From f18f2ee869c7a86f1d4192e4d3becf9b1604890c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jason Self Date: Sun, 10 May 2020 19:23:34 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 1/4] Add noun morphology --- Language/language.md | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+) diff --git a/Language/language.md b/Language/language.md index d8297f7..1b25c1c 100644 --- a/Language/language.md +++ b/Language/language.md @@ -99,6 +99,34 @@ phrases is Time-Manner-Place: > "I am travelling on Monday [time] by car [manner] to Seoul [place]." +### Noun morphology + ++------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ +| | Singular | Plural | ++============+========================+=========================+ +| Nominative | man | men | +| | hu /hu/ | No plural marker | +| | | hhu /hhu/ | ++------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ +| Accusative | man | men | +| | Prefix: thu- /θɨ-/ | No plural marker | +| | thuhu /ˈθɨhu/ | xhu /ɣhu/ | ++------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ +| Genitive | man's | men's | +| | Suffix: -(e)th /-(e)θ/ | No plural marker | +| | huth /huθ/ | uhu /ˈuhu/ | ++------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ +| Dative | to [the/a] man | to men | +| | Suffix: -(i)hu /ihʊ/ | No plural marker | +| | huhu /ˈhuhʊ/ | jhu /dʒhu/ | ++------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ +| Locative | in/at/by [the/a] man | in/at/by [the/some] men | +| | Prefix: u- /u-/ | No plural marker | +| | uhu /ˈuhu/ | mbuhu /mbuˈhu/ | ++------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ + +Plurals are optional for non-human nouns. + ### Morphological derivations Entries follow the format of: -- 2.31.1 From ae3b8e2522c9330d7619bba67a7a4528cebeaa35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jason Self Date: Sun, 3 Oct 2021 20:51:42 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Add description of the Uju --- Description | 125 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 125 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Description diff --git a/Description b/Description new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05c4177 --- /dev/null +++ b/Description @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +The Ujuian People +----------------- + +You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the +GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software +Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any +later version. + +The Uju evolved from crustaceans on their planet. They're cold-blooded +with reddish/organgeish exoskeletons, which tends to become paler as +they age. Some are born with a rare (approximately 1 in 8 million) +genetic condition that results in their exoskeletion being more +yellowish instead. Their flesh is a greyish blue and their blood a +deep purple. They've evolved lungs and have nonfunctioning vestigial +gills located on the lower front of their body, near the top of their +legs. They primarily live out of water, although they still return to +salt water as part of their reproductive cycle. Their lungs are more +efficient than a human's, which helps them to remain underwater for +long periods of time but will die if left submerged in water long +enough without the ability to breathe oxygen. These highly efficient +lungs also help them to function in oxygen poor atmospheres. + +They have two arms with eight fingers each although two seem more +claw-like; an evolutionary holdover from their distant past. They have +a large mouth full of sharp teeth for chewing food. They usually eat +the sea creatures of their home planet but have been known to eat land +animals or even offworld foods when it's not dangerous to do so. Their +digestive system can process only a limited amount of human food, with +help. A small amount of alcohol or fermented fruit juice will do the +trick. + +They have two vertical eye slits that are more sensitive than our +eyes. Their eyes can both see more of the spectrum than humans and in +lower light situations. The average lifespan is about 70 years. + +They have three legs and no hair. They have a crest of cartilage and +bone running from their nose to the top of their heads. They can +"elevate" this, and in so doing open their nostrils to give them a +better sense of smell, which even then is less advanced than a +human's. They have developed their hearing to an amazing level, able +to hear much better than a human. They're smaller than humans and are +usually 3 to 4 feet in height. The tallest recorded was around 5 feet. +Their arms are longer and legs shorter than a human's would be at that +height. They typically weigh less than a human of similar build. Their +bodies grow larger as they mature, and the males tend to be larger and +stronger than females. + +They have a high-pitched/shrill voice that can produce a larger range +of vocal sounds than humans can. For this reason the Uju/English +dictionary is only an approximation, based on how close humans can +come to the actual sounds. + +The Uju are a very old race, with a recorded history going back over +200,000 years but it is only been about 500 years since they developed +a single worldwide system of government. Before that they were a race +of scattered tribes. The exact number was in constant flux as they +would join forces for greater strength, or split into factions to +pursue different goals but usually ranged between 50 to 100. Each +tribe had its own name but they but they are also known by a larger +designation, shared among multiple tribes, based on the continent they +inhabited. + +The turning point for the Uju toward a more unified world was when +they were "enlightened" by a philosophy professor. He taught them the +value of education, reading, writing, and math. He also taught them +that they had a duty to their community and their planet. + +This professor was eventually executed for his beliefs, but by then +the changes had been made. By the time he died, the Ujuian people were +beginning to see themselves as a single unit, rather than numerous +sovereign autonomous tribal units. Within a century of his death they +had formed their first single government but even today, tribal lines +can still be seen. + +Ujuians are generally a cold, serious but also stalwart, proud and +fearless race. They have a very militaristic society that's based +around codes of honor and duty, and they measure each action by that +code. + +Ujuians believe in the concept of duty to the group. They believe that +their lives are spent for the good of the their community, and every +death is a sacrifice for the greater good. + +Despite unification each Ujuian is still born into a tribe although +tribes are not viewed as important as they once were. Each tribe has a +different code of honor which are as varied as the tribes themselves. +If two Ujuians had a dispute they would attempt to solve it themselves +with honor rather than involving any outside interference. As tribal +lines become less important these various codes of honor are slowly +combining and there are some aspects that appear to be universal. No +matter the tribe or combination of tribes, certain things are just not +done. + +They do not lie, and do not tolerate laziness. Everyone is expected to +fully contribute to society. They are also very orderly. They keep +their living areas spotless and everything in its place. They are +fastidious about their weapons, keeping them clean and +well-functioning. + +War is a dirty business even among the Uju. Most Ujuians would not +attack another without reason. Attacking another without a just cause +is against all codes of honor. While not overly aggressive or cruel, +they see war as an inevitability, and prepare for it as such, though +they are slow to anger. If a Ujuian was ever defeated in combat, he or +she would be expected to surrender and submit to the winner. The +winner may exact tribute or a penalty of some kind, but the loser +surrenders any right to take any further action regarding the +conflict. This sort of surrender is done to prevent perpetual blood +feuds. + +The Ujuian people as a whole are expected to defend against outside +aggression. If there's an outside attacker, the Ujuian people as a +whole are expected to unite in defense. Their military tactics are +focused to bring about an end and win as quickly and efficiently as +possible. They do not waste time with strategies designed to cause +terror or hardship among the enemy. + +Prisoners are seen as a resource, not a burden, and are assigned labor +positions. Those who are too young, too old, or too infirm to be of +use are kept comfortable and well fed, but not given luxuries. Some +may be interrogated to gain military intelligence. Torture isn't +generally a standard practice among the Uju. + +They are a welcoming and inclusive people, accepting of anyone who +values their code of honor. \ No newline at end of file -- 2.31.1 From 3f00004eb9bd7cdcf7d75df5b2cbada42865ee42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jason Self Date: Mon, 4 Oct 2021 21:33:39 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 3/4] Add Ujuian timekeeping --- Time | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Time diff --git a/Time b/Time new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ba4e17 --- /dev/null +++ b/Time @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Ujuian Timekeeping +------------------ + +You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the +GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software +Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any +later version. + +The amount of time that it takes for the Ujuian homeworld to complete +one rotation around its axis is called a xuhuj. Each xuhuj is +subdivided into 100,000 shaxu. For the purposes of conversion to +International System of Units (SI) a single shaxu is 0.7668 seconds +which makes the concept of an entire Ujuian day 76,680 seconds long or +21 hours and 18 minutes. + +A group of 10,000 shaxu is called a xumaj. Each xuhuj contains 10 +xumaj. This converts to 2 hours, 7 minutes, 48 seconds. + +The amount of time that it takes for the Ujuian homeworld to complete +one orbital period is called an ux. Each ux is subdivded into 3 aith +which are 89 xuhuj long, except that every 4 ux there is a "dhula ux" +in which the 2nd aith is 88 days. That aith can be referred to as a +"dhula aith." + +This makes an ux 267 or 266 xuhuj long; either 26,700,000 shaxu or +26,600,000 shaxu. An aith is either 8,900,000 or 8,800,000 shaxu. + +In addition, the 25th and 75th ux in every suhub are also a dhula ux +(every 50 ux) even though these are not divisible by 4. + +A collection of 5 ux is called a thuksa. +A collection of 20 thuksa is called a suhub. +A collection of 10 suhub is a lusun. + +A hasashuvus is any consective period of 8 xuhuj. + +A specific time of xuhuj can be referred as being at so many xumaj and +then so many shaxu or as the total number of shaxu for the xuhuj. For +example, a meeting could be said to start at the 12,000th shaxu or +divide the number by 10,000 and say it's at xumaj 1.2 for short. The +86,500th shaxu could be referred to as xumaj 8.65. Use of the noun is +often left out when referring to a specific time of xuhuj as the use +or lack of the decimal provides the context as to whether the number +indicates shaxu or xumaj. This can also be used to refer to a length +of time. \ No newline at end of file -- 2.31.1 From f7f0463aa6685365872079d6d0a956c83e85f084 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jason Self Date: Tue, 2 Nov 2021 22:20:11 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 4/4] Add additional sections; fix formatting --- Language/language.md | 167 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 144 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/Language/language.md b/Language/language.md index 1b25c1c..274b920 100644 --- a/Language/language.md +++ b/Language/language.md @@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Natively known as Uju /ˈudʒu/ Copyright & Licensing --------------------- -You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the -GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software -Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any +You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the +GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software +Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any later version. -This file makes use of International Phonetic Alphabet: +This file makes use of International Phonetic Alphabet: -Uju is written in a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom of -the page. The alphabet uses the Latin script. +Uju is written in a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom +of the page. The alphabet uses the Latin script. Phonology --------- @@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ Consonant inventory: /b dʒ h k l m n q r s v w x ð ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ θ/ +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | ↓Manner/Place→ | Dental | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | -+=====================+========+==========+=============+==========+==============+=======+=============+========+======================+ ++=====================+========+==========+=============+==========+==============+=======+=============+========+============+=========+ | Stop | | b | | | | k | | q | | ʔ | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Nasal | | m | | n | | | | | | | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Affricate | | | | | dʒ | | | | | | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Fricative | θ ð | | v | s | ʃ | x ɣ | | | ħ | h | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Approximant | | | | | | | w | | ʕ | | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Trill | | | | r | | | | | | | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Lateral approximant | | | | l | | | | | | | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ Vowel inventory: /a e i u ɨ ʊ/ @@ -66,17 +66,17 @@ Vowel Chart: | Low | | | a | | | +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+ -Syllable structure: Up to three consonants before and after a vowel: +Syllable structure: Up to three consonants before and after a vowel: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) -Word stress: No fixed stress +Stress pattern: No fixed stress -Word initial consonants: b, dʒ, h, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x, ð, - ɣ, ʃ, θ +Word initial consonants: b, dʒ, h, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x, ð, ɣ, + ʃ, θ -Mid-word consonants: b, bl, dʒ, h, hw, k, ks, kw, l, m, mb, n, - nh, nl, ns, nv, r, rk, rm, rs, s, v, w, x, - ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ +Mid-word consonants: b, bl, dʒ, h, hw, k, ks, kw, l, m, mb, n, nh, + nl, ns, nv, r, rk, rm, rs, s, v, w, x, ð, ɣ, + ʃ, ʔ, θ Word final consonants: b, dʒ, h, l, n, r, s, w, x, ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ @@ -87,14 +87,14 @@ Phonological rules (in order of application): Grammar ------- -Sentence order: Sentence order is Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. +Sentence order is: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. Adjectives: Adjectives (and modifying nouns) occur to the left of the noun. Gender in nouns: Nouns have no gender. -Adpositions: Postpositions. The preferential order of postpositional +Adpositions: Postpositions. The preferential order of postpositional phrases is Time-Manner-Place: > "I am travelling on Monday [time] by car [manner] to Seoul [place]." @@ -127,6 +127,121 @@ phrases is Time-Manner-Place: Plurals are optional for non-human nouns. +### Definite article + ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ +| | Singular | | Plural | | ++============+====================+===========+====================+============+ +| Nominative | the [man] | hih /hih/ | the [men] | mush /mʊʃ/ | ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ +| Accusative | the [man] | xix /ɣiɣ/ | the [men] | ib /ib/ | ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ +| Genitive | the [man's] | xex /xex/ | the [men's] | ub /ʊb/ | ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ +| Dative | to the [man] | nux /nux/ | to the [men] | ux /ʊɣ/ | ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ +| Locative | in/at/by the [man] | uh /uh/ | in/at/by the [men] | ax /aɣ/ | ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ + +Uses of definite article that differ from English: + +- Definite article can be omitted + Example: 'I am going to jacuzzi' + +- Used to talk about countable nouns in general + Example: English's 'I like cats' would translate to 'I like the + cats' + +- Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns + 'Walking in the mud' would always translate to 'Walking in mud'. + +- Used for personal names in third person: 'The Maria has left for + school' + +- Used with place names: 'The London' + +### Indefinite article + ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ +| | Singular | | Plural | | ++============+====================+============+=======================+============+ +| Nominative | a [man] | xaj /ɣadʒ/ | some [men] | haj /hadʒ/ | ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ +| Accusative | a [man] | haj /hadʒ/ | some [men] | kex /kex/ | ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ +| Genitive | a [man's] | ruj /rʊdʒ/ | some [men's] | hix /hix/ | ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ +| Dative | to a [man] | lux /lʊx/ | to some [men] | jin /dʒin/ | ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ +| Locative | in/at/by a [man] | kux /kɨx/ | in/at/by some [men] | jun /dʒɨn/ | ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ + +### Personal pronouns + ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| | Nominative| | Accusative | | Genitive | | Dative | | ++========+===========+============+============+============+==============+==================+===============+==================+ +| 1st.sg | I | i /i/ | me | im /im/ | mine | i ux /i uɣ/ | to me | i ax /i aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| 2nd.sg | you | xuj /ɣudʒ/ | you | xudh /ɣuð/ | yours | xuj ux /ɣudʒ uɣ/ | to you | xuj ax /ɣudʒ aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| 3rd.sg | he/she/it | xax /ɣax/ | him/her/it | xus /ɣʊs/ | his/hers/its | xax ux /ɣax uɣ/ | to him/her/it | xax ax /ɣax aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| 1st.pl | we | mi /mi/ | us | mu /mɨ/ | ours | mi ux /mi uɣ/ | to us | mi ax /mi aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| 2nd.pl | you | kun /kʊn/ | you | kun /kun/ | yours | kun ux /kʊn uɣ/ | to you | kun ax /kʊn aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| 3rd.pl | they | xan /xan/ | them | xab /xab/ | theirs | xan ux /xan uɣ/ | to them | xan ax /xan aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ + +### Verbs + ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| ↓Perfective/Indicative mood→ | Past | Present | Future | ++==============================+==============================+==============================+==============================+ +| | studied | study | will study | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 1st.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -u /-ɨ/ | +| | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxu /ˈɣakwuɣɨ/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 2nd.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)x /-(ɨ)ɣ/ | +| | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwuxux /ɣaˈkwuɣɨɣ/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 3rd.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -a /-a/ | +| | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwuxa /ˈɣakwuɣa/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 1st.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(i)sh /-(i)ʃ/ | +| | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxish /ɣaˈkwuɣiʃ/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 2nd.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)vu /ɨvɨ/ | +| | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxuvu /ɣakwuɣɨˈvɨ/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 3rd.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)x /-(ɨ)ɣ/ | +| | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxux /ɣaˈkwuɣɨɣ/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ + +### Perfect aspect + +'have studied' + +Uses the word for 'have' before main verb. + +### Progressive aspect + +'am studying' + +Uses the word 'do' before main verb. + +### Imperative + +'study!' (as a command) + +Uses the same conjugation as 2nd-person present-tense. + +### Negation + +Uses the particle rudh /rʊð/ before main verb phrase. + ### Morphological derivations Entries follow the format of: @@ -139,13 +254,19 @@ Pronunciation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet: Noun-to-verb: Prefix: j(u)- /dʒ(u)-/ + Verb-to-noun: Suffix: -(i)x /-(i)x/ + Noun-to-adjective: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/ + Adjective-to-noun: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/ + Adjective-to-adverb: Suffix: -(e)b /-(e)b/ + Verb-to-adjective: Suffix: -(u)sh /-(ɨ)ʃ/ Diminutive: Suffix: -(u)ne /ɨne/ + Augmentative: Suffix: -(e)hu /ehɨ/ Agent noun (e.g. paint to painter): Suffix: -(u)hu /uhʊ/ -- 2.31.1