1 .. -*- coding: utf-8; mode: rst -*-
5 ***********************
6 Video Overlay Interface
7 ***********************
9 **Also known as Framebuffer Overlay or Previewing.**
11 Video overlay devices have the ability to genlock (TV-)video into the
12 (VGA-)video signal of a graphics card, or to store captured images
13 directly in video memory of a graphics card, typically with clipping.
14 This can be considerable more efficient than capturing images and
15 displaying them by other means. In the old days when only nuclear power
16 plants needed cooling towers this used to be the only way to put live
19 Video overlay devices are accessed through the same character special
20 files as :ref:`video capture <capture>` devices.
24 The default function of a ``/dev/video`` device is video
25 capturing. The overlay function is only available after calling
26 the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl.
28 The driver may support simultaneous overlay and capturing using the
29 read/write and streaming I/O methods. If so, operation at the nominal
30 frame rate of the video standard is not guaranteed. Frames may be
31 directed away from overlay to capture, or one field may be used for
32 overlay and the other for capture if the capture parameters permit this.
34 Applications should use different file descriptors for capturing and
35 overlay. This must be supported by all drivers capable of simultaneous
36 capturing and overlay. Optionally these drivers may also permit
37 capturing and overlay with a single file descriptor for compatibility
38 with V4L and earlier versions of V4L2. [#f1]_
44 Devices supporting the video overlay interface set the
45 ``V4L2_CAP_VIDEO_OVERLAY`` flag in the ``capabilities`` field of struct
46 :c:type:`v4l2_capability` returned by the
47 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCAP` ioctl. The overlay I/O
48 method specified below must be supported. Tuners and audio inputs are
52 Supplemental Functions
53 ======================
55 Video overlay devices shall support :ref:`audio input <audio>`,
56 :ref:`tuner`, :ref:`controls <control>`,
57 :ref:`cropping and scaling <crop>` and
58 :ref:`streaming parameter <streaming-par>` ioctls as needed. The
59 :ref:`video input <video>` and :ref:`video standard <standard>`
60 ioctls must be supported by all video overlay devices.
66 Before overlay can commence applications must program the driver with
67 frame buffer parameters, namely the address and size of the frame buffer
68 and the image format, for example RGB 5:6:5. The
69 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` and
70 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` ioctls are available to get and
71 set these parameters, respectively. The :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` ioctl is
72 privileged because it allows to set up DMA into physical memory,
73 bypassing the memory protection mechanisms of the kernel. Only the
74 superuser can change the frame buffer address and size. Users are not
75 supposed to run TV applications as root or with SUID bit set. A small
76 helper application with suitable privileges should query the graphics
77 system and program the V4L2 driver at the appropriate time.
79 Some devices add the video overlay to the output signal of the graphics
80 card. In this case the frame buffer is not modified by the video device,
81 and the frame buffer address and pixel format are not needed by the
82 driver. The :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` ioctl is not privileged. An application
83 can check for this type of device by calling the :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>`
86 A driver may support any (or none) of five clipping/blending methods:
88 1. Chroma-keying displays the overlaid image only where pixels in the
89 primary graphics surface assume a certain color.
91 2. A bitmap can be specified where each bit corresponds to a pixel in
92 the overlaid image. When the bit is set, the corresponding video
93 pixel is displayed, otherwise a pixel of the graphics surface.
95 3. A list of clipping rectangles can be specified. In these regions *no*
96 video is displayed, so the graphics surface can be seen here.
98 4. The framebuffer has an alpha channel that can be used to clip or
99 blend the framebuffer with the video.
101 5. A global alpha value can be specified to blend the framebuffer
102 contents with video images.
104 When simultaneous capturing and overlay is supported and the hardware
105 prohibits different image and frame buffer formats, the format requested
106 first takes precedence. The attempt to capture
107 (:ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`) or overlay
108 (:ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>`) may fail with an ``EBUSY`` error
109 code or return accordingly modified parameters..
115 The overlaid image is determined by cropping and overlay window
116 parameters. The former select an area of the video picture to capture,
117 the latter how images are overlaid and clipped. Cropping initialization
118 at minimum requires to reset the parameters to defaults. An example is
119 given in :ref:`crop`.
121 The overlay window is described by a struct
122 :c:type:`v4l2_window`. It defines the size of the image,
123 its position over the graphics surface and the clipping to be applied.
124 To get the current parameters applications set the ``type`` field of a
125 struct :c:type:`v4l2_format` to
126 ``V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OVERLAY`` and call the
127 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl. The driver fills the
128 struct :c:type:`v4l2_window` substructure named ``win``. It is not
129 possible to retrieve a previously programmed clipping list or bitmap.
131 To program the overlay window applications set the ``type`` field of a
132 struct :c:type:`v4l2_format` to
133 ``V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OVERLAY``, initialize the ``win`` substructure and
134 call the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl. The driver
135 adjusts the parameters against hardware limits and returns the actual
136 parameters as :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` does. Like :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`, the
137 :ref:`VIDIOC_TRY_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl can be used to learn
138 about driver capabilities without actually changing driver state. Unlike
139 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` this also works after the overlay has been enabled.
141 The scaling factor of the overlaid image is implied by the width and
142 height given in struct :c:type:`v4l2_window` and the size
143 of the cropping rectangle. For more information see :ref:`crop`.
145 When simultaneous capturing and overlay is supported and the hardware
146 prohibits different image and window sizes, the size requested first
147 takes precedence. The attempt to capture or overlay as well
148 (:ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`) may fail with an ``EBUSY`` error
149 code or return accordingly modified parameters.
152 .. c:type:: v4l2_window
157 ``struct v4l2_rect w``
158 Size and position of the window relative to the top, left corner of
159 the frame buffer defined with
160 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>`. The window can extend the
161 frame buffer width and height, the ``x`` and ``y`` coordinates can
162 be negative, and it can lie completely outside the frame buffer. The
163 driver clips the window accordingly, or if that is not possible,
164 modifies its size and/or position.
166 ``enum v4l2_field field``
167 Applications set this field to determine which video field shall be
168 overlaid, typically one of ``V4L2_FIELD_ANY`` (0),
169 ``V4L2_FIELD_TOP``, ``V4L2_FIELD_BOTTOM`` or
170 ``V4L2_FIELD_INTERLACED``. Drivers may have to choose a different
171 field order and return the actual setting here.
174 When chroma-keying has been negotiated with
175 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` applications set this field
176 to the desired pixel value for the chroma key. The format is the
177 same as the pixel format of the framebuffer (struct
178 :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer` ``fmt.pixelformat``
179 field), with bytes in host order. E. g. for
180 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGR24 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-BGR32>` the value should
181 be 0xRRGGBB on a little endian, 0xBBGGRR on a big endian host.
183 ``struct v4l2_clip * clips``
184 When chroma-keying has *not* been negotiated and
185 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` indicated this capability,
186 applications can set this field to point to an array of clipping
189 Like the window coordinates w, clipping rectangles are defined
190 relative to the top, left corner of the frame buffer. However
191 clipping rectangles must not extend the frame buffer width and
192 height, and they must not overlap. If possible applications
193 should merge adjacent rectangles. Whether this must create
194 x-y or y-x bands, or the order of rectangles, is not defined. When
195 clip lists are not supported the driver ignores this field. Its
196 contents after calling :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`
200 When the application set the ``clips`` field, this field must
201 contain the number of clipping rectangles in the list. When clip
202 lists are not supported the driver ignores this field, its contents
203 after calling :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` are undefined. When clip lists are
204 supported but no clipping is desired this field must be set to zero.
207 When chroma-keying has *not* been negotiated and
208 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` indicated this capability,
209 applications can set this field to point to a clipping bit mask.
211 It must be of the same size as the window, ``w.width`` and ``w.height``.
212 Each bit corresponds to a pixel in the overlaid image, which is
213 displayed only when the bit is *set*. Pixel coordinates translate to
219 ((__u8 *) bitmap)[w.width * y + x / 8] & (1 << (x & 7))
221 where ``0`` ≤ x < ``w.width`` and ``0`` ≤ y <``w.height``. [#f2]_
223 When a clipping bit mask is not supported the driver ignores this field,
224 its contents after calling :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` are
225 undefined. When a bit mask is supported but no clipping is desired this
226 field must be set to ``NULL``.
228 Applications need not create a clip list or bit mask. When they pass
229 both, or despite negotiating chroma-keying, the results are undefined.
230 Regardless of the chosen method, the clipping abilities of the hardware
231 may be limited in quantity or quality. The results when these limits are
232 exceeded are undefined. [#f3]_
234 ``__u8 global_alpha``
235 The global alpha value used to blend the framebuffer with video
236 images, if global alpha blending has been negotiated
237 (``V4L2_FBUF_FLAG_GLOBAL_ALPHA``, see
238 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>`,
239 :ref:`framebuffer-flags`).
243 This field was added in Linux 2.6.23, extending the
244 structure. However the :ref:`VIDIOC_[G|S|TRY]_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`
245 ioctls, which take a pointer to a :c:type:`v4l2_format`
246 parent structure with padding bytes at the end, are not affected.
249 .. c:type:: v4l2_clip
251 struct v4l2_clip [#f4]_
252 -----------------------
254 ``struct v4l2_rect c``
255 Coordinates of the clipping rectangle, relative to the top, left
256 corner of the frame buffer. Only window pixels *outside* all
257 clipping rectangles are displayed.
259 ``struct v4l2_clip * next``
260 Pointer to the next clipping rectangle, ``NULL`` when this is the last
261 rectangle. Drivers ignore this field, it cannot be used to pass a
262 linked list of clipping rectangles.
265 .. c:type:: v4l2_rect
271 Horizontal offset of the top, left corner of the rectangle, in
275 Vertical offset of the top, left corner of the rectangle, in pixels.
276 Offsets increase to the right and down.
279 Width of the rectangle, in pixels.
282 Height of the rectangle, in pixels.
288 To start or stop the frame buffer overlay applications call the
289 :ref:`VIDIOC_OVERLAY` ioctl.
292 A common application of two file descriptors is the XFree86
293 :ref:`Xv/V4L <xvideo>` interface driver and a V4L2 application.
294 While the X server controls video overlay, the application can take
295 advantage of memory mapping and DMA.
297 In the opinion of the designers of this API, no driver writer taking
298 the efforts to support simultaneous capturing and overlay will
299 restrict this ability by requiring a single file descriptor, as in
300 V4L and earlier versions of V4L2. Making this optional means
301 applications depending on two file descriptors need backup routines
302 to be compatible with all drivers, which is considerable more work
303 than using two fds in applications which do not. Also two fd's fit
304 the general concept of one file descriptor for each logical stream.
305 Hence as a complexity trade-off drivers *must* support two file
306 descriptors and *may* support single fd operation.
309 Should we require ``w.width`` to be a multiple of eight?
312 When the image is written into frame buffer memory it will be
313 undesirable if the driver clips out less pixels than expected,
314 because the application and graphics system are not aware these
315 regions need to be refreshed. The driver should clip out more pixels
316 or not write the image at all.
319 The X Window system defines "regions" which are vectors of ``struct
320 BoxRec { short x1, y1, x2, y2; }`` with ``width = x2 - x1`` and
321 ``height = y2 - y1``, so one cannot pass X11 clip lists directly.