1 Using gcov with the Linux kernel
2 ================================
4 gcov profiling kernel support enables the use of GCC's coverage testing
5 tool gcov_ with the Linux kernel. Coverage data of a running kernel
6 is exported in gcov-compatible format via the "gcov" debugfs directory.
7 To get coverage data for a specific file, change to the kernel build
8 directory and use gcov with the ``-o`` option as follows (requires root)::
11 # gcov -o /sys/kernel/debug/gcov/tmp/linux-out/kernel spinlock.c
13 This will create source code files annotated with execution counts
14 in the current directory. In addition, graphical gcov front-ends such
15 as lcov_ can be used to automate the process of collecting data
16 for the entire kernel and provide coverage overviews in HTML format.
20 * debugging (has this line been reached at all?)
21 * test improvement (how do I change my test to cover these lines?)
22 * minimizing kernel configurations (do I need this option if the
23 associated code is never run?)
25 .. _gcov: http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Gcov.html
26 .. _lcov: http://ltp.sourceforge.net/coverage/lcov.php
32 Configure the kernel with::
37 select the gcc's gcov format, default is autodetect based on gcc version::
39 CONFIG_GCOV_FORMAT_AUTODETECT=y
41 and to get coverage data for the entire kernel::
43 CONFIG_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL=y
45 Note that kernels compiled with profiling flags will be significantly
46 larger and run slower. Also CONFIG_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL may not be supported
49 Profiling data will only become accessible once debugfs has been
52 mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug
58 To enable profiling for specific files or directories, add a line
59 similar to the following to the respective kernel Makefile:
61 - For a single file (e.g. main.o)::
63 GCOV_PROFILE_main.o := y
65 - For all files in one directory::
69 To exclude files from being profiled even when CONFIG_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL
72 GCOV_PROFILE_main.o := n
78 Only files which are linked to the main kernel image or are compiled as
79 kernel modules are supported by this mechanism.
85 The gcov kernel support creates the following files in debugfs:
87 ``/sys/kernel/debug/gcov``
88 Parent directory for all gcov-related files.
90 ``/sys/kernel/debug/gcov/reset``
91 Global reset file: resets all coverage data to zero when
94 ``/sys/kernel/debug/gcov/path/to/compile/dir/file.gcda``
95 The actual gcov data file as understood by the gcov
96 tool. Resets file coverage data to zero when written to.
98 ``/sys/kernel/debug/gcov/path/to/compile/dir/file.gcno``
99 Symbolic link to a static data file required by the gcov
100 tool. This file is generated by gcc when compiling with
101 option ``-ftest-coverage``.
107 Kernel modules may contain cleanup code which is only run during
108 module unload time. The gcov mechanism provides a means to collect
109 coverage data for such code by keeping a copy of the data associated
110 with the unloaded module. This data remains available through debugfs.
111 Once the module is loaded again, the associated coverage counters are
112 initialized with the data from its previous instantiation.
114 This behavior can be deactivated by specifying the gcov_persist kernel
119 At run-time, a user can also choose to discard data for an unloaded
120 module by writing to its data file or the global reset file.
123 Separated build and test machines
124 ---------------------------------
126 The gcov kernel profiling infrastructure is designed to work out-of-the
127 box for setups where kernels are built and run on the same machine. In
128 cases where the kernel runs on a separate machine, special preparations
129 must be made, depending on where the gcov tool is used:
131 a) gcov is run on the TEST machine
133 The gcov tool version on the test machine must be compatible with the
134 gcc version used for kernel build. Also the following files need to be
135 copied from build to test machine:
137 from the source tree:
138 - all C source files + headers
141 - all C source files + headers
142 - all .gcda and .gcno files
143 - all links to directories
145 It is important to note that these files need to be placed into the
146 exact same file system location on the test machine as on the build
147 machine. If any of the path components is symbolic link, the actual
148 directory needs to be used instead (due to make's CURDIR handling).
150 b) gcov is run on the BUILD machine
152 The following files need to be copied after each test case from test
155 from the gcov directory in sysfs:
157 - all links to .gcno files
159 These files can be copied to any location on the build machine. gcov
160 must then be called with the -o option pointing to that directory.
162 Example directory setup on the build machine::
164 /tmp/linux: kernel source tree
165 /tmp/out: kernel build directory as specified by make O=
166 /tmp/coverage: location of the files copied from the test machine
168 [user@build] cd /tmp/out
169 [user@build] gcov -o /tmp/coverage/tmp/out/init main.c
176 Compilation aborts during linker step.
179 Profiling flags are specified for source files which are not
180 linked to the main kernel or which are linked by a custom
184 Exclude affected source files from profiling by specifying
185 ``GCOV_PROFILE := n`` or ``GCOV_PROFILE_basename.o := n`` in the
186 corresponding Makefile.
189 Files copied from sysfs appear empty or incomplete.
192 Due to the way seq_file works, some tools such as cp or tar
193 may not correctly copy files from sysfs.
196 Use ``cat``' to read ``.gcda`` files and ``cp -d`` to copy links.
197 Alternatively use the mechanism shown in Appendix B.
200 Appendix A: gather_on_build.sh
201 ------------------------------
203 Sample script to gather coverage meta files on the build machine
214 if [ -z "$KSRC" ] || [ -z "$KOBJ" ] || [ -z "$DEST" ]; then
215 echo "Usage: $0 <ksrc directory> <kobj directory> <output.tar.gz>" >&2
219 KSRC=$(cd $KSRC; printf "all:\n\t@echo \${CURDIR}\n" | make -f -)
220 KOBJ=$(cd $KOBJ; printf "all:\n\t@echo \${CURDIR}\n" | make -f -)
222 find $KSRC $KOBJ \( -name '*.gcno' -o -name '*.[ch]' -o -type l \) -a \
223 -perm /u+r,g+r | tar cfz $DEST -P -T -
225 if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then
226 echo "$DEST successfully created, copy to test system and unpack with:"
227 echo " tar xfz $DEST -P"
229 echo "Could not create file $DEST"
233 Appendix B: gather_on_test.sh
234 -----------------------------
236 Sample script to gather coverage data files on the test machine
244 GCDA=/sys/kernel/debug/gcov
246 if [ -z "$DEST" ] ; then
247 echo "Usage: $0 <output.tar.gz>" >&2
252 echo Collecting data..
253 find $GCDA -type d -exec mkdir -p $TEMPDIR/\{\} \;
254 find $GCDA -name '*.gcda' -exec sh -c 'cat < $0 > '$TEMPDIR'/$0' {} \;
255 find $GCDA -name '*.gcno' -exec sh -c 'cp -d $0 '$TEMPDIR'/$0' {} \;
256 tar czf $DEST -C $TEMPDIR sys
259 echo "$DEST successfully created, copy to build system and unpack with:"
260 echo " tar xfz $DEST"