1 Kernel Memory Leak Detector
2 ===========================
4 Kmemleak provides a way of detecting possible kernel memory leaks in a
5 way similar to a tracing garbage collector
6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_%28computer_science%29#Tracing_garbage_collectors),
7 with the difference that the orphan objects are not freed but only
8 reported via /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak. A similar method is used by the
9 Valgrind tool (``memcheck --leak-check``) to detect the memory leaks in
10 user-space applications.
11 Kmemleak is supported on x86, arm, powerpc, sparc, sh, microblaze, ppc, mips, s390, metag and tile.
16 CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK in "Kernel hacking" has to be enabled. A kernel
17 thread scans the memory every 10 minutes (by default) and prints the
18 number of new unreferenced objects found. To display the details of all
19 the possible memory leaks::
21 # mount -t debugfs nodev /sys/kernel/debug/
22 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
24 To trigger an intermediate memory scan::
26 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
28 To clear the list of all current possible memory leaks::
30 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
32 New leaks will then come up upon reading ``/sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak``
35 Note that the orphan objects are listed in the order they were allocated
36 and one object at the beginning of the list may cause other subsequent
37 objects to be reported as orphan.
39 Memory scanning parameters can be modified at run-time by writing to the
40 ``/sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak`` file. The following parameters are supported:
43 disable kmemleak (irreversible)
45 enable the task stacks scanning (default)
47 disable the tasks stacks scanning
49 start the automatic memory scanning thread (default)
51 stop the automatic memory scanning thread
53 set the automatic memory scanning period in seconds
54 (default 600, 0 to stop the automatic scanning)
58 clear list of current memory leak suspects, done by
59 marking all current reported unreferenced objects grey,
60 or free all kmemleak objects if kmemleak has been disabled.
62 dump information about the object found at <addr>
64 Kmemleak can also be disabled at boot-time by passing ``kmemleak=off`` on
65 the kernel command line.
67 Memory may be allocated or freed before kmemleak is initialised and
68 these actions are stored in an early log buffer. The size of this buffer
69 is configured via the CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_EARLY_LOG_SIZE option.
71 If CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_DEFAULT_OFF are enabled, the kmemleak is
72 disabled by default. Passing ``kmemleak=on`` on the kernel command
73 line enables the function.
78 The memory allocations via :c:func:`kmalloc`, :c:func:`vmalloc`,
79 :c:func:`kmem_cache_alloc` and
80 friends are traced and the pointers, together with additional
81 information like size and stack trace, are stored in a rbtree.
82 The corresponding freeing function calls are tracked and the pointers
83 removed from the kmemleak data structures.
85 An allocated block of memory is considered orphan if no pointer to its
86 start address or to any location inside the block can be found by
87 scanning the memory (including saved registers). This means that there
88 might be no way for the kernel to pass the address of the allocated
89 block to a freeing function and therefore the block is considered a
92 The scanning algorithm steps:
94 1. mark all objects as white (remaining white objects will later be
96 2. scan the memory starting with the data section and stacks, checking
97 the values against the addresses stored in the rbtree. If
98 a pointer to a white object is found, the object is added to the
100 3. scan the gray objects for matching addresses (some white objects
101 can become gray and added at the end of the gray list) until the
103 4. the remaining white objects are considered orphan and reported via
104 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
106 Some allocated memory blocks have pointers stored in the kernel's
107 internal data structures and they cannot be detected as orphans. To
108 avoid this, kmemleak can also store the number of values pointing to an
109 address inside the block address range that need to be found so that the
110 block is not considered a leak. One example is __vmalloc().
112 Testing specific sections with kmemleak
113 ---------------------------------------
115 Upon initial bootup your /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output page may be
116 quite extensive. This can also be the case if you have very buggy code
117 when doing development. To work around these situations you can use the
118 'clear' command to clear all reported unreferenced objects from the
119 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output. By issuing a 'scan' after a 'clear'
120 you can find new unreferenced objects; this should help with testing
121 specific sections of code.
123 To test a critical section on demand with a clean kmemleak do::
125 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
126 ... test your kernel or modules ...
127 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
129 Then as usual to get your report with::
131 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
133 Freeing kmemleak internal objects
134 ---------------------------------
136 To allow access to previously found memory leaks after kmemleak has been
137 disabled by the user or due to an fatal error, internal kmemleak objects
138 won't be freed when kmemleak is disabled, and those objects may occupy
139 a large part of physical memory.
141 In this situation, you may reclaim memory with::
143 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
148 See the include/linux/kmemleak.h header for the functions prototype.
150 - ``kmemleak_init`` - initialize kmemleak
151 - ``kmemleak_alloc`` - notify of a memory block allocation
152 - ``kmemleak_alloc_percpu`` - notify of a percpu memory block allocation
153 - ``kmemleak_free`` - notify of a memory block freeing
154 - ``kmemleak_free_part`` - notify of a partial memory block freeing
155 - ``kmemleak_free_percpu`` - notify of a percpu memory block freeing
156 - ``kmemleak_update_trace`` - update object allocation stack trace
157 - ``kmemleak_not_leak`` - mark an object as not a leak
158 - ``kmemleak_ignore`` - do not scan or report an object as leak
159 - ``kmemleak_scan_area`` - add scan areas inside a memory block
160 - ``kmemleak_no_scan`` - do not scan a memory block
161 - ``kmemleak_erase`` - erase an old value in a pointer variable
162 - ``kmemleak_alloc_recursive`` - as kmemleak_alloc but checks the recursiveness
163 - ``kmemleak_free_recursive`` - as kmemleak_free but checks the recursiveness
165 The following functions take a physical address as the object pointer
166 and only perform the corresponding action if the address has a lowmem
169 - ``kmemleak_alloc_phys``
170 - ``kmemleak_free_part_phys``
171 - ``kmemleak_not_leak_phys``
172 - ``kmemleak_ignore_phys``
174 Dealing with false positives/negatives
175 --------------------------------------
177 The false negatives are real memory leaks (orphan objects) but not
178 reported by kmemleak because values found during the memory scanning
179 point to such objects. To reduce the number of false negatives, kmemleak
180 provides the kmemleak_ignore, kmemleak_scan_area, kmemleak_no_scan and
181 kmemleak_erase functions (see above). The task stacks also increase the
182 amount of false negatives and their scanning is not enabled by default.
184 The false positives are objects wrongly reported as being memory leaks
185 (orphan). For objects known not to be leaks, kmemleak provides the
186 kmemleak_not_leak function. The kmemleak_ignore could also be used if
187 the memory block is known not to contain other pointers and it will no
190 Some of the reported leaks are only transient, especially on SMP
191 systems, because of pointers temporarily stored in CPU registers or
192 stacks. Kmemleak defines MSECS_MIN_AGE (defaulting to 1000) representing
193 the minimum age of an object to be reported as a memory leak.
195 Limitations and Drawbacks
196 -------------------------
198 The main drawback is the reduced performance of memory allocation and
199 freeing. To avoid other penalties, the memory scanning is only performed
200 when the /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak file is read. Anyway, this tool is
201 intended for debugging purposes where the performance might not be the
202 most important requirement.
204 To keep the algorithm simple, kmemleak scans for values pointing to any
205 address inside a block's address range. This may lead to an increased
206 number of false negatives. However, it is likely that a real memory leak
207 will eventually become visible.
209 Another source of false negatives is the data stored in non-pointer
210 values. In a future version, kmemleak could only scan the pointer
211 members in the allocated structures. This feature would solve many of
212 the false negative cases described above.
214 The tool can report false positives. These are cases where an allocated
215 block doesn't need to be freed (some cases in the init_call functions),
216 the pointer is calculated by other methods than the usual container_of
217 macro or the pointer is stored in a location not scanned by kmemleak.
219 Page allocations and ioremap are not tracked.