From f7f0463aa6685365872079d6d0a956c83e85f084 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jason Self Date: Tue, 2 Nov 2021 22:20:11 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] Add additional sections; fix formatting --- Language/language.md | 167 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 144 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/Language/language.md b/Language/language.md index 1b25c1c..274b920 100644 --- a/Language/language.md +++ b/Language/language.md @@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Natively known as Uju /ˈudʒu/ Copyright & Licensing --------------------- -You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the -GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software -Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any +You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the +GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software +Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any later version. -This file makes use of International Phonetic Alphabet: +This file makes use of International Phonetic Alphabet: -Uju is written in a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom of -the page. The alphabet uses the Latin script. +Uju is written in a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom +of the page. The alphabet uses the Latin script. Phonology --------- @@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ Consonant inventory: /b dʒ h k l m n q r s v w x ð ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ θ/ +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | ↓Manner/Place→ | Dental | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | -+=====================+========+==========+=============+==========+==============+=======+=============+========+======================+ ++=====================+========+==========+=============+==========+==============+=======+=============+========+============+=========+ | Stop | | b | | | | k | | q | | ʔ | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Nasal | | m | | n | | | | | | | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Affricate | | | | | dʒ | | | | | | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Fricative | θ ð | | v | s | ʃ | x ɣ | | | ħ | h | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Approximant | | | | | | | w | | ʕ | | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Trill | | | | r | | | | | | | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Lateral approximant | | | | l | | | | | | | -+---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+----------------------+ ++---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ Vowel inventory: /a e i u ɨ ʊ/ @@ -66,17 +66,17 @@ Vowel Chart: | Low | | | a | | | +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+ -Syllable structure: Up to three consonants before and after a vowel: +Syllable structure: Up to three consonants before and after a vowel: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) -Word stress: No fixed stress +Stress pattern: No fixed stress -Word initial consonants: b, dʒ, h, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x, ð, - ɣ, ʃ, θ +Word initial consonants: b, dʒ, h, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x, ð, ɣ, + ʃ, θ -Mid-word consonants: b, bl, dʒ, h, hw, k, ks, kw, l, m, mb, n, - nh, nl, ns, nv, r, rk, rm, rs, s, v, w, x, - ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ +Mid-word consonants: b, bl, dʒ, h, hw, k, ks, kw, l, m, mb, n, nh, + nl, ns, nv, r, rk, rm, rs, s, v, w, x, ð, ɣ, + ʃ, ʔ, θ Word final consonants: b, dʒ, h, l, n, r, s, w, x, ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ @@ -87,14 +87,14 @@ Phonological rules (in order of application): Grammar ------- -Sentence order: Sentence order is Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. +Sentence order is: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. Adjectives: Adjectives (and modifying nouns) occur to the left of the noun. Gender in nouns: Nouns have no gender. -Adpositions: Postpositions. The preferential order of postpositional +Adpositions: Postpositions. The preferential order of postpositional phrases is Time-Manner-Place: > "I am travelling on Monday [time] by car [manner] to Seoul [place]." @@ -127,6 +127,121 @@ phrases is Time-Manner-Place: Plurals are optional for non-human nouns. +### Definite article + ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ +| | Singular | | Plural | | ++============+====================+===========+====================+============+ +| Nominative | the [man] | hih /hih/ | the [men] | mush /mʊʃ/ | ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ +| Accusative | the [man] | xix /ɣiɣ/ | the [men] | ib /ib/ | ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ +| Genitive | the [man's] | xex /xex/ | the [men's] | ub /ʊb/ | ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ +| Dative | to the [man] | nux /nux/ | to the [men] | ux /ʊɣ/ | ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ +| Locative | in/at/by the [man] | uh /uh/ | in/at/by the [men] | ax /aɣ/ | ++------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ + +Uses of definite article that differ from English: + +- Definite article can be omitted + Example: 'I am going to jacuzzi' + +- Used to talk about countable nouns in general + Example: English's 'I like cats' would translate to 'I like the + cats' + +- Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns + 'Walking in the mud' would always translate to 'Walking in mud'. + +- Used for personal names in third person: 'The Maria has left for + school' + +- Used with place names: 'The London' + +### Indefinite article + ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ +| | Singular | | Plural | | ++============+====================+============+=======================+============+ +| Nominative | a [man] | xaj /ɣadʒ/ | some [men] | haj /hadʒ/ | ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ +| Accusative | a [man] | haj /hadʒ/ | some [men] | kex /kex/ | ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ +| Genitive | a [man's] | ruj /rʊdʒ/ | some [men's] | hix /hix/ | ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ +| Dative | to a [man] | lux /lʊx/ | to some [men] | jin /dʒin/ | ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ +| Locative | in/at/by a [man] | kux /kɨx/ | in/at/by some [men] | jun /dʒɨn/ | ++------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ + +### Personal pronouns + ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| | Nominative| | Accusative | | Genitive | | Dative | | ++========+===========+============+============+============+==============+==================+===============+==================+ +| 1st.sg | I | i /i/ | me | im /im/ | mine | i ux /i uɣ/ | to me | i ax /i aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| 2nd.sg | you | xuj /ɣudʒ/ | you | xudh /ɣuð/ | yours | xuj ux /ɣudʒ uɣ/ | to you | xuj ax /ɣudʒ aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| 3rd.sg | he/she/it | xax /ɣax/ | him/her/it | xus /ɣʊs/ | his/hers/its | xax ux /ɣax uɣ/ | to him/her/it | xax ax /ɣax aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| 1st.pl | we | mi /mi/ | us | mu /mɨ/ | ours | mi ux /mi uɣ/ | to us | mi ax /mi aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| 2nd.pl | you | kun /kʊn/ | you | kun /kun/ | yours | kun ux /kʊn uɣ/ | to you | kun ax /kʊn aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ +| 3rd.pl | they | xan /xan/ | them | xab /xab/ | theirs | xan ux /xan uɣ/ | to them | xan ax /xan aɣ/ | ++--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ + +### Verbs + ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| ↓Perfective/Indicative mood→ | Past | Present | Future | ++==============================+==============================+==============================+==============================+ +| | studied | study | will study | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 1st.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -u /-ɨ/ | +| | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxu /ˈɣakwuɣɨ/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 2nd.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)x /-(ɨ)ɣ/ | +| | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwuxux /ɣaˈkwuɣɨɣ/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 3rd.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -a /-a/ | +| | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwuxa /ˈɣakwuɣa/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 1st.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(i)sh /-(i)ʃ/ | +| | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxish /ɣaˈkwuɣiʃ/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 2nd.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)vu /ɨvɨ/ | +| | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxuvu /ɣakwuɣɨˈvɨ/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ +| 3rd.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)x /-(ɨ)ɣ/ | +| | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxux /ɣaˈkwuɣɨɣ/ | ++------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ + +### Perfect aspect + +'have studied' + +Uses the word for 'have' before main verb. + +### Progressive aspect + +'am studying' + +Uses the word 'do' before main verb. + +### Imperative + +'study!' (as a command) + +Uses the same conjugation as 2nd-person present-tense. + +### Negation + +Uses the particle rudh /rʊð/ before main verb phrase. + ### Morphological derivations Entries follow the format of: @@ -139,13 +254,19 @@ Pronunciation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet: Noun-to-verb: Prefix: j(u)- /dʒ(u)-/ + Verb-to-noun: Suffix: -(i)x /-(i)x/ + Noun-to-adjective: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/ + Adjective-to-noun: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/ + Adjective-to-adverb: Suffix: -(e)b /-(e)b/ + Verb-to-adjective: Suffix: -(u)sh /-(ɨ)ʃ/ Diminutive: Suffix: -(u)ne /ɨne/ + Augmentative: Suffix: -(e)hu /ehɨ/ Agent noun (e.g. paint to painter): Suffix: -(u)hu /uhʊ/ -- 2.31.1