The Language of Ujuian ====================== Natively known as Uju /ˈudʒu/ Copyright & Licensing --------------------- You can redistribute and/or modify this file under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or at your option) any later version. This file makes use of International Phonetic Alphabet: Uju is written in a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom of the page. The alphabet uses the Latin script. Phonology --------- ### Phonological Inventory Consonant inventory: /b dʒ h k l m n q r s v w x ð ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ θ/ +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | ↓Manner/Place→ | Dental | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | +=====================+========+==========+=============+==========+==============+=======+=============+========+============+=========+ | Stop | | b | | | | k | | q | | ʔ | +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Nasal | | m | | n | | | | | | | +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Affricate | | | | | dʒ | | | | | | +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Fricative | θ ð | | v | s | ʃ | x ɣ | | | ħ | h | +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Approximant | | | | | | | w | | ʕ | | +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Trill | | | | r | | | | | | | +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ | Lateral approximant | | | | l | | | | | | | +---------------------+--------+----------+-------------+----------+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+------------+---------+ Vowel inventory: /a e i u ɨ ʊ/ Diphthongs: None Vowel Chart: +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+ | | Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | +===========+=======+============+=========+===========+======+ | High | i | | ɨ | | u | +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+ | Near-high | | | | ʊ | | +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+ | High-mid | | e | | | | +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+ | Mid | | | | | | +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+ | Low-mid | | | | | | +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+ | Near-Low | | | | | | +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+ | Low | | | a | | | +-----------+-------+------------+---------+-----------+------+ Syllable structure: Up to three consonants before and after a vowel: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) Stress pattern: No fixed stress Word initial consonants: b, dʒ, h, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x, ð, ɣ, ʃ, θ Mid-word consonants: b, bl, dʒ, h, hw, k, ks, kw, l, m, mb, n, nh, nl, ns, nv, r, rk, rm, rs, s, v, w, x, ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ Word final consonants: b, dʒ, h, l, n, r, s, w, x, ð, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, θ Phonological rules (in order of application): * 'h' turns into 'g' before a 'b'. Grammar ------- Sentence order is: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. Adjectives: Adjectives (and modifying nouns) occur to the left of the noun. Gender in nouns: Nouns have no gender. Adpositions: Postpositions. The preferential order of postpositional phrases is Time-Manner-Place: > "I am travelling on Monday [time] by car [manner] to Seoul [place]." ### Noun morphology +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ | | Singular | Plural | +============+========================+=========================+ | Nominative | man | men | | | hu /hu/ | No plural marker | | | | hhu /hhu/ | +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ | Accusative | man | men | | | Prefix: thu- /θɨ-/ | No plural marker | | | thuhu /ˈθɨhu/ | xhu /ɣhu/ | +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ | Genitive | man's | men's | | | Suffix: -(e)th /-(e)θ/ | No plural marker | | | huth /huθ/ | uhu /ˈuhu/ | +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ | Dative | to [the/a] man | to men | | | Suffix: -(i)hu /ihʊ/ | No plural marker | | | huhu /ˈhuhʊ/ | jhu /dʒhu/ | +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ | Locative | in/at/by [the/a] man | in/at/by [the/some] men | | | Prefix: u- /u-/ | No plural marker | | | uhu /ˈuhu/ | mbuhu /mbuˈhu/ | +------------+------------------------+-------------------------+ Plurals are optional for non-human nouns. ### Definite article +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ | | Singular | | Plural | | +============+====================+===========+====================+============+ | Nominative | the [man] | hih /hih/ | the [men] | mush /mʊʃ/ | +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ | Accusative | the [man] | xix /ɣiɣ/ | the [men] | ib /ib/ | +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ | Genitive | the [man's] | xex /xex/ | the [men's] | ub /ʊb/ | +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ | Dative | to the [man] | nux /nux/ | to the [men] | ux /ʊɣ/ | +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ | Locative | in/at/by the [man] | uh /uh/ | in/at/by the [men] | ax /aɣ/ | +------------+--------------------+-----------+--------------------+------------+ Uses of definite article that differ from English: - Definite article can be omitted Example: 'I am going to jacuzzi' - Used to talk about countable nouns in general Example: English's 'I like cats' would translate to 'I like the cats' - Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns 'Walking in the mud' would always translate to 'Walking in mud'. - Used for personal names in third person: 'The Maria has left for school' - Used with place names: 'The London' ### Indefinite article +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ | | Singular | | Plural | | +============+====================+============+=======================+============+ | Nominative | a [man] | xaj /ɣadʒ/ | some [men] | haj /hadʒ/ | +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ | Accusative | a [man] | haj /hadʒ/ | some [men] | kex /kex/ | +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ | Genitive | a [man's] | ruj /rʊdʒ/ | some [men's] | hix /hix/ | +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ | Dative | to a [man] | lux /lʊx/ | to some [men] | jin /dʒin/ | +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ | Locative | in/at/by a [man] | kux /kɨx/ | in/at/by some [men] | jun /dʒɨn/ | +------------+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+------------+ ### Personal pronouns +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ | | Nominative| | Accusative | | Genitive | | Dative | | +========+===========+============+============+============+==============+==================+===============+==================+ | 1st.sg | I | i /i/ | me | im /im/ | mine | i ux /i uɣ/ | to me | i ax /i aɣ/ | +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ | 2nd.sg | you | xuj /ɣudʒ/ | you | xudh /ɣuð/ | yours | xuj ux /ɣudʒ uɣ/ | to you | xuj ax /ɣudʒ aɣ/ | +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ | 3rd.sg | he/she/it | xax /ɣax/ | him/her/it | xus /ɣʊs/ | his/hers/its | xax ux /ɣax uɣ/ | to him/her/it | xax ax /ɣax aɣ/ | +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ | 1st.pl | we | mi /mi/ | us | mu /mɨ/ | ours | mi ux /mi uɣ/ | to us | mi ax /mi aɣ/ | +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ | 2nd.pl | you | kun /kʊn/ | you | kun /kun/ | yours | kun ux /kʊn uɣ/ | to you | kun ax /kʊn aɣ/ | +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ | 3rd.pl | they | xan /xan/ | them | xab /xab/ | theirs | xan ux /xan uɣ/ | to them | xan ax /xan aɣ/ | +--------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------------+---------------+------------------+ ### Verbs +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ | ↓Perfective/Indicative mood→ | Past | Present | Future | +==============================+==============================+==============================+==============================+ | | studied | study | will study | +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 1st.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -u /-ɨ/ | | | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxu /ˈɣakwuɣɨ/ | +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 2nd.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)x /-(ɨ)ɣ/ | | | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwuxux /ɣaˈkwuɣɨɣ/ | +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 3rd.sg | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -a /-a/ | | | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwuxa /ˈɣakwuɣa/ | +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 1st.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(i)sh /-(i)ʃ/ | | | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxish /ɣaˈkwuɣiʃ/ | +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 2nd.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)vu /ɨvɨ/ | | | xakwux /ɣaˈkwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxuvu /ɣakwuɣɨˈvɨ/ | +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 3rd.pl | No affix | No affix | Suffix: -(u)x /-(ɨ)ɣ/ | | | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwux /ˈɣakwuɣ/ | xakwuxux /ɣaˈkwuɣɨɣ/ | +------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+ ### Perfect aspect 'have studied' Uses the word for 'have' before main verb. ### Progressive aspect 'am studying' Uses the word 'do' before main verb. ### Imperative 'study!' (as a command) Uses the same conjugation as 2nd-person present-tense. ### Negation Uses the particle rudh /rʊð/ before main verb phrase. ### Morphological derivations Entries follow the format of: - Pattern - Prefix/Suffix - /pronunciation/ Pronunciation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet: Noun-to-verb: Prefix: j(u)- /dʒ(u)-/ Verb-to-noun: Suffix: -(i)x /-(i)x/ Noun-to-adjective: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/ Adjective-to-noun: Prefix: lu- /lʊ-/ Adjective-to-adverb: Suffix: -(e)b /-(e)b/ Verb-to-adjective: Suffix: -(u)sh /-(ɨ)ʃ/ Diminutive: Suffix: -(u)ne /ɨne/ Augmentative: Suffix: -(e)hu /ehɨ/ Agent noun (e.g. paint to painter): Suffix: -(u)hu /uhʊ/ Place of (e.g. wine to winery): Suffix: -(u)kse /ɨkse/