1 kcov: code coverage for fuzzing
2 ===============================
4 kcov exposes kernel code coverage information in a form suitable for coverage-
5 guided fuzzing (randomized testing). Coverage data of a running kernel is
6 exported via the "kcov" debugfs file. Coverage collection is enabled on a task
7 basis, and thus it can capture precise coverage of a single system call.
9 Note that kcov does not aim to collect as much coverage as possible. It aims
10 to collect more or less stable coverage that is function of syscall inputs.
11 To achieve this goal it does not collect coverage in soft/hard interrupts
12 and instrumentation of some inherently non-deterministic parts of kernel is
13 disabled (e.g. scheduler, locking).
15 kcov is also able to collect comparison operands from the instrumented code
16 (this feature currently requires that the kernel is compiled with clang).
21 Configure the kernel with::
25 CONFIG_KCOV requires gcc built on revision 231296 or later.
27 If the comparison operands need to be collected, set::
29 CONFIG_KCOV_ENABLE_COMPARISONS=y
31 Profiling data will only become accessible once debugfs has been mounted::
33 mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug
37 The following program demonstrates coverage collection from within a test
46 #include <sys/types.h>
48 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
53 #define KCOV_INIT_TRACE _IOR('c', 1, unsigned long)
54 #define KCOV_ENABLE _IO('c', 100)
55 #define KCOV_DISABLE _IO('c', 101)
56 #define COVER_SIZE (64<<10)
58 #define KCOV_TRACE_PC 0
59 #define KCOV_TRACE_CMP 1
61 int main(int argc, char **argv)
64 unsigned long *cover, n, i;
66 /* A single fd descriptor allows coverage collection on a single
69 fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/kcov", O_RDWR);
71 perror("open"), exit(1);
72 /* Setup trace mode and trace size. */
73 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_INIT_TRACE, COVER_SIZE))
74 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
75 /* Mmap buffer shared between kernel- and user-space. */
76 cover = (unsigned long*)mmap(NULL, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long),
77 PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
78 if ((void*)cover == MAP_FAILED)
79 perror("mmap"), exit(1);
80 /* Enable coverage collection on the current thread. */
81 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_ENABLE, KCOV_TRACE_PC))
82 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
83 /* Reset coverage from the tail of the ioctl() call. */
84 __atomic_store_n(&cover[0], 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
85 /* That's the target syscal call. */
87 /* Read number of PCs collected. */
88 n = __atomic_load_n(&cover[0], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
89 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
90 printf("0x%lx\n", cover[i + 1]);
91 /* Disable coverage collection for the current thread. After this call
92 * coverage can be enabled for a different thread.
94 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_DISABLE, 0))
95 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
97 if (munmap(cover, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long)))
98 perror("munmap"), exit(1);
100 perror("close"), exit(1);
104 After piping through addr2line output of the program looks as follows::
121 If a program needs to collect coverage from several threads (independently),
122 it needs to open /sys/kernel/debug/kcov in each thread separately.
124 The interface is fine-grained to allow efficient forking of test processes.
125 That is, a parent process opens /sys/kernel/debug/kcov, enables trace mode,
126 mmaps coverage buffer and then forks child processes in a loop. Child processes
127 only need to enable coverage (disable happens automatically on thread end).
129 Comparison operands collection
130 ------------------------------
131 Comparison operands collection is similar to coverage collection:
135 /* Same includes and defines as above. */
137 /* Number of 64-bit words per record. */
138 #define KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP 4
141 * The format for the types of collected comparisons.
143 * Bit 0 shows whether one of the arguments is a compile-time constant.
144 * Bits 1 & 2 contain log2 of the argument size, up to 8 bytes.
147 #define KCOV_CMP_CONST (1 << 0)
148 #define KCOV_CMP_SIZE(n) ((n) << 1)
149 #define KCOV_CMP_MASK KCOV_CMP_SIZE(3)
151 int main(int argc, char **argv)
154 uint64_t *cover, type, arg1, arg2, is_const, size;
157 fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/kcov", O_RDWR);
159 perror("open"), exit(1);
160 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_INIT_TRACE, COVER_SIZE))
161 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
163 * Note that the buffer pointer is of type uint64_t*, because all
164 * the comparison operands are promoted to uint64_t.
166 cover = (uint64_t *)mmap(NULL, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long),
167 PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
168 if ((void*)cover == MAP_FAILED)
169 perror("mmap"), exit(1);
170 /* Note KCOV_TRACE_CMP instead of KCOV_TRACE_PC. */
171 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_ENABLE, KCOV_TRACE_CMP))
172 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
173 __atomic_store_n(&cover[0], 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
175 /* Read number of comparisons collected. */
176 n = __atomic_load_n(&cover[0], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
177 for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
178 type = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 1];
179 /* arg1 and arg2 - operands of the comparison. */
180 arg1 = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 2];
181 arg2 = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 3];
182 /* ip - caller address. */
183 ip = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 4];
184 /* size of the operands. */
185 size = 1 << ((type & KCOV_CMP_MASK) >> 1);
186 /* is_const - true if either operand is a compile-time constant.*/
187 is_const = type & KCOV_CMP_CONST;
188 printf("ip: 0x%lx type: 0x%lx, arg1: 0x%lx, arg2: 0x%lx, "
190 ip, type, arg1, arg2, size,
191 is_const ? "const" : "non-const");
193 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_DISABLE, 0))
194 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
195 /* Free resources. */
196 if (munmap(cover, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long)))
197 perror("munmap"), exit(1);
199 perror("close"), exit(1);
203 Note that the kcov modes (coverage collection or comparison operands) are