1 .. |struct dev_pm_domain| replace:: :c:type:`struct dev_pm_domain <dev_pm_domain>`
2 .. |struct generic_pm_domain| replace:: :c:type:`struct generic_pm_domain <generic_pm_domain>`
8 By default, the driver core only enforces dependencies between devices
9 that are borne out of a parent/child relationship within the device
10 hierarchy: When suspending, resuming or shutting down the system, devices
11 are ordered based on this relationship, i.e. children are always suspended
12 before their parent, and the parent is always resumed before its children.
14 Sometimes there is a need to represent device dependencies beyond the
15 mere parent/child relationship, e.g. between siblings, and have the
16 driver core automatically take care of them.
18 Secondly, the driver core by default does not enforce any driver presence
19 dependencies, i.e. that one device must be bound to a driver before
20 another one can probe or function correctly.
22 Often these two dependency types come together, so a device depends on
23 another one both with regards to driver presence *and* with regards to
24 suspend/resume and shutdown ordering.
26 Device links allow representation of such dependencies in the driver core.
28 In its standard form, a device link combines *both* dependency types:
29 It guarantees correct suspend/resume and shutdown ordering between a
30 "supplier" device and its "consumer" devices, and it guarantees driver
31 presence on the supplier. The consumer devices are not probed before the
32 supplier is bound to a driver, and they're unbound before the supplier
35 When driver presence on the supplier is irrelevant and only correct
36 suspend/resume and shutdown ordering is needed, the device link may
37 simply be set up with the ``DL_FLAG_STATELESS`` flag. In other words,
38 enforcing driver presence on the supplier is optional.
40 Another optional feature is runtime PM integration: By setting the
41 ``DL_FLAG_PM_RUNTIME`` flag on addition of the device link, the PM core
42 is instructed to runtime resume the supplier and keep it active
43 whenever and for as long as the consumer is runtime resumed.
48 The earliest point in time when device links can be added is after
49 :c:func:`device_add()` has been called for the supplier and
50 :c:func:`device_initialize()` has been called for the consumer.
52 It is legal to add them later, but care must be taken that the system
53 remains in a consistent state: E.g. a device link cannot be added in
54 the midst of a suspend/resume transition, so either commencement of
55 such a transition needs to be prevented with :c:func:`lock_system_sleep()`,
56 or the device link needs to be added from a function which is guaranteed
57 not to run in parallel to a suspend/resume transition, such as from a
58 device ``->probe`` callback or a boot-time PCI quirk.
60 Another example for an inconsistent state would be a device link that
61 represents a driver presence dependency, yet is added from the consumer's
62 ``->probe`` callback while the supplier hasn't probed yet: Had the driver
63 core known about the device link earlier, it wouldn't have probed the
64 consumer in the first place. The onus is thus on the consumer to check
65 presence of the supplier after adding the link, and defer probing on
68 If a device link is added in the ``->probe`` callback of the supplier or
69 consumer driver, it is typically deleted in its ``->remove`` callback for
70 symmetry. That way, if the driver is compiled as a module, the device
71 link is added on module load and orderly deleted on unload. The same
72 restrictions that apply to device link addition (e.g. exclusion of a
73 parallel suspend/resume transition) apply equally to deletion.
75 Several flags may be specified on device link addition, two of which
76 have already been mentioned above: ``DL_FLAG_STATELESS`` to express that no
77 driver presence dependency is needed (but only correct suspend/resume and
78 shutdown ordering) and ``DL_FLAG_PM_RUNTIME`` to express that runtime PM
79 integration is desired.
81 Two other flags are specifically targeted at use cases where the device
82 link is added from the consumer's ``->probe`` callback: ``DL_FLAG_RPM_ACTIVE``
83 can be specified to runtime resume the supplier upon addition of the
84 device link. ``DL_FLAG_AUTOREMOVE`` causes the device link to be automatically
85 purged when the consumer fails to probe or later unbinds. This obviates
86 the need to explicitly delete the link in the ``->remove`` callback or in
87 the error path of the ``->probe`` callback.
92 Driver authors should be aware that a driver presence dependency (i.e. when
93 ``DL_FLAG_STATELESS`` is not specified on link addition) may cause probing of
94 the consumer to be deferred indefinitely. This can become a problem if the
95 consumer is required to probe before a certain initcall level is reached.
96 Worse, if the supplier driver is blacklisted or missing, the consumer will
99 Sometimes drivers depend on optional resources. They are able to operate
100 in a degraded mode (reduced feature set or performance) when those resources
101 are not present. An example is an SPI controller that can use a DMA engine
102 or work in PIO mode. The controller can determine presence of the optional
103 resources at probe time but on non-presence there is no way to know whether
104 they will become available in the near future (due to a supplier driver
105 probing) or never. Consequently it cannot be determined whether to defer
106 probing or not. It would be possible to notify drivers when optional
107 resources become available after probing, but it would come at a high cost
108 for drivers as switching between modes of operation at runtime based on the
109 availability of such resources would be much more complex than a mechanism
110 based on probe deferral. In any case optional resources are beyond the
111 scope of device links.
116 * An MMU device exists alongside a busmaster device, both are in the same
117 power domain. The MMU implements DMA address translation for the busmaster
118 device and shall be runtime resumed and kept active whenever and as long
119 as the busmaster device is active. The busmaster device's driver shall
120 not bind before the MMU is bound. To achieve this, a device link with
121 runtime PM integration is added from the busmaster device (consumer)
122 to the MMU device (supplier). The effect with regards to runtime PM
123 is the same as if the MMU was the parent of the master device.
125 The fact that both devices share the same power domain would normally
126 suggest usage of a |struct dev_pm_domain| or |struct generic_pm_domain|,
127 however these are not independent devices that happen to share a power
128 switch, but rather the MMU device serves the busmaster device and is
129 useless without it. A device link creates a synthetic hierarchical
130 relationship between the devices and is thus more apt.
132 * A Thunderbolt host controller comprises a number of PCIe hotplug ports
133 and an NHI device to manage the PCIe switch. On resume from system sleep,
134 the NHI device needs to re-establish PCI tunnels to attached devices
135 before the hotplug ports can resume. If the hotplug ports were children
136 of the NHI, this resume order would automatically be enforced by the
137 PM core, but unfortunately they're aunts. The solution is to add
138 device links from the hotplug ports (consumers) to the NHI device
139 (supplier). A driver presence dependency is not necessary for this
142 * Discrete GPUs in hybrid graphics laptops often feature an HDA controller
143 for HDMI/DP audio. In the device hierarchy the HDA controller is a sibling
144 of the VGA device, yet both share the same power domain and the HDA
145 controller is only ever needed when an HDMI/DP display is attached to the
146 VGA device. A device link from the HDA controller (consumer) to the
147 VGA device (supplier) aptly represents this relationship.
149 * ACPI allows definition of a device start order by way of _DEP objects.
150 A classical example is when ACPI power management methods on one device
151 are implemented in terms of I\ :sup:`2`\ C accesses and require a specific
152 I\ :sup:`2`\ C controller to be present and functional for the power
153 management of the device in question to work.
155 * In some SoCs a functional dependency exists from display, video codec and
156 video processing IP cores on transparent memory access IP cores that handle
157 burst access and compression/decompression.
162 * A |struct dev_pm_domain| can be used to override the bus,
163 class or device type callbacks. It is intended for devices sharing
164 a single on/off switch, however it does not guarantee a specific
165 suspend/resume ordering, this needs to be implemented separately.
166 It also does not by itself track the runtime PM status of the involved
167 devices and turn off the power switch only when all of them are runtime
168 suspended. Furthermore it cannot be used to enforce a specific shutdown
169 ordering or a driver presence dependency.
171 * A |struct generic_pm_domain| is a lot more heavyweight than a
172 device link and does not allow for shutdown ordering or driver presence
173 dependencies. It also cannot be used on ACPI systems.
178 The device hierarchy, which -- as the name implies -- is a tree,
179 becomes a directed acyclic graph once device links are added.
181 Ordering of these devices during suspend/resume is determined by the
182 dpm_list. During shutdown it is determined by the devices_kset. With
183 no device links present, the two lists are a flattened, one-dimensional
184 representations of the device tree such that a device is placed behind
185 all its ancestors. That is achieved by traversing the ACPI namespace
186 or OpenFirmware device tree top-down and appending devices to the lists
187 as they are discovered.
189 Once device links are added, the lists need to satisfy the additional
190 constraint that a device is placed behind all its suppliers, recursively.
191 To ensure this, upon addition of the device link the consumer and the
192 entire sub-graph below it (all children and consumers of the consumer)
193 are moved to the end of the list. (Call to :c:func:`device_reorder_to_tail()`
194 from :c:func:`device_link_add()`.)
196 To prevent introduction of dependency loops into the graph, it is
197 verified upon device link addition that the supplier is not dependent
198 on the consumer or any children or consumers of the consumer.
199 (Call to :c:func:`device_is_dependent()` from :c:func:`device_link_add()`.)
200 If that constraint is violated, :c:func:`device_link_add()` will return
201 ``NULL`` and a ``WARNING`` will be logged.
203 Notably this also prevents the addition of a device link from a parent
204 device to a child. However the converse is allowed, i.e. a device link
205 from a child to a parent. Since the driver core already guarantees
206 correct suspend/resume and shutdown ordering between parent and child,
207 such a device link only makes sense if a driver presence dependency is
208 needed on top of that. In this case driver authors should weigh
209 carefully if a device link is at all the right tool for the purpose.
210 A more suitable approach might be to simply use deferred probing or
211 add a device flag causing the parent driver to be probed before the
217 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/device.h
218 :functions: device_link_state
222 .=============================.
225 DORMANT <=> AVAILABLE <=> CONSUMER_PROBE => ACTIVE
228 '============ SUPPLIER_UNBIND <============'
230 * The initial state of a device link is automatically determined by
231 :c:func:`device_link_add()` based on the driver presence on the supplier
232 and consumer. If the link is created before any devices are probed, it
233 is set to ``DL_STATE_DORMANT``.
235 * When a supplier device is bound to a driver, links to its consumers
236 progress to ``DL_STATE_AVAILABLE``.
237 (Call to :c:func:`device_links_driver_bound()` from
238 :c:func:`driver_bound()`.)
240 * Before a consumer device is probed, presence of supplier drivers is
241 verified by checking that links to suppliers are in ``DL_STATE_AVAILABLE``
242 state. The state of the links is updated to ``DL_STATE_CONSUMER_PROBE``.
243 (Call to :c:func:`device_links_check_suppliers()` from
244 :c:func:`really_probe()`.)
245 This prevents the supplier from unbinding.
246 (Call to :c:func:`wait_for_device_probe()` from
247 :c:func:`device_links_unbind_consumers()`.)
249 * If the probe fails, links to suppliers revert back to ``DL_STATE_AVAILABLE``.
250 (Call to :c:func:`device_links_no_driver()` from :c:func:`really_probe()`.)
252 * If the probe succeeds, links to suppliers progress to ``DL_STATE_ACTIVE``.
253 (Call to :c:func:`device_links_driver_bound()` from :c:func:`driver_bound()`.)
255 * When the consumer's driver is later on removed, links to suppliers revert
256 back to ``DL_STATE_AVAILABLE``.
257 (Call to :c:func:`__device_links_no_driver()` from
258 :c:func:`device_links_driver_cleanup()`, which in turn is called from
259 :c:func:`__device_release_driver()`.)
261 * Before a supplier's driver is removed, links to consumers that are not
262 bound to a driver are updated to ``DL_STATE_SUPPLIER_UNBIND``.
263 (Call to :c:func:`device_links_busy()` from
264 :c:func:`__device_release_driver()`.)
265 This prevents the consumers from binding.
266 (Call to :c:func:`device_links_check_suppliers()` from
267 :c:func:`really_probe()`.)
268 Consumers that are bound are freed from their driver; consumers that are
269 probing are waited for until they are done.
270 (Call to :c:func:`device_links_unbind_consumers()` from
271 :c:func:`__device_release_driver()`.)
272 Once all links to consumers are in ``DL_STATE_SUPPLIER_UNBIND`` state,
273 the supplier driver is released and the links revert to ``DL_STATE_DORMANT``.
274 (Call to :c:func:`device_links_driver_cleanup()` from
275 :c:func:`__device_release_driver()`.)
280 .. kernel-doc:: drivers/base/core.c
281 :functions: device_link_add device_link_del