4 There are a couple of reasons for building more complex i2c topologies
5 than a straight-forward i2c bus with one adapter and one or more devices.
7 1. A mux may be needed on the bus to prevent address collisions.
9 2. The bus may be accessible from some external bus master, and arbitration
10 may be needed to determine if it is ok to access the bus.
12 3. A device (particularly RF tuners) may want to avoid the digital noise
13 from the i2c bus, at least most of the time, and sits behind a gate
14 that has to be operated before the device can be accessed.
18 These constructs are represented as i2c adapter trees by Linux, where
19 each adapter has a parent adapter (except the root adapter) and zero or
20 more child adapters. The root adapter is the actual adapter that issues
21 i2c transfers, and all adapters with a parent are part of an "i2c-mux"
22 object (quoted, since it can also be an arbitrator or a gate).
24 Depending of the particular mux driver, something happens when there is
25 an i2c transfer on one of its child adapters. The mux driver can
26 obviously operate a mux, but it can also do arbitration with an external
27 bus master or open a gate. The mux driver has two operations for this,
28 select and deselect. select is called before the transfer and (the
29 optional) deselect is called after the transfer.
35 There are two variants of locking available to i2c muxes, they can be
36 mux-locked or parent-locked muxes. As is evident from below, it can be
37 useful to know if a mux is mux-locked or if it is parent-locked. The
38 following list was correct at the time of writing:
41 i2c-arb-gpio-challenge Parent-locked
42 i2c-mux-gpio Normally parent-locked, mux-locked iff
43 all involved gpio pins are controlled by the
44 same i2c root adapter that they mux.
45 i2c-mux-gpmux Normally parent-locked, mux-locked iff
46 specified in device-tree.
47 i2c-mux-ltc4306 Mux-locked
48 i2c-mux-mlxcpld Parent-locked
49 i2c-mux-pca9541 Parent-locked
50 i2c-mux-pca954x Parent-locked
51 i2c-mux-pinctrl Normally parent-locked, mux-locked iff
52 all involved pinctrl devices are controlled
53 by the same i2c root adapter that they mux.
54 i2c-mux-reg Parent-locked
57 gyro/mpu3050 Mux-locked
58 imu/inv_mpu6050/ Mux-locked
61 dvb-frontends/lgdt3306a Mux-locked
62 dvb-frontends/m88ds3103 Parent-locked
63 dvb-frontends/rtl2830 Parent-locked
64 dvb-frontends/rtl2832 Mux-locked
65 dvb-frontends/si2168 Mux-locked
66 usb/cx231xx/ Parent-locked
72 Mux-locked muxes does not lock the entire parent adapter during the
73 full select-transfer-deselect transaction, only the muxes on the parent
74 adapter are locked. Mux-locked muxes are mostly interesting if the
75 select and/or deselect operations must use i2c transfers to complete
76 their tasks. Since the parent adapter is not fully locked during the
77 full transaction, unrelated i2c transfers may interleave the different
78 stages of the transaction. This has the benefit that the mux driver
79 may be easier and cleaner to implement, but it has some caveats.
81 ML1. If you build a topology with a mux-locked mux being the parent
82 of a parent-locked mux, this might break the expectation from the
83 parent-locked mux that the root adapter is locked during the
86 ML2. It is not safe to build arbitrary topologies with two (or more)
87 mux-locked muxes that are not siblings, when there are address
88 collisions between the devices on the child adapters of these
91 I.e. the select-transfer-deselect transaction targeting e.g. device
92 address 0x42 behind mux-one may be interleaved with a similar
93 operation targeting device address 0x42 behind mux-two. The
94 intension with such a topology would in this hypothetical example
95 be that mux-one and mux-two should not be selected simultaneously,
96 but mux-locked muxes do not guarantee that in all topologies.
98 ML3. A mux-locked mux cannot be used by a driver for auto-closing
99 gates/muxes, i.e. something that closes automatically after a given
100 number (one, in most cases) of i2c transfers. Unrelated i2c transfers
101 may creep in and close prematurely.
103 ML4. If any non-i2c operation in the mux driver changes the i2c mux state,
104 the driver has to lock the root adapter during that operation.
105 Otherwise garbage may appear on the bus as seen from devices
106 behind the mux, when an unrelated i2c transfer is in flight during
107 the non-i2c mux-changing operation.
113 .----------. .--------.
114 .--------. | mux- |-----| dev D1 |
115 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
116 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. .--------.
117 | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
118 | .--------. '--------'
122 When there is an access to D1, this happens:
124 1. Someone issues an i2c-transfer to D1.
125 2. M1 locks muxes on its parent (the root adapter in this case).
126 3. M1 calls ->select to ready the mux.
127 4. M1 (presumably) does some i2c-transfers as part of its select.
128 These transfers are normal i2c-transfers that locks the parent
130 5. M1 feeds the i2c-transfer from step 1 to its parent adapter as a
131 normal i2c-transfer that locks the parent adapter.
132 6. M1 calls ->deselect, if it has one.
133 7. Same rules as in step 4, but for ->deselect.
134 8. M1 unlocks muxes on its parent.
136 This means that accesses to D2 are lockout out for the full duration
137 of the entire operation. But accesses to D3 are possibly interleaved
144 Parent-locked muxes lock the parent adapter during the full select-
145 transfer-deselect transaction. The implication is that the mux driver
146 has to ensure that any and all i2c transfers through that parent
147 adapter during the transaction are unlocked i2c transfers (using e.g.
148 __i2c_transfer), or a deadlock will follow. There are a couple of
151 PL1. If you build a topology with a parent-locked mux being the child
152 of another mux, this might break a possible assumption from the
153 child mux that the root adapter is unused between its select op
154 and the actual transfer (e.g. if the child mux is auto-closing
155 and the parent mux issus i2c-transfers as part of its select).
156 This is especially the case if the parent mux is mux-locked, but
157 it may also happen if the parent mux is parent-locked.
159 PL2. If select/deselect calls out to other subsystems such as gpio,
160 pinctrl, regmap or iio, it is essential that any i2c transfers
161 caused by these subsystems are unlocked. This can be convoluted to
162 accomplish, maybe even impossible if an acceptably clean solution
166 Parent-locked Example
167 ---------------------
169 .----------. .--------.
170 .--------. | parent- |-----| dev D1 |
171 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
172 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. .--------.
173 | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
174 | .--------. '--------'
178 When there is an access to D1, this happens:
180 1. Someone issues an i2c-transfer to D1.
181 2. M1 locks muxes on its parent (the root adapter in this case).
182 3. M1 locks its parent adapter.
183 4. M1 calls ->select to ready the mux.
184 5. If M1 does any i2c-transfers (on this root adapter) as part of
185 its select, those transfers must be unlocked i2c-transfers so
186 that they do not deadlock the root adapter.
187 6. M1 feeds the i2c-transfer from step 1 to the root adapter as an
188 unlocked i2c-transfer, so that it does not deadlock the parent
190 7. M1 calls ->deselect, if it has one.
191 8. Same rules as in step 5, but for ->deselect.
192 9. M1 unlocks its parent adapter.
193 10. M1 unlocks muxes on its parent.
196 This means that accesses to both D2 and D3 are locked out for the full
197 duration of the entire operation.
203 Parent-locked mux as parent of parent-locked mux
204 ------------------------------------------------
206 This is a useful topology, but it can be bad.
208 .----------. .----------. .--------.
209 .--------. | parent- |-----| parent- |-----| dev D1 |
210 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
211 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
212 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
213 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
214 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
215 '--------' '--------'
217 When any device is accessed, all other devices are locked out for
218 the full duration of the operation (both muxes lock their parent,
219 and specifically when M2 requests its parent to lock, M1 passes
220 the buck to the root adapter).
222 This topology is bad if M2 is an auto-closing mux and M1->select
223 issues any unlocked i2c transfers on the root adapter that may leak
224 through and be seen by the M2 adapter, thus closing M2 prematurely.
227 Mux-locked mux as parent of mux-locked mux
228 ------------------------------------------
230 This is a good topology.
232 .----------. .----------. .--------.
233 .--------. | mux- |-----| mux- |-----| dev D1 |
234 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
235 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
236 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
237 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
238 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
239 '--------' '--------'
241 When device D1 is accessed, accesses to D2 are locked out for the
242 full duration of the operation (muxes on the top child adapter of M1
243 are locked). But accesses to D3 and D4 are possibly interleaved at
244 any point. Accesses to D3 locks out D1 and D2, but accesses to D4
245 are still possibly interleaved.
248 Mux-locked mux as parent of parent-locked mux
249 ---------------------------------------------
251 This is probably a bad topology.
253 .----------. .----------. .--------.
254 .--------. | mux- |-----| parent- |-----| dev D1 |
255 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
256 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
257 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
258 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
259 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
260 '--------' '--------'
262 When device D1 is accessed, accesses to D2 and D3 are locked out
263 for the full duration of the operation (M1 locks child muxes on the
264 root adapter). But accesses to D4 are possibly interleaved at any
267 This kind of topology is generally not suitable and should probably
268 be avoided. The reason is that M2 probably assumes that there will
269 be no i2c transfers during its calls to ->select and ->deselect, and
270 if there are, any such transfers might appear on the slave side of M2
271 as partial i2c transfers, i.e. garbage or worse. This might cause
272 device lockups and/or other problems.
274 The topology is especially troublesome if M2 is an auto-closing
275 mux. In that case, any interleaved accesses to D4 might close M2
276 prematurely, as might any i2c-transfers part of M1->select.
278 But if M2 is not making the above stated assumption, and if M2 is not
279 auto-closing, the topology is fine.
282 Parent-locked mux as parent of mux-locked mux
283 ---------------------------------------------
285 This is a good topology.
287 .----------. .----------. .--------.
288 .--------. | parent- |-----| mux- |-----| dev D1 |
289 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
290 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
291 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
292 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
293 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
294 '--------' '--------'
296 When D1 is accessed, accesses to D2 are locked out for the full
297 duration of the operation (muxes on the top child adapter of M1
298 are locked). Accesses to D3 and D4 are possibly interleaved at
299 any point, just as is expected for mux-locked muxes.
301 When D3 or D4 are accessed, everything else is locked out. For D3
302 accesses, M1 locks the root adapter. For D4 accesses, the root
303 adapter is locked directly.
306 Two mux-locked sibling muxes
307 ----------------------------
309 This is a good topology.
312 .----------. .--| dev D1 |
313 | mux- |--' '--------'
314 .--| locked | .--------.
315 | | mux M1 |-----| dev D2 |
316 | '----------' '--------'
317 | .----------. .--------.
318 .--------. | | mux- |-----| dev D3 |
319 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
320 '--------' | | mux M2 |--. .--------.
321 | '----------' '--| dev D4 |
322 | .--------. '--------'
326 When D1 is accessed, accesses to D2, D3 and D4 are locked out. But
327 accesses to D5 may be interleaved at any time.
330 Two parent-locked sibling muxes
331 -------------------------------
333 This is a good topology.
336 .----------. .--| dev D1 |
337 | parent- |--' '--------'
338 .--| locked | .--------.
339 | | mux M1 |-----| dev D2 |
340 | '----------' '--------'
341 | .----------. .--------.
342 .--------. | | parent- |-----| dev D3 |
343 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
344 '--------' | | mux M2 |--. .--------.
345 | '----------' '--| dev D4 |
346 | .--------. '--------'
350 When any device is accessed, accesses to all other devices are locked
354 Mux-locked and parent-locked sibling muxes
355 ------------------------------------------
357 This is a good topology.
360 .----------. .--| dev D1 |
361 | mux- |--' '--------'
362 .--| locked | .--------.
363 | | mux M1 |-----| dev D2 |
364 | '----------' '--------'
365 | .----------. .--------.
366 .--------. | | parent- |-----| dev D3 |
367 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
368 '--------' | | mux M2 |--. .--------.
369 | '----------' '--| dev D4 |
370 | .--------. '--------'
374 When D1 or D2 are accessed, accesses to D3 and D4 are locked out while
375 accesses to D5 may interleave. When D3 or D4 are accessed, accesses to
376 all other devices are locked out.