5 cgroup subsys "blkio" implements the block io controller. There seems to be
6 a need of various kinds of IO control policies (like proportional BW, max BW)
7 both at leaf nodes as well as at intermediate nodes in a storage hierarchy.
8 Plan is to use the same cgroup based management interface for blkio controller
9 and based on user options switch IO policies in the background.
11 Currently two IO control policies are implemented. First one is proportional
12 weight time based division of disk policy. It is implemented in CFQ. Hence
13 this policy takes effect only on leaf nodes when CFQ is being used. The second
14 one is throttling policy which can be used to specify upper IO rate limits
15 on devices. This policy is implemented in generic block layer and can be
16 used on leaf nodes as well as higher level logical devices like device mapper.
20 Proportional Weight division of bandwidth
21 -----------------------------------------
22 You can do a very simple testing of running two dd threads in two different
23 cgroups. Here is what you can do.
25 - Enable Block IO controller
28 - Enable group scheduling in CFQ
29 CONFIG_CFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED=y
31 - Compile and boot into kernel and mount IO controller (blkio); see
32 cgroups.txt, Why are cgroups needed?.
34 mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
35 mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio
36 mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio
39 mkdir -p /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test1/ /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test2
41 - Set weights of group test1 and test2
42 echo 1000 > /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test1/blkio.weight
43 echo 500 > /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test2/blkio.weight
45 - Create two same size files (say 512MB each) on same disk (file1, file2) and
46 launch two dd threads in different cgroup to read those files.
49 echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
51 dd if=/mnt/sdb/zerofile1 of=/dev/null &
52 echo $! > /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test1/tasks
53 cat /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test1/tasks
55 dd if=/mnt/sdb/zerofile2 of=/dev/null &
56 echo $! > /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test2/tasks
57 cat /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test2/tasks
59 - At macro level, first dd should finish first. To get more precise data, keep
60 on looking at (with the help of script), at blkio.disk_time and
61 blkio.disk_sectors files of both test1 and test2 groups. This will tell how
62 much disk time (in milliseconds), each group got and how many sectors each
63 group dispatched to the disk. We provide fairness in terms of disk time, so
64 ideally io.disk_time of cgroups should be in proportion to the weight.
66 Throttling/Upper Limit policy
67 -----------------------------
68 - Enable Block IO controller
71 - Enable throttling in block layer
72 CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING=y
74 - Mount blkio controller (see cgroups.txt, Why are cgroups needed?)
75 mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio
77 - Specify a bandwidth rate on particular device for root group. The format
78 for policy is "<major>:<minor> <bytes_per_second>".
80 echo "8:16 1048576" > /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/blkio.throttle.read_bps_device
82 Above will put a limit of 1MB/second on reads happening for root group
83 on device having major/minor number 8:16.
85 - Run dd to read a file and see if rate is throttled to 1MB/s or not.
87 # dd iflag=direct if=/mnt/common/zerofile of=/dev/null bs=4K count=1024
90 4194304 bytes (4.2 MB) copied, 4.0001 s, 1.0 MB/s
92 Limits for writes can be put using blkio.throttle.write_bps_device file.
97 Both CFQ and throttling implement hierarchy support; however,
98 throttling's hierarchy support is enabled iff "sane_behavior" is
99 enabled from cgroup side, which currently is a development option and
100 not publicly available.
102 If somebody created a hierarchy like as follows.
110 CFQ by default and throttling with "sane_behavior" will handle the
111 hierarchy correctly. For details on CFQ hierarchy support, refer to
112 Documentation/block/cfq-iosched.txt. For throttling, all limits apply
113 to the whole subtree while all statistics are local to the IOs
114 directly generated by tasks in that cgroup.
116 Throttling without "sane_behavior" enabled from cgroup side will
117 practically treat all groups at same level as if it looks like the
122 root test1 test2 test3
124 Various user visible config options
125 ===================================
127 - Block IO controller.
129 CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP
130 - Debug help. Right now some additional stats file show up in cgroup
131 if this option is enabled.
133 CONFIG_CFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED
134 - Enables group scheduling in CFQ. Currently only 1 level of group
137 CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING
138 - Enable block device throttling support in block layer.
140 Details of cgroup files
141 =======================
142 Proportional weight policy files
143 --------------------------------
145 - Specifies per cgroup weight. This is default weight of the group
146 on all the devices until and unless overridden by per device rule.
147 (See blkio.weight_device).
148 Currently allowed range of weights is from 10 to 1000.
150 - blkio.weight_device
151 - One can specify per cgroup per device rules using this interface.
152 These rules override the default value of group weight as specified
155 Following is the format.
157 # echo dev_maj:dev_minor weight > blkio.weight_device
158 Configure weight=300 on /dev/sdb (8:16) in this cgroup
159 # echo 8:16 300 > blkio.weight_device
160 # cat blkio.weight_device
164 Configure weight=500 on /dev/sda (8:0) in this cgroup
165 # echo 8:0 500 > blkio.weight_device
166 # cat blkio.weight_device
171 Remove specific weight for /dev/sda in this cgroup
172 # echo 8:0 0 > blkio.weight_device
173 # cat blkio.weight_device
177 - blkio.leaf_weight[_device]
178 - Equivalents of blkio.weight[_device] for the purpose of
179 deciding how much weight tasks in the given cgroup has while
180 competing with the cgroup's child cgroups. For details,
181 please refer to Documentation/block/cfq-iosched.txt.
184 - disk time allocated to cgroup per device in milliseconds. First
185 two fields specify the major and minor number of the device and
186 third field specifies the disk time allocated to group in
190 - number of sectors transferred to/from disk by the group. First
191 two fields specify the major and minor number of the device and
192 third field specifies the number of sectors transferred by the
193 group to/from the device.
195 - blkio.io_service_bytes
196 - Number of bytes transferred to/from the disk by the group. These
197 are further divided by the type of operation - read or write, sync
198 or async. First two fields specify the major and minor number of the
199 device, third field specifies the operation type and the fourth field
200 specifies the number of bytes.
203 - Number of IOs (bio) issued to the disk by the group. These
204 are further divided by the type of operation - read or write, sync
205 or async. First two fields specify the major and minor number of the
206 device, third field specifies the operation type and the fourth field
207 specifies the number of IOs.
209 - blkio.io_service_time
210 - Total amount of time between request dispatch and request completion
211 for the IOs done by this cgroup. This is in nanoseconds to make it
212 meaningful for flash devices too. For devices with queue depth of 1,
213 this time represents the actual service time. When queue_depth > 1,
214 that is no longer true as requests may be served out of order. This
215 may cause the service time for a given IO to include the service time
216 of multiple IOs when served out of order which may result in total
217 io_service_time > actual time elapsed. This time is further divided by
218 the type of operation - read or write, sync or async. First two fields
219 specify the major and minor number of the device, third field
220 specifies the operation type and the fourth field specifies the
221 io_service_time in ns.
224 - Total amount of time the IOs for this cgroup spent waiting in the
225 scheduler queues for service. This can be greater than the total time
226 elapsed since it is cumulative io_wait_time for all IOs. It is not a
227 measure of total time the cgroup spent waiting but rather a measure of
228 the wait_time for its individual IOs. For devices with queue_depth > 1
229 this metric does not include the time spent waiting for service once
230 the IO is dispatched to the device but till it actually gets serviced
231 (there might be a time lag here due to re-ordering of requests by the
232 device). This is in nanoseconds to make it meaningful for flash
233 devices too. This time is further divided by the type of operation -
234 read or write, sync or async. First two fields specify the major and
235 minor number of the device, third field specifies the operation type
236 and the fourth field specifies the io_wait_time in ns.
239 - Total number of bios/requests merged into requests belonging to this
240 cgroup. This is further divided by the type of operation - read or
241 write, sync or async.
244 - Total number of requests queued up at any given instant for this
245 cgroup. This is further divided by the type of operation - read or
246 write, sync or async.
248 - blkio.avg_queue_size
249 - Debugging aid only enabled if CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP=y.
250 The average queue size for this cgroup over the entire time of this
251 cgroup's existence. Queue size samples are taken each time one of the
252 queues of this cgroup gets a timeslice.
254 - blkio.group_wait_time
255 - Debugging aid only enabled if CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP=y.
256 This is the amount of time the cgroup had to wait since it became busy
257 (i.e., went from 0 to 1 request queued) to get a timeslice for one of
258 its queues. This is different from the io_wait_time which is the
259 cumulative total of the amount of time spent by each IO in that cgroup
260 waiting in the scheduler queue. This is in nanoseconds. If this is
261 read when the cgroup is in a waiting (for timeslice) state, the stat
262 will only report the group_wait_time accumulated till the last time it
263 got a timeslice and will not include the current delta.
266 - Debugging aid only enabled if CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP=y.
267 This is the amount of time a cgroup spends without any pending
268 requests when not being served, i.e., it does not include any time
269 spent idling for one of the queues of the cgroup. This is in
270 nanoseconds. If this is read when the cgroup is in an empty state,
271 the stat will only report the empty_time accumulated till the last
272 time it had a pending request and will not include the current delta.
275 - Debugging aid only enabled if CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP=y.
276 This is the amount of time spent by the IO scheduler idling for a
277 given cgroup in anticipation of a better request than the existing ones
278 from other queues/cgroups. This is in nanoseconds. If this is read
279 when the cgroup is in an idling state, the stat will only report the
280 idle_time accumulated till the last idle period and will not include
284 - Debugging aid only enabled if CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP=y. This
285 gives the statistics about how many a times a group was dequeued
286 from service tree of the device. First two fields specify the major
287 and minor number of the device and third field specifies the number
288 of times a group was dequeued from a particular device.
291 - Recursive version of various stats. These files show the
292 same information as their non-recursive counterparts but
293 include stats from all the descendant cgroups.
295 Throttling/Upper limit policy files
296 -----------------------------------
297 - blkio.throttle.read_bps_device
298 - Specifies upper limit on READ rate from the device. IO rate is
299 specified in bytes per second. Rules are per device. Following is
302 echo "<major>:<minor> <rate_bytes_per_second>" > /cgrp/blkio.throttle.read_bps_device
304 - blkio.throttle.write_bps_device
305 - Specifies upper limit on WRITE rate to the device. IO rate is
306 specified in bytes per second. Rules are per device. Following is
309 echo "<major>:<minor> <rate_bytes_per_second>" > /cgrp/blkio.throttle.write_bps_device
311 - blkio.throttle.read_iops_device
312 - Specifies upper limit on READ rate from the device. IO rate is
313 specified in IO per second. Rules are per device. Following is
316 echo "<major>:<minor> <rate_io_per_second>" > /cgrp/blkio.throttle.read_iops_device
318 - blkio.throttle.write_iops_device
319 - Specifies upper limit on WRITE rate to the device. IO rate is
320 specified in io per second. Rules are per device. Following is
323 echo "<major>:<minor> <rate_io_per_second>" > /cgrp/blkio.throttle.write_iops_device
325 Note: If both BW and IOPS rules are specified for a device, then IO is
326 subjected to both the constraints.
328 - blkio.throttle.io_serviced
329 - Number of IOs (bio) issued to the disk by the group. These
330 are further divided by the type of operation - read or write, sync
331 or async. First two fields specify the major and minor number of the
332 device, third field specifies the operation type and the fourth field
333 specifies the number of IOs.
335 - blkio.throttle.io_service_bytes
336 - Number of bytes transferred to/from the disk by the group. These
337 are further divided by the type of operation - read or write, sync
338 or async. First two fields specify the major and minor number of the
339 device, third field specifies the operation type and the fourth field
340 specifies the number of bytes.
342 Common files among various policies
343 -----------------------------------
345 - Writing an int to this file will result in resetting all the stats
350 /sys/block/<disk>/queue/iosched/slice_idle
351 ------------------------------------------
352 On a faster hardware CFQ can be slow, especially with sequential workload.
353 This happens because CFQ idles on a single queue and single queue might not
354 drive deeper request queue depths to keep the storage busy. In such scenarios
355 one can try setting slice_idle=0 and that would switch CFQ to IOPS
356 (IO operations per second) mode on NCQ supporting hardware.
358 That means CFQ will not idle between cfq queues of a cfq group and hence be
359 able to driver higher queue depth and achieve better throughput. That also
360 means that cfq provides fairness among groups in terms of IOPS and not in
363 /sys/block/<disk>/queue/iosched/group_idle
364 ------------------------------------------
365 If one disables idling on individual cfq queues and cfq service trees by
366 setting slice_idle=0, group_idle kicks in. That means CFQ will still idle
367 on the group in an attempt to provide fairness among groups.
369 By default group_idle is same as slice_idle and does not do anything if
370 slice_idle is enabled.
372 One can experience an overall throughput drop if you have created multiple
373 groups and put applications in that group which are not driving enough
374 IO to keep disk busy. In that case set group_idle=0, and CFQ will not idle
375 on individual groups and throughput should improve.