1 Kernel module signing facility
2 ------------------------------
7 .. - Configuring module signing.
8 .. - Generating signing keys.
9 .. - Public keys in the kernel.
10 .. - Manually signing modules.
11 .. - Signed modules and stripping.
12 .. - Loading signed modules.
13 .. - Non-valid signatures and unsigned modules.
14 .. - Administering/protecting the private key.
21 The kernel module signing facility cryptographically signs modules during
22 installation and then checks the signature upon loading the module. This
23 allows increased kernel security by disallowing the loading of unsigned modules
24 or modules signed with an invalid key. Module signing increases security by
25 making it harder to load a malicious module into the kernel. The module
26 signature checking is done by the kernel so that it is not necessary to have
27 trusted userspace bits.
29 This facility uses X.509 ITU-T standard certificates to encode the public keys
30 involved. The signatures are not themselves encoded in any industrial standard
31 type. The facility currently only supports the RSA public key encryption
32 standard (though it is pluggable and permits others to be used). The possible
33 hash algorithms that can be used are SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and
34 SHA-512 (the algorithm is selected by data in the signature).
37 ==========================
38 Configuring module signing
39 ==========================
41 The module signing facility is enabled by going to the
42 :menuselection:`Enable Loadable Module Support` section of
43 the kernel configuration and turning on::
45 CONFIG_MODULE_SIG "Module signature verification"
47 This has a number of options available:
49 (1) :menuselection:`Require modules to be validly signed`
50 (``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE``)
52 This specifies how the kernel should deal with a module that has a
53 signature for which the key is not known or a module that is unsigned.
55 If this is off (ie. "permissive"), then modules for which the key is not
56 available and modules that are unsigned are permitted, but the kernel will
57 be marked as being tainted, and the concerned modules will be marked as
58 tainted, shown with the character 'E'.
60 If this is on (ie. "restrictive"), only modules that have a valid
61 signature that can be verified by a public key in the kernel's possession
62 will be loaded. All other modules will generate an error.
64 Irrespective of the setting here, if the module has a signature block that
65 cannot be parsed, it will be rejected out of hand.
68 (2) :menuselection:`Automatically sign all modules`
69 (``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_ALL``)
71 If this is on then modules will be automatically signed during the
72 modules_install phase of a build. If this is off, then the modules must
73 be signed manually using::
78 (3) :menuselection:`Which hash algorithm should modules be signed with?`
80 This presents a choice of which hash algorithm the installation phase will
81 sign the modules with:
83 =============================== ==========================================
84 ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_SHA1`` :menuselection:`Sign modules with SHA-1`
85 ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_SHA224`` :menuselection:`Sign modules with SHA-224`
86 ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_SHA256`` :menuselection:`Sign modules with SHA-256`
87 ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_SHA384`` :menuselection:`Sign modules with SHA-384`
88 ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_SHA512`` :menuselection:`Sign modules with SHA-512`
89 =============================== ==========================================
91 The algorithm selected here will also be built into the kernel (rather
92 than being a module) so that modules signed with that algorithm can have
93 their signatures checked without causing a dependency loop.
96 (4) :menuselection:`File name or PKCS#11 URI of module signing key`
97 (``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_KEY``)
99 Setting this option to something other than its default of
100 ``certs/signing_key.pem`` will disable the autogeneration of signing keys
101 and allow the kernel modules to be signed with a key of your choosing.
102 The string provided should identify a file containing both a private key
103 and its corresponding X.509 certificate in PEM form, or — on systems where
104 the OpenSSL ENGINE_pkcs11 is functional — a PKCS#11 URI as defined by
105 RFC7512. In the latter case, the PKCS#11 URI should reference both a
106 certificate and a private key.
108 If the PEM file containing the private key is encrypted, or if the
109 PKCS#11 token requries a PIN, this can be provided at build time by
110 means of the ``KBUILD_SIGN_PIN`` variable.
113 (5) :menuselection:`Additional X.509 keys for default system keyring`
114 (``CONFIG_SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYS``)
116 This option can be set to the filename of a PEM-encoded file containing
117 additional certificates which will be included in the system keyring by
120 Note that enabling module signing adds a dependency on the OpenSSL devel
121 packages to the kernel build processes for the tool that does the signing.
124 =======================
125 Generating signing keys
126 =======================
128 Cryptographic keypairs are required to generate and check signatures. A
129 private key is used to generate a signature and the corresponding public key is
130 used to check it. The private key is only needed during the build, after which
131 it can be deleted or stored securely. The public key gets built into the
132 kernel so that it can be used to check the signatures as the modules are
135 Under normal conditions, when ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_KEY`` is unchanged from its
136 default, the kernel build will automatically generate a new keypair using
137 openssl if one does not exist in the file::
139 certs/signing_key.pem
141 during the building of vmlinux (the public part of the key needs to be built
142 into vmlinux) using parameters in the::
146 file (which is also generated if it does not already exist).
148 It is strongly recommended that you provide your own x509.genkey file.
150 Most notably, in the x509.genkey file, the req_distinguished_name section
151 should be altered from the default::
153 [ req_distinguished_name ]
154 #O = Unspecified company
155 CN = Build time autogenerated kernel key
156 #emailAddress = unspecified.user@unspecified.company
158 The generated RSA key size can also be set with::
164 It is also possible to manually generate the key private/public files using the
165 x509.genkey key generation configuration file in the root node of the Linux
166 kernel sources tree and the openssl command. The following is an example to
167 generate the public/private key files::
169 openssl req -new -nodes -utf8 -sha256 -days 36500 -batch -x509 \
170 -config x509.genkey -outform PEM -out kernel_key.pem \
171 -keyout kernel_key.pem
173 The full pathname for the resulting kernel_key.pem file can then be specified
174 in the ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_KEY`` option, and the certificate and key therein will
175 be used instead of an autogenerated keypair.
178 =========================
179 Public keys in the kernel
180 =========================
182 The kernel contains a ring of public keys that can be viewed by root. They're
183 in a keyring called ".builtin_trusted_keys" that can be seen by::
185 [root@deneb ~]# cat /proc/keys
187 223c7853 I------ 1 perm 1f030000 0 0 keyring .builtin_trusted_keys: 1
188 302d2d52 I------ 1 perm 1f010000 0 0 asymmetri Fedora kernel signing key: d69a84e6bce3d216b979e9505b3e3ef9a7118079: X509.RSA a7118079 []
191 Beyond the public key generated specifically for module signing, additional
192 trusted certificates can be provided in a PEM-encoded file referenced by the
193 ``CONFIG_SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYS`` configuration option.
195 Further, the architecture code may take public keys from a hardware store and
196 add those in also (e.g. from the UEFI key database).
198 Finally, it is possible to add additional public keys by doing::
200 keyctl padd asymmetric "" [.builtin_trusted_keys-ID] <[key-file]
204 keyctl padd asymmetric "" 0x223c7853 <my_public_key.x509
206 Note, however, that the kernel will only permit keys to be added to
207 ``.builtin_trusted_keys`` **if** the new key's X.509 wrapper is validly signed by a key
208 that is already resident in the ``.builtin_trusted_keys`` at the time the key was added.
211 ========================
212 Manually signing modules
213 ========================
215 To manually sign a module, use the scripts/sign-file tool available in
216 the Linux kernel source tree. The script requires 4 arguments:
218 1. The hash algorithm (e.g., sha256)
219 2. The private key filename or PKCS#11 URI
220 3. The public key filename
221 4. The kernel module to be signed
223 The following is an example to sign a kernel module::
225 scripts/sign-file sha512 kernel-signkey.priv \
226 kernel-signkey.x509 module.ko
228 The hash algorithm used does not have to match the one configured, but if it
229 doesn't, you should make sure that hash algorithm is either built into the
230 kernel or can be loaded without requiring itself.
232 If the private key requires a passphrase or PIN, it can be provided in the
233 $KBUILD_SIGN_PIN environment variable.
236 ============================
237 Signed modules and stripping
238 ============================
240 A signed module has a digital signature simply appended at the end. The string
241 ``~Module signature appended~.`` at the end of the module's file confirms that a
242 signature is present but it does not confirm that the signature is valid!
244 Signed modules are BRITTLE as the signature is outside of the defined ELF
245 container. Thus they MAY NOT be stripped once the signature is computed and
246 attached. Note the entire module is the signed payload, including any and all
247 debug information present at the time of signing.
250 ======================
251 Loading signed modules
252 ======================
254 Modules are loaded with insmod, modprobe, ``init_module()`` or
255 ``finit_module()``, exactly as for unsigned modules as no processing is
256 done in userspace. The signature checking is all done within the kernel.
259 =========================================
260 Non-valid signatures and unsigned modules
261 =========================================
263 If ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE`` is enabled or module.sig_enforce=1 is supplied on
264 the kernel command line, the kernel will only load validly signed modules
265 for which it has a public key. Otherwise, it will also load modules that are
266 unsigned. Any module for which the kernel has a key, but which proves to have
267 a signature mismatch will not be permitted to load.
269 Any module that has an unparseable signature will be rejected.
272 =========================================
273 Administering/protecting the private key
274 =========================================
276 Since the private key is used to sign modules, viruses and malware could use
277 the private key to sign modules and compromise the operating system. The
278 private key must be either destroyed or moved to a secure location and not kept
279 in the root node of the kernel source tree.
281 If you use the same private key to sign modules for multiple kernel
282 configurations, you must ensure that the module version information is
283 sufficient to prevent loading a module into a different kernel. Either
284 set ``CONFIG_MODVERSIONS=y`` or ensure that each configuration has a different
285 kernel release string by changing ``EXTRAVERSION`` or ``CONFIG_LOCALVERSION``.