1 Using the RAM disk block device with Linux
2 ------------------------------------------
7 2) Kernel Command Line Parameters
9 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
15 The RAM disk driver is a way to use main system memory as a block device. It
16 is required for initrd, an initial filesystem used if you need to load modules
17 in order to access the root filesystem (see Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst). It can
18 also be used for a temporary filesystem for crypto work, since the contents
21 The RAM disk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does this by using
22 RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers it is using as dirty
23 so that the VM subsystem does not try to reclaim them later.
25 The RAM disk supports up to 16 RAM disks by default, and can be reconfigured
26 to support an unlimited number of RAM disks (at your own risk). Just change
27 the configuration symbol BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT in the Block drivers config menu
28 and (re)build the kernel.
30 To use RAM disk support with your system, run './MAKEDEV ram' from the /dev
31 directory. RAM disks are all major number 1, and start with minor number 0
32 for /dev/ram0, etc. If used, modern kernels use /dev/ram0 for an initrd.
34 The new RAM disk also has the ability to load compressed RAM disk images,
35 allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or
40 ---------------------------------
42 2a) Kernel Command Line Parameters
47 This parameter tells the RAM disk driver to set up RAM disks of N k size. The
48 default is 4096 (4 MB).
54 /dev/ramX devices created.
58 Maximum partition number.
67 The usage of the word (two bytes) that "rdev -r" sets in the kernel image is
68 as follows. The low 11 bits (0 -> 10) specify an offset (in 1 k blocks) of up
69 to 2 MB (2^11) of where to find the RAM disk (this used to be the size). Bit
70 14 indicates that a RAM disk is to be loaded, and bit 15 indicates whether a
71 prompt/wait sequence is to be given before trying to read the RAM disk. Since
72 the RAM disk dynamically grows as data is being written into it, a size field
73 is not required. Bits 11 to 13 are not currently used and may as well be zero.
74 These numbers are no magical secrets, as seen below:
76 ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
77 ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
78 ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
80 Consider a typical two floppy disk setup, where you will have the
81 kernel on disk one, and have already put a RAM disk image onto disk #2.
83 Hence you want to set bits 0 to 13 as 0, meaning that your RAM disk
84 starts at an offset of 0 kB from the beginning of the floppy.
85 The command line equivalent is: "ramdisk_start=0"
87 You want bit 14 as one, indicating that a RAM disk is to be loaded.
88 The command line equivalent is: "load_ramdisk=1"
90 You want bit 15 as one, indicating that you want a prompt/keypress
91 sequence so that you have a chance to switch floppy disks.
92 The command line equivalent is: "prompt_ramdisk=1"
94 Putting that together gives 2^15 + 2^14 + 0 = 49152 for an rdev word.
95 So to create disk one of the set, you would do:
97 /usr/src/linux# cat arch/x86/boot/zImage > /dev/fd0
98 /usr/src/linux# rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
99 /usr/src/linux# rdev -r /dev/fd0 49152
101 If you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use:
102 append = "ramdisk_start=0 load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=1"
103 Since the default start = 0 and the default prompt = 1, you could use:
104 append = "load_ramdisk=1"
107 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
108 ----------------------------------------------
110 To create a RAM disk image, you will need a spare block device to
111 construct it on. This can be the RAM disk device itself, or an
112 unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this
113 example, we will use the RAM disk device, "/dev/ram0".
115 Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8 MB
116 of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram0, then this
117 restriction does not apply.
119 a) Decide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example.
120 Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently
121 required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the
122 area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for
123 the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create.
125 dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048
127 b) Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example.
129 mke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048
131 c) Mount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...)
132 and unmount it again.
134 d) Compress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression
135 will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused
136 space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing.
138 dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz
140 e) Put the kernel onto the floppy
142 dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
144 f) Put the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset
145 that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another
146 (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping
147 the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in
148 size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is
149 not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB).
151 dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400
153 g) Use "rdev" to set the boot device, RAM disk offset, prompt flag, etc.
154 For prompt_ramdisk=1, load_ramdisk=1, ramdisk_start=400, one would
155 have 2^15 + 2^14 + 400 = 49552.
157 rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
158 rdev -r /dev/fd0 49552
160 That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed RAM disk floppy. Some
161 users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe.
163 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
169 10-22-04 : Updated to reflect changes in command line options, remove
170 obsolete references, general cleanup.
171 James Nelson (james4765@gmail.com)
174 12-95 : Original Document