8 Zswap is a lightweight compressed cache for swap pages. It takes pages that are
9 in the process of being swapped out and attempts to compress them into a
10 dynamically allocated RAM-based memory pool. zswap basically trades CPU cycles
11 for potentially reduced swap I/O. This trade-off can also result in a
12 significant performance improvement if reads from the compressed cache are
13 faster than reads from a swap device.
15 Some potential benefits:
17 * Desktop/laptop users with limited RAM capacities can mitigate the
18 performance impact of swapping.
19 * Overcommitted guests that share a common I/O resource can
20 dramatically reduce their swap I/O pressure, avoiding heavy handed I/O
21 throttling by the hypervisor. This allows more work to get done with less
22 impact to the guest workload and guests sharing the I/O subsystem
23 * Users with SSDs as swap devices can extend the life of the device by
24 drastically reducing life-shortening writes.
26 Zswap evicts pages from compressed cache on an LRU basis to the backing swap
27 device when the compressed pool reaches its size limit. This requirement had
28 been identified in prior community discussions.
30 Whether Zswap is enabled at the boot time depends on whether
31 the ``CONFIG_ZSWAP_DEFAULT_ON`` Kconfig option is enabled or not.
32 This setting can then be overridden by providing the kernel command line
33 ``zswap.enabled=`` option, for example ``zswap.enabled=0``.
34 Zswap can also be enabled and disabled at runtime using the sysfs interface.
35 An example command to enable zswap at runtime, assuming sysfs is mounted
38 echo 1 > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/enabled
40 When zswap is disabled at runtime it will stop storing pages that are
41 being swapped out. However, it will _not_ immediately write out or fault
42 back into memory all of the pages stored in the compressed pool. The
43 pages stored in zswap will remain in the compressed pool until they are
44 either invalidated or faulted back into memory. In order to force all
45 pages out of the compressed pool, a swapoff on the swap device(s) will
46 fault back into memory all swapped out pages, including those in the
52 Zswap receives pages for compression from the swap subsystem and is able to
53 evict pages from its own compressed pool on an LRU basis and write them back to
54 the backing swap device in the case that the compressed pool is full.
56 Zswap makes use of zpool for the managing the compressed memory pool. Each
57 allocation in zpool is not directly accessible by address. Rather, a handle is
58 returned by the allocation routine and that handle must be mapped before being
59 accessed. The compressed memory pool grows on demand and shrinks as compressed
60 pages are freed. The pool is not preallocated. By default, a zpool
61 of type selected in ``CONFIG_ZSWAP_ZPOOL_DEFAULT`` Kconfig option is created,
62 but it can be overridden at boot time by setting the ``zpool`` attribute,
63 e.g. ``zswap.zpool=zbud``. It can also be changed at runtime using the sysfs
64 ``zpool`` attribute, e.g.::
66 echo zbud > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/zpool
68 The zbud type zpool allocates exactly 1 page to store 2 compressed pages, which
69 means the compression ratio will always be 2:1 or worse (because of half-full
70 zbud pages). The zsmalloc type zpool has a more complex compressed page
71 storage method, and it can achieve greater storage densities.
73 When a swap page is passed from swapout to zswap, zswap maintains a mapping
74 of the swap entry, a combination of the swap type and swap offset, to the zpool
75 handle that references that compressed swap page. This mapping is achieved
76 with a red-black tree per swap type. The swap offset is the search key for the
79 During a page fault on a PTE that is a swap entry, the swapin code calls the
80 zswap load function to decompress the page into the page allocated by the page
83 Once there are no PTEs referencing a swap page stored in zswap (i.e. the count
84 in the swap_map goes to 0) the swap code calls the zswap invalidate function
85 to free the compressed entry.
87 Zswap seeks to be simple in its policies. Sysfs attributes allow for one user
90 * max_pool_percent - The maximum percentage of memory that the compressed
93 The default compressor is selected in ``CONFIG_ZSWAP_COMPRESSOR_DEFAULT``
94 Kconfig option, but it can be overridden at boot time by setting the
95 ``compressor`` attribute, e.g. ``zswap.compressor=lzo``.
96 It can also be changed at runtime using the sysfs "compressor"
99 echo lzo > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/compressor
101 When the zpool and/or compressor parameter is changed at runtime, any existing
102 compressed pages are not modified; they are left in their own zpool. When a
103 request is made for a page in an old zpool, it is uncompressed using its
104 original compressor. Once all pages are removed from an old zpool, the zpool
105 and its compressor are freed.
107 Some of the pages in zswap are same-value filled pages (i.e. contents of the
108 page have same value or repetitive pattern). These pages include zero-filled
109 pages and they are handled differently. During store operation, a page is
110 checked if it is a same-value filled page before compressing it. If true, the
111 compressed length of the page is set to zero and the pattern or same-filled
114 Same-value filled pages identification feature is enabled by default and can be
115 disabled at boot time by setting the ``same_filled_pages_enabled`` attribute
116 to 0, e.g. ``zswap.same_filled_pages_enabled=0``. It can also be enabled and
117 disabled at runtime using the sysfs ``same_filled_pages_enabled``
120 echo 1 > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/same_filled_pages_enabled
122 When zswap same-filled page identification is disabled at runtime, it will stop
123 checking for the same-value filled pages during store operation.
124 In other words, every page will be then considered non-same-value filled.
125 However, the existing pages which are marked as same-value filled pages remain
126 stored unchanged in zswap until they are either loaded or invalidated.
128 In some circumstances it might be advantageous to make use of just the zswap
129 ability to efficiently store same-filled pages without enabling the whole
130 compressed page storage.
131 In this case the handling of non-same-value pages by zswap (enabled by default)
132 can be disabled by setting the ``non_same_filled_pages_enabled`` attribute
133 to 0, e.g. ``zswap.non_same_filled_pages_enabled=0``.
134 It can also be enabled and disabled at runtime using the sysfs
135 ``non_same_filled_pages_enabled`` attribute, e.g.::
137 echo 1 > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/non_same_filled_pages_enabled
139 Disabling both ``zswap.same_filled_pages_enabled`` and
140 ``zswap.non_same_filled_pages_enabled`` effectively disables accepting any new
143 To prevent zswap from shrinking pool when zswap is full and there's a high
144 pressure on swap (this will result in flipping pages in and out zswap pool
145 without any real benefit but with a performance drop for the system), a
146 special parameter has been introduced to implement a sort of hysteresis to
147 refuse taking pages into zswap pool until it has sufficient space if the limit
148 has been hit. To set the threshold at which zswap would start accepting pages
149 again after it became full, use the sysfs ``accept_threshold_percent``
152 echo 80 > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/accept_threshold_percent
154 Setting this parameter to 100 will disable the hysteresis.
156 A debugfs interface is provided for various statistic about pool size, number
157 of pages stored, same-value filled pages and various counters for the reasons