4 The Linux kernel has 2 general types of console drivers. The first type is
5 assigned by the kernel to all the virtual consoles during the boot process.
6 This type will be called 'system driver', and only one system driver is allowed
7 to exist. The system driver is persistent and it can never be unloaded, though
8 it may become inactive.
10 The second type has to be explicitly loaded and unloaded. This will be called
11 'modular driver' by this document. Multiple modular drivers can coexist at
12 any time with each driver sharing the console with other drivers including
13 the system driver. However, modular drivers cannot take over the console
14 that is currently occupied by another modular driver. (Exception: Drivers that
15 call do_take_over_console() will succeed in the takeover regardless of the type
16 of driver occupying the consoles.) They can only take over the console that is
17 occupied by the system driver. In the same token, if the modular driver is
18 released by the console, the system driver will take over.
20 Modular drivers, from the programmer's point of view, have to call:
22 do_take_over_console() - load and bind driver to console layer
23 give_up_console() - unload driver; it will only work if driver
26 In newer kernels, the following are also available:
28 do_register_con_driver()
29 do_unregister_con_driver()
31 If sysfs is enabled, the contents of /sys/class/vtconsole can be
32 examined. This shows the console backends currently registered by the
33 system which are named vtcon<n> where <n> is an integer from 0 to 15. Thus:
35 ls /sys/class/vtconsole
38 Each directory in /sys/class/vtconsole has 3 files:
40 ls /sys/class/vtconsole/vtcon0
43 What do these files signify?
45 1. bind - this is a read/write file. It shows the status of the driver if
46 read, or acts to bind or unbind the driver to the virtual consoles
47 when written to. The possible values are:
49 0 - means the driver is not bound and if echo'ed, commands the driver
52 1 - means the driver is bound and if echo'ed, commands the driver to
55 2. name - read-only file. Shows the name of the driver in this format:
57 cat /sys/class/vtconsole/vtcon0/name
60 '(S)' stands for a (S)ystem driver, i.e., it cannot be directly
61 commanded to bind or unbind
63 'VGA+' is the name of the driver
65 cat /sys/class/vtconsole/vtcon1/name
66 (M) frame buffer device
68 In this case, '(M)' stands for a (M)odular driver, one that can be
69 directly commanded to bind or unbind.
71 3. uevent - ignore this file
73 When unbinding, the modular driver is detached first, and then the system
74 driver takes over the consoles vacated by the driver. Binding, on the other
75 hand, will bind the driver to the consoles that are currently occupied by a
78 NOTE1: Binding and unbinding must be selected in Kconfig. It's under:
80 Device Drivers -> Character devices -> Support for binding and unbinding
83 NOTE2: If any of the virtual consoles are in KD_GRAPHICS mode, then binding or
84 unbinding will not succeed. An example of an application that sets the console
87 How useful is this feature? This is very useful for console driver
88 developers. By unbinding the driver from the console layer, one can unload the
89 driver, make changes, recompile, reload and rebind the driver without any need
90 for rebooting the kernel. For regular users who may want to switch from
91 framebuffer console to VGA console and vice versa, this feature also makes
92 this possible. (NOTE NOTE NOTE: Please read fbcon.txt under Documentation/fb
98 do_take_over_console() is now broken up into:
100 do_register_con_driver()
101 do_bind_con_driver() - private function
103 give_up_console() is a wrapper to do_unregister_con_driver(), and a driver must
104 be fully unbound for this call to succeed. con_is_bound() will check if the
105 driver is bound or not.
107 Guidelines for console driver writers:
108 =====================================
110 In order for binding to and unbinding from the console to properly work,
111 console drivers must follow these guidelines:
113 1. All drivers, except system drivers, must call either do_register_con_driver()
114 or do_take_over_console(). do_register_con_driver() will just add the driver
115 to the console's internal list. It won't take over the
116 console. do_take_over_console(), as it name implies, will also take over (or
117 bind to) the console.
119 2. All resources allocated during con->con_init() must be released in
122 3. All resources allocated in con->con_startup() must be released when the
123 driver, which was previously bound, becomes unbound. The console layer
124 does not have a complementary call to con->con_startup() so it's up to the
125 driver to check when it's legal to release these resources. Calling
126 con_is_bound() in con->con_deinit() will help. If the call returned
127 false(), then it's safe to release the resources. This balance has to be
128 ensured because con->con_startup() can be called again when a request to
129 rebind the driver to the console arrives.
131 4. Upon exit of the driver, ensure that the driver is totally unbound. If the
132 condition is satisfied, then the driver must call do_unregister_con_driver()
133 or give_up_console().
135 5. do_unregister_con_driver() can also be called on conditions which make it
136 impossible for the driver to service console requests. This can happen
137 with the framebuffer console that suddenly lost all of its drivers.
139 The current crop of console drivers should still work correctly, but binding
140 and unbinding them may cause problems. With minimal fixes, these drivers can
141 be made to work correctly.
143 ==========================
144 Antonino Daplas <adaplas@pol.net>