5 The following document describes how to use Symbol Namespaces to structure the
6 export surface of in-kernel symbols exported through the family of
7 EXPORT_SYMBOL() macros.
12 === 2 How to define Symbol Namespaces
13 --- 2.1 Using the EXPORT_SYMBOL macros
14 --- 2.2 Using the DEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE define
15 === 3 How to use Symbols exported in Namespaces
16 === 4 Loading Modules that use namespaced Symbols
17 === 5 Automatically creating MODULE_IMPORT_NS statements
22 Symbol Namespaces have been introduced as a means to structure the export
23 surface of the in-kernel API. It allows subsystem maintainers to partition
24 their exported symbols into separate namespaces. That is useful for
25 documentation purposes (think of the SUBSYSTEM_DEBUG namespace) as well as for
26 limiting the availability of a set of symbols for use in other parts of the
27 kernel. As of today, modules that make use of symbols exported into namespaces,
28 are required to import the namespace. Otherwise the kernel will, depending on
29 its configuration, reject loading the module or warn about a missing import.
31 2. How to define Symbol Namespaces
32 ==================================
34 Symbols can be exported into namespace using different methods. All of them are
35 changing the way EXPORT_SYMBOL and friends are instrumented to create ksymtab
38 2.1 Using the EXPORT_SYMBOL macros
39 ==================================
41 In addition to the macros EXPORT_SYMBOL() and EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(), that allow
42 exporting of kernel symbols to the kernel symbol table, variants of these are
43 available to export symbols into a certain namespace: EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS() and
44 EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS_GPL(). They take one additional argument: the namespace.
45 Please note that due to macro expansion that argument needs to be a
46 preprocessor symbol. E.g. to export the symbol ``usb_stor_suspend`` into the
47 namespace ``USB_STORAGE``, use::
49 EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS(usb_stor_suspend, USB_STORAGE);
51 The corresponding ksymtab entry struct ``kernel_symbol`` will have the member
52 ``namespace`` set accordingly. A symbol that is exported without a namespace will
53 refer to ``NULL``. There is no default namespace if none is defined. ``modpost``
54 and kernel/module/main.c make use the namespace at build time or module load
57 2.2 Using the DEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE define
58 =============================================
60 Defining namespaces for all symbols of a subsystem can be very verbose and may
61 become hard to maintain. Therefore a default define (DEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE)
62 is been provided, that, if set, will become the default for all EXPORT_SYMBOL()
63 and EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() macro expansions that do not specify a namespace.
65 There are multiple ways of specifying this define and it depends on the
66 subsystem and the maintainer's preference, which one to use. The first option
67 is to define the default namespace in the ``Makefile`` of the subsystem. E.g. to
68 export all symbols defined in usb-common into the namespace USB_COMMON, add a
69 line like this to drivers/usb/common/Makefile::
71 ccflags-y += -DDEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE=USB_COMMON
73 That will affect all EXPORT_SYMBOL() and EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() statements. A
74 symbol exported with EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS() while this definition is present, will
75 still be exported into the namespace that is passed as the namespace argument
76 as this argument has preference over a default symbol namespace.
78 A second option to define the default namespace is directly in the compilation
79 unit as preprocessor statement. The above example would then read::
81 #undef DEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE
82 #define DEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE USB_COMMON
84 within the corresponding compilation unit before any EXPORT_SYMBOL macro is
87 3. How to use Symbols exported in Namespaces
88 ============================================
90 In order to use symbols that are exported into namespaces, kernel modules need
91 to explicitly import these namespaces. Otherwise the kernel might reject to
92 load the module. The module code is required to use the macro MODULE_IMPORT_NS
93 for the namespaces it uses symbols from. E.g. a module using the
94 usb_stor_suspend symbol from above, needs to import the namespace USB_STORAGE
95 using a statement like::
97 MODULE_IMPORT_NS(USB_STORAGE);
99 This will create a ``modinfo`` tag in the module for each imported namespace.
100 This has the side effect, that the imported namespaces of a module can be
101 inspected with modinfo::
103 $ modinfo drivers/usb/storage/ums-karma.ko
105 import_ns: USB_STORAGE
109 It is advisable to add the MODULE_IMPORT_NS() statement close to other module
110 metadata definitions like MODULE_AUTHOR() or MODULE_LICENSE(). Refer to section
111 5. for a way to create missing import statements automatically.
113 4. Loading Modules that use namespaced Symbols
114 ==============================================
116 At module loading time (e.g. ``insmod``), the kernel will check each symbol
117 referenced from the module for its availability and whether the namespace it
118 might be exported to has been imported by the module. The default behaviour of
119 the kernel is to reject loading modules that don't specify sufficient imports.
120 An error will be logged and loading will be failed with EINVAL. In order to
121 allow loading of modules that don't satisfy this precondition, a configuration
122 option is available: Setting MODULE_ALLOW_MISSING_NAMESPACE_IMPORTS=y will
123 enable loading regardless, but will emit a warning.
125 5. Automatically creating MODULE_IMPORT_NS statements
126 =====================================================
128 Missing namespaces imports can easily be detected at build time. In fact,
129 modpost will emit a warning if a module uses a symbol from a namespace
130 without importing it.
131 MODULE_IMPORT_NS() statements will usually be added at a definite location
132 (along with other module meta data). To make the life of module authors (and
133 subsystem maintainers) easier, a script and make target is available to fixup
134 missing imports. Fixing missing imports can be done with::
138 A typical scenario for module authors would be::
140 - write code that depends on a symbol from a not imported namespace
142 - notice the warning of modpost telling about a missing import
143 - run ``make nsdeps`` to add the import to the correct code location
145 For subsystem maintainers introducing a namespace, the steps are very similar.
146 Again, ``make nsdeps`` will eventually add the missing namespace imports for
149 - move or add symbols to a namespace (e.g. with EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS())
150 - ``make`` (preferably with an allmodconfig to cover all in-kernel
152 - notice the warning of modpost telling about a missing import
153 - run ``make nsdeps`` to add the import to the correct code location
155 You can also run nsdeps for external module builds. A typical usage is::
157 $ make -C <path_to_kernel_src> M=$PWD nsdeps