4 This chapter describes how maintainers can create and submit pull requests
5 to other maintainers. This is useful for transferring changes from one
6 maintainers tree to another maintainers tree.
8 This document was written by Tobin C. Harding (who at that time, was not an
9 experienced maintainer) primarily from comments made by Greg Kroah-Hartman
10 and Linus Torvalds on LKML. Suggestions and fixes by Jonathan Corbet and
11 Mauro Carvalho Chehab. Misrepresentation was unintentional but inevitable,
12 please direct abuse to Tobin C. Harding <me@tobin.cc>.
14 Original email thread::
16 https://lore.kernel.org/r/20171114110500.GA21175@kroah.com
22 To start with you will need to have all the changes you wish to include in
23 the pull request on a separate branch. Typically you will base this branch
24 off of a branch in the developers tree whom you intend to send the pull
27 In order to create the pull request you must first tag the branch that you
28 have just created. It is recommended that you choose a meaningful tag name,
29 in a way that you and others can understand, even after some time. A good
30 practice is to include in the name an indicator of the subsystem of origin
31 and the target kernel version.
33 Greg offers the following. A pull request with miscellaneous stuff for
34 drivers/char, to be applied at the Kernel version 4.15-rc1 could be named
35 as ``char-misc-4.15-rc1``. If such tag would be produced from a branch
36 named ``char-misc-next``, you would be using the following command::
38 git tag -s char-misc-4.15-rc1 char-misc-next
40 that will create a signed tag called ``char-misc-4.15-rc1`` based on the
41 last commit in the ``char-misc-next`` branch, and sign it with your gpg key
42 (see Documentation/maintainer/configure-git.rst).
44 Linus will only accept pull requests based on a signed tag. Other
45 maintainers may differ.
47 When you run the above command ``git`` will drop you into an editor and ask
48 you to describe the tag. In this case, you are describing a pull request,
49 so outline what is contained here, why it should be merged, and what, if
50 any, testing has been done. All of this information will end up in the tag
51 itself, and then in the merge commit that the maintainer makes if/when they
52 merge the pull request. So write it up well, as it will be in the kernel
57 Anyway, at least to me, the important part is the *message*. I want
58 to understand what I'm pulling, and why I should pull it. I also
59 want to use that message as the message for the merge, so it should
60 not just make sense to me, but make sense as a historical record
63 Note that if there is something odd about the pull request, that
64 should very much be in the explanation. If you're touching files
65 that you don't maintain, explain _why_. I will see it in the
66 diffstat anyway, and if you didn't mention it, I'll just be extra
67 suspicious. And when you send me new stuff after the merge window
68 (or even bug-fixes, but ones that look scary), explain not just
69 what they do and why they do it, but explain the _timing_. What
70 happened that this didn't go through the merge window..
72 I will take both what you write in the email pull request _and_ in
73 the signed tag, so depending on your workflow, you can either
74 describe your work in the signed tag (which will also automatically
75 make it into the pull request email), or you can make the signed
76 tag just a placeholder with nothing interesting in it, and describe
77 the work later when you actually send me the pull request.
79 And yes, I will edit the message. Partly because I tend to do just
80 trivial formatting (the whole indentation and quoting etc), but
81 partly because part of the message may make sense for me at pull
82 time (describing the conflicts and your personal issues for sending
83 it right now), but may not make sense in the context of a merge
84 commit message, so I will try to make it all make sense. I will
85 also fix any speeling mistaeks and bad grammar I notice,
86 particularly for non-native speakers (but also for native ones
87 ;^). But I may miss some, or even add some.
91 Greg gives, as an example pull request::
93 Char/Misc patches for 4.15-rc1
95 Here is the big char/misc patch set for the 4.15-rc1 merge window.
96 Contained in here is the normal set of new functions added to all
97 of these crazy drivers, as well as the following brand new
99 - time_travel_controller: Finally a set of drivers for the
100 latest time travel bus architecture that provides i/o to
101 the CPU before it asked for it, allowing uninterrupted
103 - relativity_shifters: due to the affect that the
104 time_travel_controllers have on the overall system, there
105 was a need for a new set of relativity shifter drivers to
106 accommodate the newly formed black holes that would
107 threaten to suck CPUs into them. This subsystem handles
108 this in a way to successfully neutralize the problems.
109 There is a Kconfig option to force these to be enabled
110 when needed, so problems should not occur.
112 All of these patches have been successfully tested in the latest
113 linux-next releases, and the original problems that it found have
114 all been resolved (apologies to anyone living near Canberra for the
115 lack of the Kconfig options in the earlier versions of the
116 linux-next tree creations.)
118 Signed-off-by: Your-name-here <your_email@domain>
121 The tag message format is just like a git commit id. One line at the top
122 for a "summary subject" and be sure to sign-off at the bottom.
124 Now that you have a local signed tag, you need to push it up to where it
127 git push origin char-misc-4.15-rc1
133 The last thing to do is create the pull request message. ``git`` handily
134 will do this for you with the ``git request-pull`` command, but it needs a
135 bit of help determining what you want to pull, and on what to base the pull
136 against (to show the correct changes to be pulled and the diffstat). The
137 following command(s) will generate a pull request::
139 git request-pull master git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/char-misc.git/ char-misc-4.15-rc1
143 This is asking git to compare the difference from the
144 'char-misc-4.15-rc1' tag location, to the head of the 'master'
145 branch (which in my case points to the last location in Linus's
146 tree that I diverged from, usually a -rc release) and to use the
147 git:// protocol to pull from. If you wish to use https://, that
148 can be used here instead as well (but note that some people behind
149 firewalls will have problems with https git pulls).
151 If the char-misc-4.15-rc1 tag is not present in the repo that I am
152 asking to be pulled from, git will complain saying it is not there,
153 a handy way to remember to actually push it to a public location.
155 The output of 'git request-pull' will contain the location of the
156 git tree and specific tag to pull from, and the full text
157 description of that tag (which is why you need to provide good
158 information in that tag). It will also create a diffstat of the
159 pull request, and a shortlog of the individual commits that the
160 pull request will provide.
162 Linus responded that he tends to prefer the ``git://`` protocol. Other
163 maintainers may have different preferences. Also, note that if you are
164 creating pull requests without a signed tag then ``https://`` may be a
165 better choice. Please see the original thread for the full discussion.
171 A pull request is submitted in the same way as an ordinary patch. Send as
172 inline email to the maintainer and CC LKML and any sub-system specific
173 lists if required. Pull requests to Linus typically have a subject line
176 [GIT PULL] <subsystem> changes for v4.15-rc1