
14 hash function where rbtrees scale gracefully storing arbitrary keys).
16 Red-black trees are similar to AVL trees, but provide faster real-time bounded
17 worst case performance for insertion and deletion (at most two rotations and
18 three rotations, respectively, to balance the tree), with slightly slower
19 (but still O(log n)) lookup time.
21 To quote Linux Weekly News:
23 There are a number of red-black trees in use in the kernel.
24 The deadline and CFQ I/O schedulers employ rbtrees to
25 track requests; the packet CD/DVD driver does the same.
26 The high-resolution timer code uses an rbtree to organize outstanding
27 timer requests. The ext3 filesystem tracks directory entries in a
28 red-black tree. Virtual memory areas (VMAs) are tracked with red-black
29 trees, as are epoll file descriptors, cryptographic keys, and network
30 packets in the "hierarchical token bucket" scheduler.
32 This document covers use of the Linux rbtree implementation. For more
33 information on the nature and implementation of Red Black Trees, see:
35 Linux Weekly News article on red-black trees
36 http://lwn.net/Articles/184495/
38 Wikipedia entry on red-black trees
39 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-black_tree
41 Linux implementation of red-black trees
42 ---------------------------------------
44 Linux's rbtree implementation lives in the file "lib/rbtree.c". To use it,
45 "#include <linux/rbtree.h>".
47 The Linux rbtree implementation is optimized for speed, and thus has one
48 less layer of indirection (and better cache locality) than more traditional
49 tree implementations. Instead of using pointers to separate rb_node and data
50 structures, each instance of struct rb_node is embedded in the data structure
51 it organizes. And instead of using a comparison callback function pointer,
52 users are expected to write their own tree search and insert functions
53 which call the provided rbtree functions. Locking is also left up to the
54 user of the rbtree code.
59 Data nodes in an rbtree tree are structures containing a struct rb_node member:
66 When dealing with a pointer to the embedded struct rb_node, the containing data
67 structure may be accessed with the standard container_of() macro. In addition,
68 individual members may be accessed directly via rb_entry(node, type, member).
70 At the root of each rbtree is an rb_root structure, which is initialized to be
73 struct rb_root mytree = RB_ROOT;
75 Searching for a value in an rbtree
76 ----------------------------------
78 Writing a search function for your tree is fairly straightforward: start at the
79 root, compare each value, and follow the left or right branch as necessary.
83 struct mytype *my_search(struct rb_root *root, char *string)
85 struct rb_node *node = root->rb_node;
88 struct mytype *data = container_of(node, struct mytype, node);
91 result = strcmp(string, data->keystring);
96 node = node->rb_right;
103 Inserting data into an rbtree
104 -----------------------------
106 Inserting data in the tree involves first searching for the place to insert the
107 new node, then inserting the node and rebalancing ("recoloring") the tree.
109 The search for insertion differs from the previous search by finding the
110 location of the pointer on which to graft the new node. The new node also
111 needs a link to its parent node for rebalancing purposes.
115 int my_insert(struct rb_root *root, struct mytype *data)
117 struct rb_node **new = &(root->rb_node), *parent = NULL;
119 /* Figure out where to put new node */
121 struct mytype *this = container_of(*new, struct mytype, node);
122 int result = strcmp(data->keystring, this->keystring);
126 new = &((*new)->rb_left);
128 new = &((*new)->rb_right);
133 /* Add new node and rebalance tree. */
134 rb_link_node(&data->node, parent, new);
135 rb_insert_color(&data->node, root);
140 Removing or replacing existing data in an rbtree
141 ------------------------------------------------
143 To remove an existing node from a tree, call:
145 void rb_erase(struct rb_node *victim, struct rb_root *tree);
149 struct mytype *data = mysearch(&mytree, "walrus");
152 rb_erase(&data->node, &mytree);
156 To replace an existing node in a tree with a new one with the same key, call:
158 void rb_replace_node(struct rb_node *old, struct rb_node *new,
159 struct rb_root *tree);
161 Replacing a node this way does not re-sort the tree: If the new node doesn't
162 have the same key as the old node, the rbtree will probably become corrupted.
164 Iterating through the elements stored in an rbtree (in sort order)
165 ------------------------------------------------------------------
167 Four functions are provided for iterating through an rbtree's contents in
168 sorted order. These work on arbitrary trees, and should not need to be
169 modified or wrapped (except for locking purposes):
171 struct rb_node *rb_first(struct rb_root *tree);
172 struct rb_node *rb_last(struct rb_root *tree);
173 struct rb_node *rb_next(struct rb_node *node);
174 struct rb_node *rb_prev(struct rb_node *node);
176 To start iterating, call rb_first() or rb_last() with a pointer to the root
177 of the tree, which will return a pointer to the node structure contained in
178 the first or last element in the tree. To continue, fetch the next or previous
179 node by calling rb_next() or rb_prev() on the current node. This will return
180 NULL when there are no more nodes left.
182 The iterator functions return a pointer to the embedded struct rb_node, from
183 which the containing data structure may be accessed with the container_of()
184 macro, and individual members may be accessed directly via
185 rb_entry(node, type, member).
189 struct rb_node *node;
190 for (node = rb_first(&mytree); node; node = rb_next(node))
191 printk("key=%s\n", rb_entry(node, struct mytype, node)->keystring);
193 Support for Augmented rbtrees
194 -----------------------------
196 Augmented rbtree is an rbtree with "some" additional data stored in
197 each node, where the additional data for node N must be a function of
198 the contents of all nodes in the subtree rooted at N. This data can
199 be used to augment some new functionality to rbtree. Augmented rbtree
200 is an optional feature built on top of basic rbtree infrastructure.
201 An rbtree user who wants this feature will have to call the augmentation
202 functions with the user provided augmentation callback when inserting
205 C files implementing augmented rbtree manipulation must include
206 <linux/rbtree_augmented.h> instead of <linux/rbtree.h>. Note that
207 linux/rbtree_augmented.h exposes some rbtree implementations details
208 you are not expected to rely on; please stick to the documented APIs
209 there and do not include <linux/rbtree_augmented.h> from header files
210 either so as to minimize chances of your users accidentally relying on
211 such implementation details.
213 On insertion, the user must update the augmented information on the path
214 leading to the inserted node, then call rb_link_node() as usual and
215 rb_augment_inserted() instead of the usual rb_insert_color() call.
216 If rb_augment_inserted() rebalances the rbtree, it will callback into
217 a user provided function to update the augmented information on the
220 When erasing a node, the user must call rb_erase_augmented() instead of
221 rb_erase(). rb_erase_augmented() calls back into user provided functions
222 to updated the augmented information on affected subtrees.
224 In both cases, the callbacks are provided through struct rb_augment_callbacks.
225 3 callbacks must be defined:
227 - A propagation callback, which updates the augmented value for a given
228 node and its ancestors, up to a given stop point (or NULL to update
229 all the way to the root).
231 - A copy callback, which copies the augmented value for a given subtree
232 to a newly assigned subtree root.
234 - A tree rotation callback, which copies the augmented value for a given
235 subtree to a newly assigned subtree root AND recomputes the augmented
236 information for the former subtree root.
238 The compiled code for rb_erase_augmented() may inline the propagation and
239 copy callbacks, which results in a large function, so each augmented rbtree
240 user should have a single rb_erase_augmented() call site in order to limit
246 Interval tree is an example of augmented rb tree. Reference -
247 "Introduction to Algorithms" by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest and Stein.
248 More details about interval trees:
250 Classical rbtree has a single key and it cannot be directly used to store
251 interval ranges like [lo:hi] and do a quick lookup for any overlap with a new
252 lo:hi or to find whether there is an exact match for a new lo:hi.
254 However, rbtree can be augmented to store such interval ranges in a structured
255 way making it possible to do efficient lookup and exact match.
257 This "extra information" stored in each node is the maximum hi
258 (max_hi) value among all the nodes that are its descendants. This
259 information can be maintained at each node just be looking at the node
260 and its immediate children. And this will be used in O(log n) lookup
261 for lowest match (lowest start address among all possible matches)
264 struct interval_tree_node *
265 interval_tree_first_match(struct rb_root *root,
266 unsigned long start, unsigned long last)
268 struct interval_tree_node *node;
272 node = rb_entry(root->rb_node, struct interval_tree_node, rb);
275 if (node->rb.rb_left) {
276 struct interval_tree_node *left =
277 rb_entry(node->rb.rb_left,
278 struct interval_tree_node, rb);
279 if (left->__subtree_last >= start) {
281 * Some nodes in left subtree satisfy Cond2.
282 * Iterate to find the leftmost such node N.
283 * If it also satisfies Cond1, that's the match
284 * we are looking for. Otherwise, there is no
285 * matching interval as nodes to the right of N
286 * can't satisfy Cond1 either.
292 if (node->start <= last) { /* Cond1 */
293 if (node->last >= start) /* Cond2 */
294 return node; /* node is leftmost match */
295 if (node->rb.rb_right) {
296 node = rb_entry(node->rb.rb_right,
297 struct interval_tree_node, rb);
298 if (node->__subtree_last >= start)
302 return NULL; /* No match */
306 Insertion/removal are defined using the following augmented callbacks:
308 static inline unsigned long
309 compute_subtree_last(struct interval_tree_node *node)
311 unsigned long max = node->last, subtree_last;
312 if (node->rb.rb_left) {
313 subtree_last = rb_entry(node->rb.rb_left,
314 struct interval_tree_node, rb)->__subtree_last;
315 if (max < subtree_last)
318 if (node->rb.rb_right) {
319 subtree_last = rb_entry(node->rb.rb_right,
320 struct interval_tree_node, rb)->__subtree_last;
321 if (max < subtree_last)
327 static void augment_propagate(struct rb_node *rb, struct rb_node *stop)
330 struct interval_tree_node *node =
331 rb_entry(rb, struct interval_tree_node, rb);
332 unsigned long subtree_last = compute_subtree_last(node);
333 if (node->__subtree_last == subtree_last)
335 node->__subtree_last = subtree_last;
336 rb = rb_parent(&node->rb);
340 static void augment_copy(struct rb_node *rb_old, struct rb_node *rb_new)
342 struct interval_tree_node *old =
343 rb_entry(rb_old, struct interval_tree_node, rb);
344 struct interval_tree_node *new =
345 rb_entry(rb_new, struct interval_tree_node, rb);
347 new->__subtree_last = old->__subtree_last;
350 static void augment_rotate(struct rb_node *rb_old, struct rb_node *rb_new)
352 struct interval_tree_node *old =
353 rb_entry(rb_old, struct interval_tree_node, rb);
354 struct interval_tree_node *new =
355 rb_entry(rb_new, struct interval_tree_node, rb);
357 new->__subtree_last = old->__subtree_last;
358 old->__subtree_last = compute_subtree_last(old);
361 static const struct rb_augment_callbacks augment_callbacks = {
362 augment_propagate, augment_copy, augment_rotate
365 void interval_tree_insert(struct interval_tree_node *node,
366 struct rb_root *root)
368 struct rb_node **link = &root->rb_node, *rb_parent = NULL;
369 unsigned long start = node->start, last = node->last;
370 struct interval_tree_node *parent;
374 parent = rb_entry(rb_parent, struct interval_tree_node, rb);
375 if (parent->__subtree_last < last)
376 parent->__subtree_last = last;
377 if (start < parent->start)
378 link = &parent->rb.rb_left;
380 link = &parent->rb.rb_right;
383 node->__subtree_last = last;
384 rb_link_node(&node->rb, rb_parent, link);
385 rb_insert_augmented(&node->rb, root, &augment_callbacks);
388 void interval_tree_remove(struct interval_tree_node *node,
389 struct rb_root *root)
391 rb_erase_augmented(&node->rb, root, &augment_callbacks);