1 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
2 =================================
4 SPI is the "Serial Peripheral Interface", widely used with embedded
5 systems because it is a simple and efficient interface: basically a
6 multiplexed shift register. Its three signal wires hold a clock (SCK,
7 often in the range of 1-20 MHz), a "Master Out, Slave In" (MOSI) data
8 line, and a "Master In, Slave Out" (MISO) data line. SPI is a full
9 duplex protocol; for each bit shifted out the MOSI line (one per clock)
10 another is shifted in on the MISO line. Those bits are assembled into
11 words of various sizes on the way to and from system memory. An
12 additional chipselect line is usually active-low (nCS); four signals are
13 normally used for each peripheral, plus sometimes an interrupt.
15 The SPI bus facilities listed here provide a generalized interface to
16 declare SPI busses and devices, manage them according to the standard
17 Linux driver model, and perform input/output operations. At this time,
18 only "master" side interfaces are supported, where Linux talks to SPI
19 peripherals and does not implement such a peripheral itself. (Interfaces
20 to support implementing SPI slaves would necessarily look different.)
22 The programming interface is structured around two kinds of driver, and
23 two kinds of device. A "Controller Driver" abstracts the controller
24 hardware, which may be as simple as a set of GPIO pins or as complex as
25 a pair of FIFOs connected to dual DMA engines on the other side of the
26 SPI shift register (maximizing throughput). Such drivers bridge between
27 whatever bus they sit on (often the platform bus) and SPI, and expose
28 the SPI side of their device as a :c:type:`struct spi_master
29 <spi_master>`. SPI devices are children of that master,
30 represented as a :c:type:`struct spi_device <spi_device>` and
31 manufactured from :c:type:`struct spi_board_info
32 <spi_board_info>` descriptors which are usually provided by
33 board-specific initialization code. A :c:type:`struct spi_driver
34 <spi_driver>` is called a "Protocol Driver", and is bound to a
35 spi_device using normal driver model calls.
37 The I/O model is a set of queued messages. Protocol drivers submit one
38 or more :c:type:`struct spi_message <spi_message>` objects,
39 which are processed and completed asynchronously. (There are synchronous
40 wrappers, however.) Messages are built from one or more
41 :c:type:`struct spi_transfer <spi_transfer>` objects, each of
42 which wraps a full duplex SPI transfer. A variety of protocol tweaking
43 options are needed, because different chips adopt very different
44 policies for how they use the bits transferred with SPI.
46 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/spi/spi.h
49 .. kernel-doc:: drivers/spi/spi.c
50 :functions: spi_register_board_info
52 .. kernel-doc:: drivers/spi/spi.c